• 제목/요약/키워드: Organic cation

검색결과 487건 처리시간 0.027초

Improved Performance of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Novel Hole-transporting Materials

  • Kim, Young-Kook;Hwang, Seok-Hwan;Kwak, Yoon-Hyun;Lee, Chang-Ho;Yi, Jeoung-In;Lee, Jong-Hyuk;Kim, Sung-Chul
    • 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국정보디스플레이학회 2009년도 9th International Meeting on Information Display
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    • pp.758-761
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    • 2009
  • The electroluminescent devices with the phenylnaphthyldiamine HTMs as the hole-transporting layer were more efficient than that with the biphenyldiamine HTM 1. Particularly, the life-time of the device IV using HTM 2 is about two times longer than that of the reference device III with HTM 1 within the measured current density, indicating more effective recombination at the emitting layer of device IV.

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Complexes of Polyvalent Metal Ions (Ⅵ). Complexes of Nickel and Cadmium with Dibasic Organic Acids in Aqueous, Ethanol-Water and Acetone-Water Solutions$^*$

  • Sang-Up Choi;Joon-Kil Kang;Young-Il Pae
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제1권2호
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    • pp.49-54
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    • 1980
  • Solutions of $Ni^{2+}$ and $Cd^{2+}$ were mixed with the solutions of various dibasic organic acids in the presence of cation exchange resin at room temperature. The distribution ratios of the metal ions between resin and solution were measured, using radioactive metal ions as tracer. From the observed variation of the distribution ratios with acid anion concentrations, it was concluded that $Ni^{2+}$ and $Cd^{2+}$ formed one-to-one complexes with succinate, malonate, o-phthalate and tartarate ions in aqueous, 20 % ethanol-water and 20 % acetone-water solutions. The results of the present study indicated that the relative stabilities of the complexes in solution increased generally in the order : $Ni^{2+}$ < $Cd^{2+}$ complexes. Succinate < malonate < o-phthalate < tartarate complexes. Aqueous < mixed solvent systems.

Calix-Arene based phase transfer catalysts fornucleophilic fluorination

  • Minji Nam;Dong Wook Kim
    • 대한방사성의약품학회지
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.141-146
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    • 2021
  • With increasing interest in fluorinated compounds, nucleophilic fluorination reaction has been generally used for synthesizing fluorine-containing chemicals. However, alkali metal fluorides (MFs) generally have low solubility and reactivity in organic solvent. To overcome these problems, various phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) have been investigated. Calix-arene is known as to capture the metal cation(M+), and therefore in this review, we would like to introduce several kinds of calix-arene based PTCs, such as bis-tert-alcohol-functionalized crown-6-calix[4]arene (BACCA), oligo-ethylene glycol linked bis-triethyleneglycol crown-5-calix[4]arene (BTC5A), and ionic liquid functionalized calix-arene based catalyst, as well as ion-pair receptor crown-6-calix[4]arene-capped calix[4]pyrrole.

Vermicomposting 에 의한 유기성 폐기물의 처리 (Treatment of Organic Waste by Vermicomposting)

  • 조익환;이주삼;전하준
    • 한국유기농업학회지
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.125-135
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    • 1996
  • A study was made to investigate the possibility of treating various organic waste of cattle manure, swine manure, goat manure, apple pomace, chinese medicine residue and coffee less by feeding these to earthworms and then by studying the growth and reproductive efficiency of earthworms, and the chemical composition of worm cast and its production. The results are summarized as follows. 1. When the feed for earthworms were in good condition which were cattle manure, swine manure and apple pomace, the reproductive efficiency of earthworms was improved however in worse condition the feed of which were goat manure and chinese medicine residue, the increasing rate(IR) became faster. 2. Despite the high content of organic matter(OM) in coffee lees, the earthworms fed coffee lees showed significantly lower reproductive efficiency and increasing rate(IR) than those fed other organic waste due mainly to its lower pH and lower total nitrogen(TN) content. Therefore, when coffee lees is considered to be fed to earthworms, it is believed necessary to be mixed with addiveves or other organic waste in order to improve the feed condition. 3. pH in swine manure, goat manure, apple pomace, chinese medicine residue and coffee lees became neutralized by being fed by earthworms. 4. Available P2O5 and exchangeable cation(EC) of earthworm cast were a little increased compared to those of feed. The contents of Mn, Fe and Cu in earthworm cast were a little decreased to compared to those of feed. 5. The contents of Mn, Fe and Cu in earthworm cast were a little a decreased to compared to those of feed. 6. Mean fresh weight of earthworm at final time(FW2) was negatively correlated with number of young worms(NY)(P<0.01), but positively with increasing rate(IR) (P<0.001) and C/N ratio(P<0.05) respectively. Number of cocoons (NC) and fresh weight of cocoons(WC) were positively(P<0.01) correlated with fresh weight of young worms (WY) and digested matter(DI) but negatively(P<0.001) correlated with residual matter(WY) and digested matter(DI) but negatively(P<0.001) correlated with residual matter(RW). Number of young worms(NY) and fresh weigh of young worms(WY) were negatively(P<0.001) correlated with increasing rate(IR), however increasing rate(IR) of earthworm was positively(P<0.05) correlatedd with C/N ratio.

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유기질비료의 표층 및 전층시비에 따른 벼 수량 변화 (Change of Organic Rice Yield as Affected by Surface and Broadcast Fertilizer Applications)

  • 김현우;최현석;김병호;김홍재;최경주;정덕영;이연;박광래;정석규
    • 한국유기농업학회지
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.81-89
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    • 2012
  • 벼 유기재배를 하는데 있어서 전층과 표층 시비방법에 따른 토양의 화학성, 물리성, 미생물상, 그리고 벼의 생육과 수량에 대해서 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 구명하기 위해서 수행하였다. 2008년부터 2010년까지 3년간에 걸쳐서 전라남도농업기술원 시험포장(논, 양토)에서 조사하였고 시험품종은 '동진1호'를 이용하였다. 토양유기물은 표층시비에서 높았고 토양양이온은 전층시비에서 높았다. 유기질비료의 질소 무기화율은 표층시비에서 높았고 잔존하는 시기별 토양 유기물함량도 표층시비에서 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 토양물리성은 전층시비에 의해서 향상되는 경향을 보였고, 토양 미생물상은 전체적으로 표층시비에서 높았다. 표층시비구가 전층시비보다 5%의 수량이 증수되는 특성을 보였다.

유기성슬러지 먹이공급에 따른 붉은줄지렁이 사육상의 pH, EC, 수용성 이온 농도변화 (Chages in pH, EC and Water Soluble Ions in the Rearing Beds of Eisenia andrei (Ennelida; Oligochaeta) in Relation to the Amount of Sludges Supplied to the Earthworm Populations)

  • 박광일;배윤환
    • 유기물자원화
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.79-89
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    • 2017
  • 경기도 포천시 관내 하수 및 인분 처리장들에서 발생하는 유기성 슬러지를 지렁이 먹이로 공급하였을 때, 지렁이 사육상의 수용성 양이온, 음이온 농도 및 pH, 전기전도도 등의 이화학 성상 변화를 추적하였다. 먹이로 공급된 슬러지의 pH, 전기전도도, 유기물 함량 및 함수율은 지렁이의 단기적 섭식이 가능한 범위였으나, 슬러지의 공급량이 늘어감에 따라 섭식속도가 느려지고 결국 지렁이 사멸현상이 나타났다. 또한 슬러지 공급량이 늘어감에 따라 지렁이 사육상이 산성화되었고, 전기전도도가 높아지는 것으로 보아 염류집적 현상이 일어난 것을 알 수 있었으며, 동시에 사육상의 수용성 음이온 및 양이온 농도가 높아졌다. 특히 수용성 이온 중 ${NO_3}^-$의 농도 집적이 두드러졌다.

사질토(砂質土)에서 염기치환용량(鹽基置換容量)에 대한 유기물(有機物)과 점토(粘土)의 상대기여도(相對寄與度) (Relative Contribution of Organic Matter and Clay Content to Cation Exchange Capacity in Sandy Soils)

  • 박창서;정광용;김재정;조성진
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.337-342
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    • 1984
  • 사질토(砂質土)의 염기치환용량(鹽基置換容量)에 대한 유기물(有機物)과 점토(粘土)의 상대기여도(相對寄與度)를 측정(測定)하기 위하여 19개 토양통(土壤統)의 단위(單位) 위치별(位置別) 대표단면(代表斷面)(224)의 자료(資料)를 가지고 단순회귀(單純回歸)와 중선회귀(重線回歸)를 통계처리(統計處理)하였다. 1. 우리나라 사질토(砂質土)의 염기치환용량(鹽基置換容量), 유기물(有機物) 및 점토(粘土)의 평균함량(平均含量)은 각각 4.2meq/100g, 0.74 그리고 5.6%이었다. 2. 염기치환용량일유기물(鹽基置換容量一有機物) 그리고 염기치환용량일점토(鹽基置換容量一粘土) 사이의 상관(相關)은 고도의 유의성(有意性)을 나타내었다. 3. 염기치환용량(鹽基置換容量) 추정시(推定時) 유기물(有機物) 1gr은 표토(表土)와 심토(深土)에서 각각 0.55와 1.35meq, 점토(粘土)는 0.25 및 0.23meq만큼 기여(寄與)하였다. 4. 염기치환용량(鹽基置換容量)을 추정(推定)할 때 점토(粘土)는 표토(表土)와 전층(全層)에서 유기물(有機物)보다 각각 1.53 및 1.23배 중요(重要)하였으며 심토(深土)의 경우 거의 비슷한 경향(傾向)을 보였다.

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유기점토를 이용한 유기염소계 농약(2,4-D, atrazine) 오염 저감 (Attenuation of Chlorinated Pesticides(2,4-D, atrazine) Using Organoclays)

  • 최지연;신원식
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제20권2호
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    • pp.185-197
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    • 2011
  • Sorption of chlorinated pesticides such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and atrazine onto natural clays (montmorillonite and zeolite) modified with cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium (HDTMA) and a natural soil was investigated using batch adsorbers. The clays were transformed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic by the cation exchange between clay surface and HDTMA up to 100% of the cation exchange capacity (CEC). Physicochemical characteristics of the sorbents such as pH, PZC (point of zero charge), organic carbon content ($f_{oc}$), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were analyzed. Sorption isotherm models such as Freundlich and Langmuir were fitted to the experimental data, resulting Langmuir model ($R^2$ > 0.986) was fitted better than Freundlich model ($R^2$ > 0.973). Sorption capacity ($Q^0$) for 2,4-D and atrazine was in the order of HDTMA-montmorillonite > HDTMA-zeolite > natural soil corresponding to the increase in organic carbon content ($f_{oc}$). The sorption of the pesticides was also affected by pH. The sorption of 2,4-D decreased with the increase in pH, whereas that of atrazine was not changed. This indicated that the sorption capacity ($Q^0$) of 2,4-D and atrazine was not affected by the solution pH because they exist as anionic (deprotonated) forms at pH above pKa. The results indicate that organoclay has a promising potential to reduce chlorinated pesticides in the effluent from golf courses.

도심지와 자연지간 토양 특성 및 탄소저장량 비교 - 춘천시를 대상으로 - (Comparison of Soil Characteristics and Carbon Storage between Urban and Natural Lands - Case of Chunchon -)

  • 조현길;한갑수
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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    • 제15권1호
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    • pp.71-76
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    • 1999
  • 본 연구는 춘천시의 도심지와 자연지 토양을 표본추출하여 그것의 물리화학적 특성과 탄소저장량을 비교 분석하였다. 토양산도는 도심지에서 평균 6.6, 자연지에서는 그보다 낮은 5.0이었고, 따라서 치환성양이온도 자연지에서 약간 더 낮았다. 유기물함량과 양이온치환능은 자연지에서 도심지보다 각각 1.4배, 1.7배 높은 반면, 유효태인산은 도심지에서 약 3.2배 높았다. 유기탄소저장량은 도심지 평균 $24.8{\pm}1.6$(표준오차) t/ha, 자연지 $31.6{\pm}1.6t/ha$로서, 자연지가 도심지보다 약 1.3배 더 많았다. 수목의 낙엽, 낙지 및 낙근에 의한 연간 탄소유입량에서 분해에 의한 연간 탄소유출량을 제감한 자연지 토양내 단위면적당 연간 탄소축적량은 1.3 t/ha/yr이었다. 춘천시 토양에 저장된 총탄소량은 연간탄소배출량 (245,590 t/yr)의 약 31%에 해당하였다.

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노각나무(Stewartia koreana)군락의 식생구조와 생태특성 (Vegetation Structures and Ecological Properties of Sterwartia koreana Community)

  • 권혜진;송호경
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제97권3호
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    • pp.296-304
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    • 2008
  • 우리나라 노각나무 자생지 가운데 8개 지역을 대상으로 식물사회학적 방법으로 군락을 분류하고, 방형구법을 사용하여 구배분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 노각나무군락은 고로쇠나무하위군락, 소나무하위군락, 사람주나무하위군락, 노각나무전형하위군락으로 구분되었다. 노각나무는 주로 계곡 주변에 국지적으로 분포하였으며, 토양특성은 유기물, 전질소, 유효인산, 치환성 K, 치환성 Ca, 치환성 Mg, 양이온치환용량(CEC)의 함량이 14.31~34.27%, 0.33~0.77%, 7.83~22.88(mg/kg), 0.23~1.07(me/100g), 0.29~2.93(me/100g), 0.33~1.49(me/100g), 10.47~22.48(me/100g)이며, pH는 4.65~4.96으로 약산성토양인 것으로 분석되었다. 고로쇠나무하위군락은 해발고가 가장 높고, 전질소, 치환성 Ca, Mg의 함량이 높은 입지에 분포하였으며, 소나무하위군락은 해발고가 가장 낮고, 전질소, 치환성 Ca, Mg의 함량이 가장 낮은 입지에 분포하는 것으로 나타났다.