• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.292-302
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• 1994

Alloy deposits of 80Sn-20Pb, electroplated on Cu-based leadframe alloy from an organic sulfonate bath were aged at $150^{\circ}C$ to form intermetallic phases between substrate and deposit, and effects of the deposit morphology, influenced by deposition conditions, on the fracture resistance of the 80Sn-20Pb deposit aged at $150^{\circ}C$ were examined. The growth rate of intermetallic compound layer on aging depended on the microstructure of deposit ; it was fastest in deposit formed using pulse current in bath without grain refining additive, but slowest in deposit formed using dc current in bath containing grain refining additive in spite of similar structure with equivalent grain size. The grain refining additive incorporated in electrodeposit appears to inhibit diffusion of atoms on aging, resulting in slow growth of intermetallic layer in the thickness direction but substantial growth in the lateral one. Density of surface cracks that were occurring when samples were subjected to the $90^{\circ}$-bending test increased with increasing the thickness of intermatallic layer on aging. For the same aged samples, the surface crack density of the sample electrodeposited from a bath containing the grain refining additive was the least due to the inhibiting effect of the additive incorporated into the deposit during electrolysis on atomic diffusion.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.49-53
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• 2016

주석 폐자원으로부터 회수된 주석 조금속을 메탄술폰산 전해액에서 전해정련을 수행하여 고순도 주석을 회수하고자 하였다. 전해정련층 표면형상을 관찰한 결과 주석 전해정련 시 glycol계 유기첨가제를 통해 균일하게 주석이 전착되었고, 수지상 형상 및 박리현상은 발생하지 않았다. 주석 조금속 및 전해정련층의 순도를 ICP-OES로 분석한 결과 주석 조금속은 은, 구리, 납, 니켈 등의 불순물이 함유되어 97.280 wt.%의 주석순도를 나타내었고, 전해정련을 수행 후 순도 분석결과 주석의 순도는 99.956 wt.%으로 증가하였다. 순환 전압전류 시험결과 유기첨가제는 주석 전해정련 시 불순물의 환원반응을 억제 또는 가속시키는 역할을 하는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.13-16
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• 2002

$SrZrO_3 $resistive oxide barriers on Ag sheathed Bi2223 tapes were prepared by the sol-gel and dip coating method to reduce AC coupling loss. The performance of the dip-coated $SrZrO_3 $ thin films was evaluated in terms of bond strength by varying the Sr/Zr mol ratio and the amount of organic vehicle (ethyl cellulose and a-terpineol) additives. The bond strength of the coatings increased as the Sr/Zr ratio decreased and the amount of organic vehicle rose, respectively. It was found that the effect of organic vehicle addition was more pronounced, suggesting that the adherence of the $SrZrO_3 $ films on Bi2223 tapes was governed primarily by the amount of organic vehicle additive.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2019

Background: Emerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators. Methods: Airborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes. Results: Using a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from $4.1{\times}10^{10}$ (Ultem filament) to $2.2{\times}10^{11}$ [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (${\mu}g/min$) ranged from $1.9{\times}10^4$ (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to $9.4{\times}10^4$ (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open ($2.3{\times}10^{10}number/min$) than when the lid was closed ($1.5-5.5{\times}10^9number/min$); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels. Conclusion: Industrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial-scale AM process emissions and exposures.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1652-1662
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• 2014

The present study investigated the optimum blending condition of protected fat, choline and yeast culture for lowering of rumen temperature. The Box Benken experimental design, a fractional factorial arrangement, and response surface methodology were employed. The optimum blending condition was determined using the rumen simulated in vitro fermentation. An additive formulated on the optimum condition contained 50% of protected fat, 25% of yeast culture, 5% of choline, 7% of organic zinc, 6.5% of cinnamon, and 6.5% of stevioside. The feed additive was supplemented at a rate of 0.1% of diet (orchard grass:concentrate, 3:7) and compared with a control which had no additive. The treatment resulted in lower volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and biogas than the control. To investigate the effect of the optimized additive and feed energy levels on rumen and rectal temperatures, four rumen cannulated Hanwoo (Korean native beef breed) steers were in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Energy levels were varied to low and high by altering the ratio of forage to concentrate in diet: low energy (6:4) and high energy (4:6). The additive was added at a rate of 0.1% of the diet. The following parameters were measured; feed intake, rumen and rectal temperatures, ruminal pH and VFA concentration. This study was conducted in an environmentally controlled house with temperature set at $30^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity levels of 70%. Steers were housed individually in raised crates to facilitate collection of urine and feces. The adaptation period was for 14 days, 2 days for sampling and 7 days for resting the animals. The additive significantly reduced both rumen (p<0.01) and rectal temperatures (p<0.001) without depressed feed intake. There were interactions (p<0.01) between energy level and additive on ruminal temperature. Neither additive nor energy level had an effect on total VFA concentration. The additive however, significantly increased (p<0.01) propionate and subsequently had lower acetate:propionate (A/P) ratios than non-additive supplementation. High concentrate diets had significantly lower pH. Interactions between energy and additive were observed (p<0.01) in ammonia nitrogen production. Supplementation of diets with the additive resulted in lower rumen and rectal temperatures, hence the additive showed promise in alleviating undesirable effects of heat stress in cattle.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2004

Recently the increased concerns about the cost reduction and environmental protection make the paper industry increase the closure level of papermaking system, which results in the buildup of organic and inorganic materials in the papermaking process water. Increase of the system closure causes deterioration of additive performance and provokes diverse problems in papermaking process and product quality. To investigate the effects of process water quality on the physical properties of fine papers handsheets were prepared with process water containing various amounts of inorganic and organic contaminants including calcium or sodium ions and oxidized or cationic starches. Inorgainc and organic materials did not show any significant effect on the physical properties of handsheets. Recycled GCC showed the same trends as inorganic and organic materials. The performance of cationic starch was deteriorated, however, in the recycled white water, which resulted in the reduction of tensile index of handsheets.

• 분석과학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.84-88
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• 1999

A method to analyze additives in a polyester resin has been studied by utilizing a centrifuge and a thin layer chromatography. Identification of the separated organic and inorganic compounds were carried out by spectrophotometers, such as NMR, UV-VIS, IR and XRD. For the polyester resin studied in this research contained organic and inorganic compounds which were found to be a dimer form of 2-phenylbenzoazole and an anatase form of $TiO_2$, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1300-1308
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytogenic additive and antibiotic growth promoter in laying Japanese quails. One hundred and sixty five quails were divided into three groups of 5 replicates and 11 quails (8 females and 3 males) in each replicate. Treatment 1 was fed control diet, treatment 2 was fed control diet supplemented with 0.05% bacitracin methylene disalicylate as antibiotic growth promoter and treatment 3 was fed control diet supplemented with 0.1% phytogenic feed additive (PFA) for two periods of 3 weeks each from 37 to 42 weeks of age. Results showed that egg production, eggshell strength, eggshell weight, villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio were significantly (p${\leq}$0.05) increased and feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, albumen, Haugh unit, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, alanine transaminase, gamma glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, number of goblet cell, crypt depth and intestinal bacterial population of Coliforms, Salmonella and E. coli were significantly (p${\leq}$0.05) decreased in PFA fed group. It is concluded that addition of PFA containing phytomolecules and organic acids as main ingredients could significantly improve the production parameters and the general health of laying quails as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.15-20
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• 1991

In this paper, we have investigated the effect of organic additives and prestressed D C. voltage on the impulse tree initiation in low density polyethylene. The five klnds of organic compounds was selected for the purpose of inhibiting tree initiation and 10 wt % of each additive was mixed in low density polyethylene. The positive or negative impulse voltage was applied after prestressed D.C. voltage was applied in order to investigate the effect of the space charge influenced on tree initiation. The lengths of tree initiation in case of belng same polarity between prestressed D.C. voltage and impulse voltage were longer than those in case of being different polarity between prestressed D.C. voltage and impulse voltage. When the polarity prestressed D.C. voltage was the different plarity of impulse voltage, the length of tree initiation increased with increasing the prestressed D.C. voltage and decreasing the rest time Among the organic additives used in this paper, the m-cresol can be shown to be the most effective inhibiter to tree initiation.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.19
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• pp.9-10
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• 2006

The patterning for the active layer of organic semiconductors is important to attain completely organic-based OTFTs(Organic Thin Film Transistors). We studied on possibility of the application of the conventional photolithography technique to pattern the organic active layer poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT). Patterned P3HT-based OTFTs with Bottom Contact(BC) configuration were fabricated using the conventional photolithography. We achieved field-effect mobilities in the saturation regime ${\sim}1.2{\times}10^{-3}cm^2/V{\cdot}s$, $I_{on/off}$ ratios ${\sim}10^5$ in the subtractive method, ${\sim}8{\times}10^{-4}cm^2/V{\cdot}s$, $I_{on/off}$ ratios ${\sim}10^3$ in the additive one.