• Title/Summary/Keyword: Organ weights

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Toxicity assessment of the palatinose orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats for 14 consecutive days (팔라티노스의 Sprague-Dawley rats에서 14일 반복 경구투여 독성 평가)

  • Son, Seung-U;Kim, Jae Hwan;Shin, Kwang-Soon
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.52 no.5
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    • pp.555-559
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    • 2020
  • In order to examine the toxicity of palatinose-L (Pal-L) bioconverted from sucrose, we performed a 14-consecutive day toxicity study with male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. We recorded clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, organ weights, hematology, blood biochemical, urinalysis, histological changes in organs, such as the liver and kidneys, and clinical chemistry analysis data for all SD rats. There were no significant changes in food/water consumption, body weight, and organ weights during the experimental period. Although there were some hematologic and urinalysis alterations, these changes were not considered toxicologically significant. In addition, histopathological examination of the liver and kidneys revealed no abnormal or toxicological changes between the control and Pal-L-treated rats of both sexes. Collectively, these results suggest that Pal-L was not indicated to have any toxicity in the SD rats when it was orally administered up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day for 14 days.

Effect of Giant Embryonic Rice Supplementation on the Lipid Peroxide Levels and Antioxidative Enzyme Activities in the Plasma and Liver of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats (거대배아미 식이가 streptozotocin 유도 당뇨 흰쥐의 혈장과 간 조직 중 지질과산화물 농도와 항산화 효소 활성에 미치는 효과)

  • Lee, Youn-Ri;Kang, Mi-Young;Nam, Seok-Hyun
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.48 no.4
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    • pp.358-363
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    • 2005
  • Effects on the feeds of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with a giant embryonic rice on lipid peroxides level and antioxidative enzyme activites in plasma and liver tissues were investigated. Along with the experimental periods, all animals in diabetic groups had a lower increase rate in body weight than the normal control group. A giant embryonic rice-fed group showed a inhibition in the decrease of body weight, and a increase in feed intake compared to the normal control group. The organ weights of the diabetic control group were heavier than those of the normal control while rice-fed groups including the giant embryonic rice-fed group were found to have lower organ weights, and its blood sugar level was found to be lower than those of the normal group. Lipid peroxides of the giant embryonic rice-fed animals showed a lower lipid peroxidation values compared to that of the diabetic control group. Plasma vitamin A and E concentrations of the diabetic control group were significantly decreased compared to the normal control while those of the giant embryonic rice-fed group were found to be significantly higher than those of the diabetic control. Of the hepatic antioxidative enzymes, SOD activity of the giant embryonic rice-fed group was higher than that of the diabetic control group. Taken these together, low lipid peroxidation values and, in contrast, high antioxidative enzyme activities were thought to be a cause for decreasing hepatic oxidative damages.

Physiological impact on layer chickens fed corn distiller's dried grains with solubles naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol

  • Wickramasuriya, Samiru Sudharaka;Macelline, Shemil Priyan;Kim, Eunjoo;Cho, Hyun Min;Shin, Taeg Kyun;Yi, Young Joo;Jayasena, Dinesh D.;Lee, Sung-Dae;Jung, Hyun Jung;Heo, Jung Min
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.313-322
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    • 2020
  • Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the response of laying hens fed corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) that are naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). Methods: One hundred and sixty 52-week-old Lohmann Brown Lite hens were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments with 8 replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments were formulated to provide a range of corn DDGS contaminated with DON from 0% to 20% (i.e., 5% scale of increment). All laying hens were subjected to the same management practices in a controlled environment. Body weight, feed intake and egg production were measured biweekly for the entire 8-week experiment. The egg quality was measured biweekly for 8 weeks. On weeks 4 and 8, visceral organ weights, blood metabolites, intestinal morphology, and blood cytokine concentrations were measured. Results: The inclusion of corn DDGS contaminated with DON in the diet did not alter (p>0.05) the body weight, feed intake, hen-day egg production, egg mass and feed efficiency of the laying hens. No difference was found (p>0.05) in the egg quality of hens that were fed the dietary treatments. Furthermore, hens that were fed a diet containing corn DDGS contaminated with DON showed no change (p>0.05) in the visceral organ weights, the blood metabolites, and the cytokine concentrations. The crypt depth increased (p<0.05) as the amount of corn DDGS contaminated with DON increased. Proportionately, the villus height to crypt depth ratio of the laying hens decreased (p<0.05) with the increasing level of corn DDGS contaminated with DON in the diet. Conclusion: The inclusion of corn DDGS contaminated with DON up to 20% in layer diets did not cause changes in egg production performance and egg quality, which indicates that DON is less toxic at the concentration of 1.00 mg DON/kg.

Anticancer and Related Immunomodulatory Effects of Insamyangyoung-tang on Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma, NCI-H520, Xenograft Mice (인삼양영탕(人蔘養榮湯)이 비소세포 폐암세포(NCI-H520) 이식 마우스에서 항암 및 면역 활성에 미치는 영향)

  • Song, Kwang-Kyu;Kwak, Min-A;Kim, Jong-Dae
    • Herbal Formula Science
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.51-70
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    • 2013
  • Objectives : The object of this study was to observe anticancer and related immunomodulatory effects of Insamyangyoung-tang extracts (ISYYTe) on non-small cell lung carcinoma (squamous epithelial carcinoma), NCI-H520, xenograft Balb/c nu-nu nude mice. Methods : Three different dosages of ISYYTe, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg were orally administered once a day for 42 days from 11 days after tumor cell inoculation. Six groups, which are intact control, tumor bearing control, 5-fluorouracil (FU) 30 mg/kg, ISYYTe 50 mg/kg, ISYYTe 100 mg/kg, ISYYTe 200 mg/kg, each of 8 mice per group were used in the present study. Changes on the body weight, tumor volume and weight, lymphatic organ (spleen and popliteal lymph node), serum interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$ levels, splenocytes NK cell activity and peritoneal macrophage activities, splenic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-10 contents were observed with tumor mass and lymphatic organ histopathology to detect anticancer and immunomodulatory effects. Results : As results of ISYYTe 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg treatment, decreases in the tumor volumes and weights were detected. At histopathological observations, decreases of tumor cell volumes in tumor masses were dose-dependently decreased mediated by increases of apoptosis among tumor cells by treatment of all three different dosages of ISYYTe. As results of tumor cell inoculation, marked decreases of spleen and popliteal lymph node weights, serum IFN-${\gamma}$, splenic TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-10 contents and splenocytes were observed with histopathological atrophic changes of spleen and popliteal lymph nodes. Conclusions : Over 50 mg/kg of ISYYTe showed favorable anticancer effects on the NCI-H520 cell xenograft with immunomodulatory effects. Although relatively lower anticancer effects were observed in ISYYTe 200 mg/kg treated mice as compared with 5-FU 30 mg/kg treated mice, there are no meaningful favorable immunomodulatory effects were observed after 5-FU treatment in the present study.

Single-Dose Toxicity and Four Week Repeated-Dose Toxicity Study on Tensolin-F® (3,9-diferuloyl-6-oxopterocarpen) (Tensolin-F® (3,9-diferuloyl-6-oxopterocarpen)의 단회 독성시험 및 4주 반복투여 독성시험)

  • Kim, Keun-Su;Park, Sung-Min;Lee, Nam-Jin;Pyo, Hyeong-Bae;Chai, Hee-Yul;Jung, Yu-Ri;Lin, Chun-Mai;Kim, Sun-Hee;Lee, Hye-Young;Kang, Jong-Koo
    • Toxicological Research
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.405-413
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    • 2007
  • This study was to investigate single and repeated-dose toxicities of Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$, an anti-wrinkle agent, in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats or ICR mice. In single-dose oral toxicity study, the test materials were administered once by gavage to male and female SD rats at dose levels of 0 and 2,000 mg/kg. No dead animals and abnormal necropsy findings were found in control and Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ treated group. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose of Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ was considered to be higher than 2,000 mg/kg in rats. In the 4-week repeated oral toxicity study, the test material was administered once daily by gavage to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day for 4-weeks. In the results, no abnormality was observed in mortality, clinical findings, body weight changes, food and water consumptions, opthalmoscopic findings, necropsy findings, histopathological findings. In hematological analysis, there was a trend of increase in reticulocyte at male 25 mg/kg, although such changes were in normal ranges. On the other hand, there was a trend of decrease in hemoglobin at female 50, 100 mg/kg, such changes were in normal ranges. In addition, serum biochemical parameters including sodium, BUN and chloride increased at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. Relative organ weights of right testis, brain, lung and left epididymis were increased in 100 mg/kg groups of male rats in contrast to not change in female groups. However, these changes of relative organ weights, hematological and serum biochemical parameters were not accompanied with related signs such as histopathological changes or clinical findings. In conclusion, 4-week repeated oral dose of Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ to ICR mice did not cause apparent toxicological change at the dose of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg body weight. Consequently the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ in ICR mice following gavage for at least 4-week is higher than 100 mg/kg/day.

Evaluation of General Toxicity and Genotoxicity of the Silkworm Extract Powder

  • Heo, Hyun-Suk;Choi, Jae-Hun;Oh, Jung-Ja;Lee, Woo-Joo;Kim, Seong-Sook;Lee, Do-Hoon;Lee, Hyun-Kul;Song, Si-Whan;Kim, Kap-Ho;Choi, Yang-Kyu;Ryu, Kang-Sun;Kang, Boo-Hyon
    • Toxicological Research
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.263-278
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    • 2013
  • The silkworm extract powder contain 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent ${\alpha}$-glycosidase inhibitor, has therapeutic potency against diabetes mellitus. Therefore, natural products containing DNJ from mulberry leaves and silkworm are consumed as health functional food. The present study was performed to evaluate the safety of the silkworm extract powder, a health food which containing the DNJ. The repeated toxicity studies and gentic toxicity studies of the silkworm extract powder were performed to obtain the data for new functional food approval in MFDS. The safety was evaluated by a single-dose oral toxicity study and a 90 day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. The silkworm extract powder was also evaluated for its mutagenic potential in a battery of genetic toxicity test: in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. The results of the genetic toxicology assays were negative in all of the assays. The approximate lethal dose in single oral dose toxicity study was considered to be higher than 5000 mg/kg in rats. In the 90 day study, the dose levels were wet at 0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day, and 10 animals/sex/dose were treated with oral gavage. The parameters that were monitored were clinical signs, body weights, food and water consumptions, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, and histopathological examination. No adverse effects were observed after the 90 day administration of the silkworm extract powder. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) of silkworm extract powder in the 90 day study was 2000 mg/kg/day in both sexes, and no target organ was identified.

Mouse Single Oral Dose Toxicity Test of Taraxaci Herba Aqueous Extracts (포공영(蒲公英) 추출물의 마우스 단회 경구투여 독성 실험)

  • Gu, Ja-Hwan;Kim, Se-Ran;Lee, Jin-Won;Park, Mee-Yeon;Choi, Hae-Yun;Kim, Jong-Dae
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.650-657
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    • 2011
  • The object of this study was to obtain acute information (single oral dose toxicity) of Taraxaci Herba (Dried total parts of Taraxacum platycarpum. H.Dahlstedt (Compositae)), has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating various inflammatory diseases. In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD 50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, test articles were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 mg/kg according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines. The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after single oral treatment of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts according to KFDA Guidelines with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. After single oral treatment of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents at body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations. Except for slight soft feces, which were detected in male mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts at 1 day after end of treatment. The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD 50 and ALD of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2000 mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD. However, it also observed that the possibility of digestive disorders, like diarrhea when administered over 2,000 mg/kg of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts in the present study, but these possibilities of digestive disorders can be disregard in clinical use because they ate transient in the highest dosages male only.

Safety Evaluation of Tobacco Substitute (Herbrette); Inhalation Toxicity, Mutagenicity and Immunotoxicity

  • Song, Kyung Seuk;Park, Kun Ho;Yoo, Gi Yong;Song, Sung-Ok;Kim, Hyun Woo;Kim, Jun Sung;Park, Jin Hong;Eu, Guk Joung;Hua, Jin;Cho, Hyun Sun;Hwang, Soon Kyung;Chang, Seung Hee;Tehrani, Arash Minai;Yu, KyeongNam;Chae, Chan Hee;Cho, Myung Haing
    • Toxicological Research
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.365-374
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    • 2004
  • Inhalation toxicity, mutagenicity, and immunotoxicity tests were performed using a smoke generation system to investigate the safety of Herbrette, a tobacco substitute made with the leaves of Perilla frutescens. ICR mice were exposed to nicotine-free Herbrette smoke with concentrations of 0 (control), 4.08 $\pm$ 1.32 mg/$m^3$ (low dose), 7.72 $\pm$ 2.14 mg/$m^3$ (medium dose) and 12.83 $\pm$ 1.69 mg/$m^3$ (high dose) total particulate matters (TPM) for 4 weeks. When compared to the control group, the body weights, organ weights in the exposed groups did not show any significant differences. However, certain change of several serum chemical data and biochemical parameters were observed, however, the changes were within normal physiological ranges. Moreover, no changes in organ weight, and no gross/microscopic changes were observed between the exposed and control groups. Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation, in vivo chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays revealed that Herbrette did not induce mutagenicity. Upon evaluation of peripheral cellular immunity of mice through in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay, no significant difference was observed in mean stimulation index between the exposed and control groups. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Herbrette may not cause toxicity on mice under current condition.

90-day Repeated-dose Oral Toxicity Study of 20 kGy Irradiated Cold Water Extract Powder of Mistletoe (20 kGy 감마선으로 조사된 겨우살이 냉수 추출물의 90일 반복투여 독성평가)

  • Kim, Jin-Kyung;Jeon, Young-Eun;Yin, Xing Fu;Lee, Ju-Woon;Kang, Il-Jun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.40 no.5
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    • pp.704-711
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    • 2011
  • Traditionally, mistletoes have been used as immunostimulant for the management of certain diseases such as cancer with high profile immune depleting potentials. In order to examine the safety of the 20 kGy irradiated cold water extract powder of mistletoes, we performed a 90-day repeated-dose toxicity study with ICR mice. The mice were treated with daily doses of the 20 kGy irradiated cold water extract powder of mistletoes by gavage at 0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day for 90 consecutive days. We recorded clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, organ weights, histological changes in target organs, hematology, and clinical blood chemistry analysis data for all mice. There were no significant changes in body and organ weights during the experimental period. The hematological analysis and clinical blood chemistry data revealed no toxic effects from the 20 kGy irradiated cold water extract powder of mistletoes. Pathologically, neither gross abnormalities nor histopathological changes were observed between the control and treated mice of both sexes. Collectively, these data suggest that the 20 kGy irradiated cold water extract powder of mistletoes have a high margin of safety.

Soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) with enzymes in broiler diets

  • Mera-Zuniga, Fredy;Pro-Martinez, Arturo;Zamora-Natera, Juan F;Sosa-Montes, Eliseo;Guerrero-Rodriguez, Juan D;Mendoza-Pedroza, Sergio I;Cuca-Garcia, Juan M;Lopez-Romero, Rosa M;Chan-Diaz, David;Becerril-Perez, Carlos M;Vargas-Galicia, Artemio J;Bautista-Ortega, Jaime
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.564-573
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    • 2019
  • Objective: Evaluate the effects of i) dehulling of lupine seed on chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and ii) soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine seed in broiler diets with enzymes on productive performance, size of digestive organs and welfare-related variables. Methods: Experiment 1, chemical composition and AME were determined in whole and dehulled lupine seed. Experiment 2, two hundred eighty-eight one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used. The experimental diets were maize-soybean meal (MS), MS with enzymes (MSE) and maize-dehulled lupine seed with enzymes (MLE). Diets were assigned to the experimental units under a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet). The body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, feed conversion, digestive organ weights, gait score, latency to lie down and valgus/varus angulation were evaluated. Results: The dehulling process increased protein (25.0% to 31.1%), AME (5.9 to 8.8 MJ/kg) and amino acid contents. The BW gain of broilers fed the MLE diet was similar (p>0.05) to that of those fed the MS diet, but lower than that of those fed the MSE diet. Feed intake of broilers fed the MLE diet was higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS diet and similar (p>0.05) to those fed the MSE diet. Feed conversion of broilers fed the MLE diet was 8.0% and 8.7% higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS and MSE diets, respectively. Broilers fed the MLE diet had the highest (p<0.05) relative proventriculus and gizzard weights, but had poor welfare-related variables. Conclusion: It is possible to substitute soybean meal by dehulled lupine seed with enzymes in broiler diets, obtaining similar BW gains in broilers fed the MLE and MS diets; however, a higher feed intake is required. Additionally, the MLE diet reduced welfare-related variables.