• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2014

Background: Dental phobia or anxiety of patients is the serious impediment to appropriate and effective dental treatment. Sedative technique helps to mitigate patients' fear and anxiety thus make them more cooperative and familiar to dental practices. With increasing attention to sedative dentistry in dentists, educational requirements and technical qualification also become stricter but actual survey on recent sedative dentistry has not been reported yet. Especially there is insufficient study reporting the survey of sedative dentistry subjected to Korean adults. In this paper, we conducted a survey study on the actual condition and practice related to sedation with a questionnaire to dentists in South Korea. Methods: The survey was done for members of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology (KDSA), who had great interest in sedation and for whom survey-by-mail was convenient. 472 members of The KDSA having dental license and solid address and contact information were subjected to the survey by sending them survey questions about their sedative techniques and knowledge. In order to increase the response rate, small gifts were presented to those who accurately responded to the survey questions and text messages and phone calls were made to encourage their participation. We collected their responses over two months and examined the returned surveys. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 for each question. Results: Out of 472 dentists, 181 responded (38.4% response rate). 63.0% (114 dentists; 77 male and 37 female) of respondents had experience on sedative technique and their average age was $39.8{\pm}7.6$ year. 74 of them were private practitioners, 17 of them were professors (14.9%), 11 of them were dentists-in-service (9.6%), 11 of them were residents (specialist training) (9.6%) and 1 of them was military doctors (0.9%). There were 89 dentists (78.1%) who were specialists or receiving trainings to be specialist, most of whom were pediatric dentists (55, 48.2%) and oral surgeon (31, 27.2%). The most popular route for drug medications was orderly oral, inhalational, intravenous medication. Combination of oral and inhalational medications or single use of intravenous medication was the most common. The most preferred sedative drug was pocral in oral sedation and midazolam in intravenous sedation. 48.2% of practitioners responded that they experienced side effects and emergency situations. Airway obstruction was the most frequent. Conclusions: Results from the survey show that the protocol and system for sedative dentistry have been improved compared to the past. Nevertheless, quality of emergency protocol, monitoring devices and preparation of sedative drugs was still insufficient to achieve safe sedative procedure. This study acquires novelty since actual survey on recent sedative dentistry for adult patients has not been reported yet.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.121-132
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• 2012

The current estimation system of construction equipment cost was first introduced in 1960's when general contractors had ownership of equipment. However, most of construction equipment in construction sites has been rented from equipment leasing company these days. Therefore, the improvement of current cost estimation system is therefore inevitable in order to advance domestic construction industry. This study is aimed to suggest the improved system by analyzing nationwide market rental rates of major construction equipment. A user friendly prototype of actual database grounded on actual market rental rates collected from over 200 leasing companies in the nation was proposed. The database includes various rates and statistics analyzed by different form of contract as well as different region. Using the collected data, "The Cost Estimate System in Construction Equipment Database" was developed by using VBA(Visual Basic for Applications). The system makes users convenient to utilize the rental rates by choosing equipment and region, and various types of contract.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.654-676
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• 2012

This study aims to develop an ecoregion classification using a multi-hierarchy of environmental factors for spatial patterns in the capacities and potentials of ecological systems in mountain regions. To achieve the objectives, we describe the spatial distribution of environmental factors and identify the multi-hierarchy of these factors using spatial statistics. Lastly, we assess ecosystem-units using both a forest type map (yung & kung) and a forest soil map in order to present a ecoregion classification. This study was performed at a $1,168km^2$ area in Gangwon-do, Korea. Sedimentary rocks, particularly limestone (36.6%) exist in high proportions in the research area. While higher mountains are present in the north and central Korean peninsula, plain areas show large proportions along Odae and Pyeongchang river. In a multi-hierarchy, geology and elevation are identified as upper levels and landform classification (surface curvature, upslope area) is considered as a lower level. 'Geology+elevation+landform' shows equally higher ${\chi}^2$ values than that of other classifications and we map ecoregions based on this result. Uniqueness of environmental characteristics in the research area such as high proportions of sedimentary rocks and higher elevations influences our ecoregion classification. We are looking forward to considering this study as an effective approach to integrating various ecological themes for mountain ecosystem management.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.596-603
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• 2006

Purpose. This study examined Korean clinical nurses' intentions to care for SARS patients and identify determinants of the intentions. Theory of planned behavior was the framework to explain the intentions of Korean nurses for SARS patients care. Methods. A convenient sample of six hundreds and seventy nine clinical nurses from four university-affiliated hospitals located in Seoul and in Kyung-gi province was used. Self-administered (83-items) questionnaire was used to collect data. Intentions, attitude, subjective norm, perceive behavioral control, behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs were the study variables. All items were measured using 7point Likert scale (-3 to +3). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation method, and stepwise multiple regression methods. Results. Intentions and attitudes toward SARS patient care among Korean clinical nurses were moderate, but their subjective norm and perceive behavioral control of SARS patients care were negative. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that attitude toward SARS patient care, perceived behavioral control, subjective norm were the determinants of the intentions for SARS patients care as theory proposed. Among the behavioral beliefs, 'SARS-patient caring would be a new experience', 'during SARS-patient caring, I should be apart from my family', 'after completing SARS-patient caring, I would be proud of myself being able to cope with a stressful event' and 'with my SARS-patient caring, patients could recover from SARS' were the significant determinants. Among the normative beliefs, colleague approval, spouse approval, and physician approval were significant determinants of the intentions. Among the control beliefs, 'SARS-patient caring would be a challenge' 'SARS-patient caring is a professional responsibility', 'tension during the care of SARS patients' and 'support from team members' were the significant determinants of the intentions. Conclusions. Korean clinical nurses in this study were not willing to care for SARS patients and showed negative attitude toward the care. They believed their friends and family were not approved their care for SARS patients. Nurses were in conflicts between professional responsibilities to care for SARS patients and personal safety. This study was the first to understand stress and burden of Korean clinical nurses who are in front line to care for newly developed communicable disease such as SARS. Under the circumstance where several fatal communicable diseases are predictable, conflicts between professional responsibility and their personal risks should be taken into considerations by nurses themselves and by nursing administrators in order to improve quality of care.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.77-87
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• 2014

Recently there are many disasters caused by volcanic activities such as the eruptions in Tungurahua, Ecuador(2014) and $Eyjafjallaj\ddot{o}kull$, Iceland(2010). Therefore, it is required to prepare countermeasures for the disasters. This study analyzes the Baekdu Mountain area, where is the risky area because it is active volcano, based on the observed data and scientific methods in order to assess a risk, produce a hazard map and analyze a degree of risk caused by the volcano. Firstly, it is reviewed for the research about the Baekdu mountain volcanic eruption in 1215(${\pm}15$ years) done by Liu Ruoxin. And the factors causing volcanic disaster, environmental effects, and vulnerability of Baekdu Mountain are assessed by the dataset, which includes the earthquake monitoring data, the volcanic deformation monitoring data, the volcanic fluid geochemical monitoring data, and the socio-economic statistics data. A hazard, especially caused by a volcano, distribution map for the Baekdu Mountain Area is produced by using the assessment results, and the map is used to establish the disaster risk index system which has the four phases. The first and second phases are very high risky area when the Baekdu Mountain erupts, and the third and fourth phases are less dangerous area. The map shows that the center of mountain has the first phase and the farther area from the center has the lower phase. Also, the western of Baekdu Mountain is more vulnerable to get the risk than the eastern when the factors causing volcanic disasters are equally applied. It seems to be caused by the lower stability of the environment and the higher vulnerability.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.147-178
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was to propose the improved instruction for authors and research ethic regulations by the comparative analysis of those of the domestic journals, for the purpose of enhancing the citation rate of Journal of Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Society. Methods : Narrative review method was used for comparatively analyzing instruction for authors of 34 domestic journals, especially focused on how to write a reference. Thereafter, in order to elucidate the drawbacks of current instruction for authors and research ethic regulations of the acupuncture and moxibustion society, the well prepared instructions and research ethic regulations was selected from them, which were compared with the present instructions for authors and research ethic regulations of the acupuncture and moxibustion society. Results : As a result of the comparative analysis of instruction for authors in the 34 domestic journals, style for references was based largely on that of National Library of Medicine and vancouver at the same time. The number of reference was limited according to types of writings. for example, the original article and case report was frequently limited to 40 and 20 references respectively. Authors were mostly listed up to six. If there are more, the first three or six authors were listed with 'et al'. it was generally recommended that using abstracts as references should be avoided and References to papers accepted but not yet published should be designated as 'in press' or 'forthcoming', and that the names of journals should be set in italics and abbreviated according to the List of Journals Indexed for Medline (formerly Index Medicus) published by the National Library of Medicine or koreanmed or WHO-IST, etc. In addition, citation of electrical literature, English writing of reference and obligational citation of more than two articles in the journals were encouraged. In consequence of comparison between well prepared instructions and research ethic regulations of the selected journals and those of current instructions for authors and research ethic regulations of the acupuncture and moxibustion society, the followings were needed to be added or revised. 1. Requirements for case reports were not mentioned. 2. Reporting Guidelines for Specific Study Designs were not included. 3. Previous Orthography of herbal prescription should be revised. 4. Orthography of authors and guidelines for writing article constituents such as title, abstract, introduction, method, statistics, results, discussions were not presented. 5. How to write a reference was so simplified. 6. Definition of Research Ethical Misconduct was omitted and establishment, management and members of committee for research ehtics were not mentioned, 7. Information, reception and investigative procedures of Research Ethical Misconduct was not specified. Conclusions : For the development of Journal of Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Society, apporopriate revision of the instruction for author and research ethic regulations should be made based upon the above findings. English writing of reference were believed to be one of the alternatives enhancing citation rate.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.729-740
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for school health computerization by investigating the nurse teacher's attitudes toward school health computerization. For this study, the questionnaires were given to 559 nurse teachers from 3. March to 17. March, 1995. Among them, 338 were returned and included for the analysis. The results of the study were as follows : 1. In general characteristics, the results showed average of 38.6 years in age ; and average of 11.1 years in education experience. In distribution of school, the result showed 47.0% in elementary school, 30.5% in middle school and 22.5% in high school ; 75.4% national and public school vs 26.4% private school. 2. In attitudes of computerization, the score was varied from 19 to 76 point. The attitudes was generally positive with the average of 60.23±7.63(SD) score. The respondents are willing to participate in computer education(the highest score, 3.69), they worry about electromagnetic waves by computer (the lowest score : 2.30). 3. 92.6％ of the respondents want to participate in computer education. The major reason the respondents have not yet learned computer is that they had little chance to learn. While 58.0% of them answered that they had an experience of computer use in school health works, few schools had computer in dispensary. In computer use, nurse teachers in public school have more experience than ones in private school. Word processing was the major function that the most respondents can do(62.7%). They answered that they have little knowledge of computer (84.0%). 4. Computer can be utilized in school health works as follows in order : message from school to home, reports, annual plan and statistics. 65.4% of them answered that computer can be used in 10 items of 13 items. 5. The attitudes of computerization showed differences in the following variables career, age, existence of computer in school health clinic, experience of computer use, intention to participate in computer education, computer knowledge, frequent computer use, ability of computer use, school health computerization areas, experience of computer education. Among there variables, age, existence of computer in school health clinic, intention to participate in computer education, ability of computer use, school health computerization areas showed significant explanation(28.3%) for the attitudes of computerization in multiple regression analysis The younger. the higher degree of intention, the more functions they can perform, the more school health computerization areas, and the more computers in school health clinic, the more positive attitude on school health computerization. In conclusion, to achieve the successful computerization of school health works, the positive attitudes of nurse teachers should be encourged for school health computerization. For this purpose, the chance of computer education should be given as many times as possible. And administerial as well as financial support are essential for enlarging the knowledge and ability of computer.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.362-371
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• 1995

There is no national system to manage, evaluate, and analyse the information about accidents, even though it is necessary for accident prevention policies and health promotion of the general public. The existing studies are, also limited as they focus only on particular group(for example : inpatients, emergency room patients) or on particular geographic areas. Thus the results of the studies cannot be ap-plied to the general public. In order to overcome these limitations, this research focuses on data collection and analysis from accident information for the general population. By providing the analysis on types and causes af accidents, this research aims to produce the basic data necessary for accident prevention policy development. The specific aims of this research are to : 1. Analyse the actual occurrences and characteristics of accidents. 2. Suggest for the accident prevention policies and safety education. Accident report form three major newspaper printed in Korea between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1993 were collected, and the cause, place, time, and personal injury related to the accidents were classified and then analyzed by de-scriptive statistics. The results of this research conclude : 1. The number of accidents reported by the three newspapers were 2155. 2. The highest proportion of accidents were as follows ; occurred during the June-August(31.2%), Sunday(24.8%), and 5 p.m. (7.6%) of the day. 3. The highest proportion of the accident occurred in Seoul(33. l％), Kyunggi province(14.5%), Kangwon province (7.8％), and Kyungnam prov-ince(6.7%) were next highest. 4. The main causes include car accidents(32.4%), drowning(10.9%), falls(8.8%), explosion(7.1%), and poisoning(5.8%). 5. Slightly more than half of injuries(50.5%) and about two fifths of deaths(40.3%) were caused by car accidents. Therefore, the most serious type of accidents were car accidents. 6. The number of males in accidents were almost three times higher than that of females(males 72.3%, females : 27.7%). 7. The age group from 10 to 19 years old represents the highest proportion(21%) of accidents. 8. The number of the accidents in Korea, based on the information collected from the newspapers, is estimated to be 14, 367 per year. The number of in-juries is estimated to be 88, 480 persons, and the number of deaths 29, 007 respectively. It is said that ninety percent of accidents can be prevented. Several accidents prevention policies are suggested here. 1. Safety education should be done more actively throughtout life, with special emphasis on safety education for children. 2. Safety measures for children(halmets for cycling, children car seats, seats belts, and so on) should be emphasized. 3. An injury surveillance system should be initiated. The initiation of injury reporting system in each factory and school could contribute considerably to the reduction of accidents.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.22 no.3 s.38
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• pp.509-529
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• 1992

Skeletal Class III malocclusion is one of the most difficult type to treat and stabilize. For a child with developing skeletal Class III malocclusion, the treatment objective would be to stimulate maxillary growth, particulary one who has markedly deficient maxilla, and to restrain excessive mandibular growth. In order to stimulate the maxillary growth, maxillary protraction appliance is the one of the effective orthopedic appliances in skeletal Class III. The purposes of this study were as follows ; evaluation of the skeletal and dental changes of the maxillary protraction in children with Class III Maxillary deficiency , comparison of the clinical effects between the group with RPE and labiolingual intraoral appliances , comparison of the clinical effects and stability related to the ages of the patients : stability of the maxillary protraction about 1 year after retention. The subjects consisted of 60 children between the ages of 8 and 13.4 who were diagnosed as Class III with maxillary deficiency and were treated with Face Mask (Delaire Type) from the Dept. of Orthodontics Yong Dong Severance Hospital, Yonsei University. 48 children wore the RPE and 12 children wore Labiolingual Appliance. Lateral Cephalograms were taken for each patient at before and after correction of anterior cross-bite in 60 children, and after an observation period of 10 to 14 months in 19 children. X and Y coordinate of 10 landmarks were analyzed using a horizontal line through sella and rotated $6^{\circ}$ down anteriorly as the horizontal reference axis, and a perpendicular verticual line through sella as the vertical reference axis. Each of the 31 measurents (10 verticals, 10 horizontals, 2 angles and 9 others) was statistically analyzed using SPSS/PC statistics. The results are as follows; 1. After maxillary protraction the maxilla and maxillary teeth moved downward and forward, while the mandible and mandibular incisor rotated downward and backward. 2. Maxillary protraction with rapid palatal expansion appliance was more effective than with labiolingual appliance. 3. More downward movement of the posterior palatal plane obserbed with maxillary protraction doing the midpalatal suture opening than with protraction after finishing the palatal expansion 4. The clinical effects of protraction and changes of the retention periods were not statistically significant among the age groups. 5. During the retention period, maxilla and maxillary teeth, and mandible and mandibular teeth moved downward and forward, however the mandibular changes were larger than the maxillary changes.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2012

A study was designed to evaluate the level of moral development in 450 pre-dental professionals of 2 educational institution in Jeollabukdo, Ik san city. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires from October 2010. The Korean version of the DIT(Defining Issues Test) was adopted to evaluate level of moral development with the score of P(%) and stage. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The mean scores of P(%) was 43.10 in dental students and 41.21 in dental hygiene students(p=0.190). The score of stage 5A was highest which was followed by S3, S4, S6, S5B, S2. The score of stage 5B and 6 revealed sigificant difference by groups. The score of stage 6 revealed significant difference by sex in dental students(p=0.003). In dental hygiene students, it's significant difference by religion(S5B, p=0.044), birth order(S2, p=0.027) and growth area(S4, p=0.015). As for the correlations between moral development and the score of the stage, the score of P(%) was negatively correlated with the scores of stage 2, 3, 4 and 5B. On the other hand, the score of P(%) was positively correlated with the scores of stage 5A and 6. In conclusion, for enhancing dental students' moral development it is necessary a systemic ethics education and program development in curriculum.