• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.271-286
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• 2017

GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) genes encode plant-specific transcription factors containing two conserved QLQ and WRC domains and play critical roles in regulating the growth and development of lateral organs, such as cotyledons, leaves, and flowers. To explore the agricultural potential of Brassica rapa GRF genes (BrGRFs), the researchers isolated seven BrGRFs (BrGRF3-1, 3-2, 5, 7, 8-1, 8-2, and 9) and constructed BrGRF-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana plants (BrGRF-OX). BrGRF-OX plants developed larger cotyledons, leaves, and flowers as well as longer roots than the wild type. The increase in size of these organs were due to increases in cell number, but not due to cell size. BrGRF-OX plants also had larger siliques and seeds. Furthermore, BrGRF-OX seeds produced more oil than the wild type. RT-PCR analysis revealed that BrGRFs regulated expression of a wide range of genes that are involved in gibberellin-, auxin-, cell division-related growth processes. Taken together, the data indicates that BrGRFs act as positive regulators of plant growth, thus raising the possibility that they may serve as a useful genetic source for crop improvement with respect to organ size and seed oil production.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 1976

To compare the effects of red Ginseng and white Ginseng on the growth of experimental animals, both Ginseng were given to Broiler male chicken. Red and white Ginseng were administered to Broiler chicken in doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4g per kg weight of chicken. The increase in weight were 282g in red Ginseng group and 162g in white Ginseng group compared with control group. The increase of the feeding amounts per kg weight were 2.4kg for red Ginseng group, 2.67kg for white Ginseng group and 2.87kg for non-treated group. The growth of each organ in the red Ginseng group showed favorable increase trend than white Ginseng group as a whole and, particularly, considerable significance were observed in liver and brain. These results suggest that red Ginseng has better effect on the growth of chicken and organ than white Ginseng does.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1998

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), originally discovered and cloned as a powerful mitogen for hepatocytes, is a four kringle-containing growth factor which specifically binds to membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase, c-Met/HGF receptor. HGF has mitogenic, motogenic (enhancement of cell movement), morphogenic (e.g., induction of branching tubulogenesis), and anti-apoptotic activities for a wide variety of cells. During embryogenesis, HGF supports organogenesis and morphogenesis of various tissues, including liver, kidney, lung, gut, mammary gland, and tooth. In adult tissues HGF elicits an organotrophic function which supports regeneration of organs such as liver, kidney, lung, and vascular tissues. HGF is also a novel member of neurotrophic factor in nervous systems. Together with the preferential expression of HGF in mesenchymal or stromal cells, and c-Met/HGF receptor In epithelial or endothelial cells, the HGF-Met coupling seems to orchestrate dynamic morphogenic processes through epithelial-mesenchymal (or-stromal) interactions for organogenesis and organ regeneration. HGF or HGF gene may well become unique therapeutic tools for treatment of patients with various organ failure, through its actions to reconstruct organized tissue architectures. This review focuses on recently characterized biological and physiological functions integrated by HGF-Met coupling during organogenesis and organ regeneration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 1998

This study was designed to examine how dietary protein levels affect organ growth and protein metabolism in early and normally weaned rats. Early and normally weaned rats separated fro the dam on the 15th and 121st day postpartum, respectively. were fed diets containing three levels of protein : low(10%) , normal (20%),and high(40%) . On the 35th day, the weight and DNA, RNA and protein contents in brain , liver, and kidney were determined to ascertain organ and cellular growth. Furthermore, serum total protein , albumin , $\alpha$-amino N and creatine and urinary urea N, and creatinine were determined in order to ascertain protein metabolism and renal functions. Dietary protein levels were not observed to significantly affect total DNA content, which may represent an index of cell number in the liver, brain and kidney. Fresh weight and protein/DNA ratio, which may represent indices of cell size, significantly increased in proportion to dietary protein in the kidney. As for the early weaned rats , the liver cell size significantly decreased. Dietary protein levels and weaning periods did not affect serum total protein and albumin . However, serum urea-N significantly increased in proportion to dietary protein levels whereas serum $\alpha$-amino N was decreased by early weaning . Nitrogen retention was lower in early weaned rats fed low or high levels of protein than in normally weaned rats. The results demonstrate that low or high levels of dietary protein have less desirable effects on protein metabolism in prematurely weaned rats.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2016

Background: Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) is one of the most distressing side effects for patients undergoing chemotherapy. This study evaluated the protective effect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on CIA in a well-established in vitro human hair follicle organ culture model as it occurs in vivo. Methods: We examined whether KRG can prevent premature hair follicle dystrophy in a human hair follicle organ culture model during treatment with a key cyclophosphamide metabolite, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC). Results: 4-HC inhibited human hair growth, induced premature catagen development, and inhibited proliferation and stimulated apoptosis of hair matrix keratinocytes. In addition, 4-HC increased p53 and Bax protein expression and decreased Bcl2 protein expression. Pretreatment with KRG protected against 4-HC-induced hair growth inhibition and premature catagen development. KRG also suppressed 4-HC-induced inhibition of matrix keratinocyte proliferation and stimulation of matrix keratinocyte apoptosis. Moreover, KRG restored 4-HC-induced p53 and Bax/Bcl2 expression. Conclusion: Overall, our results indicate that KRG may protect against 4-HC-induced premature catagen development through modulation of p53 and Bax/Bcl2 expression.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.640-647
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• 2008

Breed differences in adult animals are determined during fetal development. If interventions are to be developed that influence growth of muscle and fat, it is important to know at which time during gestation breed differences appear and are fixed. The objective of this study was to characterize fetal development in cattle of different breeds. Pregnant cows of 4 cattle breeds with different growth impetus and muscularity were slaughtered under normal processing conditions and the fetuses were removed. German Angus, a typical beef cattle; Galloway, a smaller, environmentally resistant beef type; Holstein Friesian, a dairy type; and Belgian Blue, an extreme type for muscle growth were used. Fetuses of each breed were investigated at 3, 6, and 9 mo of gestation. Fetuses were weighed and dissected into carcass, organs, and muscles. Body fat weight was obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method. Fetal weight increased most rapidly in the third trimester of gestation mainly due to the accelerated muscle and fat deposition. The organ weight to body weight (BW) ratios decreased and the muscle and fat weight to BW ratios increased. At 3 mo of gestation, Galloway fetuses had the significantly smallest BW, half-carcass weight, leg weight, organ weight, muscle weight and shortest leg length. In contrast, Holstein fetuses had the significantly greatest BW, liver, kidney, and lung weights and significantly longest leg length among the 4 breeds, but no differences between Holstein Friesian and Belgian Blue were detected in half-carcass and leg weight. Indeed, Belgian Blue fetuses had the significantly greatest half-carcass weight, leg weight, and muscle weight at 9 mo of gestation, and Galloway had a significantly greater body fat to BW ratio than Holstein Friesian and Belgian Blue. These differences were not evident at 3 and 6 mo of gestation. These data show that the profound increase of tissue and organ weights occurred in later gestation in cattle fetuses even though breed differences were evident as early as 3 mo of gestation. Depending on the tissue of interest, impacting fetal growth likely needs to occur early in gestation before the appearance of breed-specific differences.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 1998

Seasonal changes of nitrogen fixation and growth characteristics of Melilotus suaveolens population under different light conditions were quantitatively analyzed during growting period. Height growth of M. suaveolens population was promoted after April and the shade (site 2) showed 10-20% increase of height growth in compared with that of sunny (site 1). Seasonal changes of biomass were in creased after March, the biomass at site 1 attained 78.5% that of site 2 in May. Chlorophyll content was maintained high value from March to April but, Chlorophyll content of leaf at site 1 was decreased 11.7% compared to that of site 2 in May. The nitrogen content of each organ of M. suaveolens showed higher value in March and then decreased, the high nitrogen contents of reproductive organ were achieved at the flowering stage at site 1. The root nodule of M. suaveolens population appeared in March and showed maximum value in early June and decreased remarkably after July, the amount of nodule formation of M. suaveolens at site 2 showed higher than that of site 1. The nitrogen fixation activity of root nodule of M. suaveolens initiated with shoot growth and showed maximum value in mid April, and attained second peak in early June and then decreased after July. The total nitrogen fixation of the plant showed higher value at site 2 than that of site 1. From the overall results, M. suaveolens showed increased growth under half-shady, well ventilated barren soil than fertile sunny site.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.2 s.53
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• pp.115-126
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• 2006

This study was conducted to find out survival rate, activity, growth and change of the organ structure of bivalves exposed to heavy metal. The results of the study confirmed that zinc (Zn) induces reduction of survival rate and activity, abnormality of organ structure of the equilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis. Experimental groups were composed of one control condition and three Zn exposure conditions ($0.64mg\;Zn{\iota}^{1},\;1.07mg\;Zn{\iota}^{-1},\;1.79mg\;Zn{\iota}^{-1}$). As the concentration of zinc increased the accumulation of lipofucin increased in the digestive gland. Survival rate was the lowest in the lowest Zn exposure group at $0.64mg;Zn{\iota}^{-1}$. Growth was not significantly different between the control and exposure group. Activity. with the exception of the lowest Zn exposure group at $0.64mg\;Zn{\iota}^{-1}$, was similar between the control and exposure group. Histological analysis of organ system illustrated expansion of hemolymph sinus, loss of striated border of inner epidermis, increase in the number of mucous cell in the mantle. Also, histological degenerations as epithelial necrosis and hyperplasia of mucous cells are recognized in the gill and foot.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.419-427
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• 2017

Background: Glycosylation of natural compounds increases the diversity of secondary metabolites. Glycosylation steps are implicated not only in plant growth and development, but also in plant defense responses. Although the activities of uridine-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have long been recognized, and genes encoding them in several higher plants have been identified, the specific functions of UGTs in planta remain largely unknown. Methods: Spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and GUS histochemical assay. In planta transformation in heterologous Arabidopsis was generated by floral dipping using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (C58C1). Protein localization was analyzed by confocal microscopy via fluorescent protein tagging. Results: PgUGT72AL1 was highly expressed in the rhizome, upper root, and youngest leaf compared with the other organs. GUS staining of the promoter: GUS fusion revealed high expression in different organs, including axillary leaf branch. Overexpression of PgUGT72AL1 resulted in a fused organ in the axillary leaf branch. Conclusion: PgUGT72AL1, which is phylogenetically close to PgUGT71A27, is involved in the production of ginsenoside compound K. Considering that compound K is not reported in raw ginseng material, further characterization of this gene may shed light on the biological function of ginsenosides in ginseng plant growth and development. The organ fusion phenotype could be caused by the defective growth of cells in the boundary region, commonly regulated by phytohormones such as auxins or brassinosteroids, and requires further analysis.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.21-28
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• 1971

Dry matter production, leaf area growth and total nitrogen changes were studied in Glycine max. soybean communities, which were grown in sandy loam soils controlled to provide various moisture levels, i.e., 5-7%(level 1), 8-10%(level 2), 11-13%(level 3), 14-15%(lev디 4), 17-20%(level 5) and 22-24%(level 6). A summary of the results is shown. The maximum dry matter production of leaves, stems and nodules and the maximum leaf area per unit area were at level 5, but the maximum of root dry matter production was at level 4. Total nitrogen content of the soybean plant decreased with growth, but each level of soil moisture content also showed a little difference. Water content of the plant decreased with plant age and soil water deficiency, especially in roots and nodules. Nodule formation increased in proportion to soil moisture content. total nitrogen content of the soil on which the soybeans grew, increased from 0.23% before sowing to 0.30% at 100 days after sowing. It seems that soil water content acts as a linear factor in the elongation or dry weight increase of shoots and roots until increasing to level 5. Considering the pattern of plant growth through analysis of the shoot and root dry weight ratio, or the photosynthetic organ and non-photosynthetic organ dry weight ratio, the asymptote of plant growth at a high soil water content exceeded that at a low soil water content.