• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.557-568
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• 2013

In this study, Calculated the nonpoint sources(NPS) load per unit area about various rainy events in vineyard of Nakdong River basin. NPS monitoring and calculation for NPS load per unit area were estimated from 'Investigation method of precipitation discharge(National Institute of Environmental Research, 2007)'. The evaluation of applicability for NPS load per unit by compared with prior research data and Total Maximum Daily Load(TMDL) data. Five target areas were each $2000m^2$, $1800m^2$, $1943m^2$, $2484m^2$, $864m^2$ and located in Gyeongsangbukdo Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo Sangju, Gyeongsangnamdo Hapcheon in Korea. Since fruits were the only crop on the target area, the characteristics of stormwater discharge at survey sites could be evaluated independently. A total of 115 rainfall events in the Orchard area during five years(2008-2012) was surveyed, and 38 of them became stormwater discharge. In the Nakdong River watershed, average of event mean concentrations(EMCs) in Orchard area for biochemical oxyzen demand(BOD), Chemical oxyzen demand(COD), total nitrogen(T-N), total phosphorus(T-P) were 2.0mg/L, 10.1mg/L, 3.195mg/L, 0.578mg/L, respectively. NPS load per unit area in Orchard area showed BOD : $2.0kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, COD : $10.2kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, T-N : $3.220kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, T-P : $0.606kg/km^2{\cdot}day$.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.237-241
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• 2013

This study started to export an orchard tractor to Europe under the situations that R&D activities for orchard tractor were marginal and even it was not produced. The R&D for orchard tractor has been progressed and the most of it is accomplishing the goal. In this study, the durability of clutch friction part was tested for F/R clutch and moment of inertia of PTO clutch, and it was compared with the design criteria of transmission of tractor. According to the results of inertia test of F/R clutch, hydraulic pressures of clutch satisfied $1,961.33{\pm}196.13kPa$ of design criteria, and the variations of torque for forward and reverse operation were relatively constant. Therefore, it was found that the durability of clutch friction part was stable and reliable. Test results showed that the main hydraulic pressures were maintained $1,961.33{\pm}196.13kPa$ during the tests of moment of inertia of PTO clutch, and when it was operated, the hydraulic pressures were reached $1,961.33{\pm}196.13kPa$. Therefore, it was found that the hydraulic pressures of PTO satisfied the design criteria. By the results that the time of the hydraulic pressures of PTO reaching main hydraulic pressure, and that of torque values restoring to the original was same as the time of the first gear of PTO reaching the maximum rotational speed, it was found that PTO could transfer power to attachments as it was designed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.4142-4148
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• 2013

Because of effective fruit growing and management in the slope land, the use of orchard vehicle with lifting utilities has been increased. For this reason the study on the stability of that vehicle for worker's safety is needed. This study is investigated on the stability estimation of orchard vehicle with four wheels and dual rectangular-type lifting utilities which can be moved on the dirt sloping load. Through the multi-body dynamics analysis on the vehicle mechanism, overturning angles of 19.2 and $34.6^{\circ}$ in the right-left and front-rear direction can be calculated. It is determined tractive resistances and required powers of the wheels. And through the finite element analysis on the frame of lifting utility its maximum von-Mises stress is 146 MPa and it is structural stable. Therefore it is known that the orchard vehicle with wheels and lifting utilities has static and dynamic stability.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical properties of orchard soils through which their soil fertilities were discriminated. Total 877 soil samples in major orchard area, i.e. from 239 apple, 369 pear, 168 grape, 101 peach orchards, were examed on the basis of temporary optimal range for each component. The levels of fertility were ranged from 3.0 to 65.2% compared to optimum fertility, suggesting that almost orchard soils contained inadequately soil components. The contents of chemical component have a tendency to decrease with soil depth gradually from surface to subsoil. This meaned that the contents of various components in subsoil could be estimated on the basis of analysis of surface soil, using the linearly fitted equations of the relationship between component in subsoil and in surface at least to which fertility were samely managed. Furthermore, even when only the content of components in 20cm depth surface soil was analyzed, it could be determined whether the amount of each component in the surface soil is surplus or deficient.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.707-714
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• 2000

For self-guiding track-type orchard sprayer, a low-cost steering controller was developed using two ultrasonic sensors, two DC motors and 80196kc microprocessor. The operating principle of controller was to travel the sprayer between artificial targets such as wood stick placed every 1 m along both sides of the demanded path of speed sprayer. Measuring distances to both targets ahead with the ultrasonic sensors mounted on the front end of sprayer, the controller could determine how much offset the position of sprayer was laterally. Then the steering angle was calculated to actuate DC motors connected to the steering clutches, where the fuzzy control algorithm was used. Equipped with the controller developed in this research, the sprayer could be traveled along demanded path, the centerline between targets, at speeds of up to 0.4m/sec with an accuracy of ${\pm}$20cm.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.269-279
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• 2020

This paper presents the design and implementation of embedded systems and autonomous path generation for autonomous speed sprayer. Autonomous Orchard Systems can be divided into embedded controller and path generation module. Embedded controller receives analog sensor data, on/off switch data and control linear actuator, break, clutch and steering module. In path generation part, we get 3D cloud point using Velodyne VLP16 LIDAR sensor and process the point cloud to generate maps, do localization, generate driving path. Then, it finally generates velocity and rotation angle in real time, and sends the data to embedded controller. Embedded controller controls steering wheel based on the received data. The developed autonomous speed sprayer is verified in test-bed with apple tree-shaped artworks.

• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

In orchard or crop-growing environments, pesticides are sprayed using various nozzles to prevent pests and improve productivity. Nozzles currently in use are restricted for use in multi-purpose environments, thus, it is necessary to develop new nozzles. In this study, new two-phase nozzles are proposed to improve the performance of the nozzle (flow rate, spray angle, spray particle size). The performance of the two-phase nozzles are predicted through the CFD analysis and the performance of the nozzles is compared with the experiment. The experimental results showed that the proposed two-phase nozzles are available at relatively low operating pressure condition and are capable of extensive spray particle size control. Thus, the proposed nozzles are expected to be available in various orchard environments.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2017

This study was investigated in order to occurrence of weed flora in orchard (apple, grape, peach, pear etc.) fields and to the establishment of weed control basic data in these weeds. And this study was survey on 2015. As a result of the study on orchard weeds, there were total of 492 weeds including 63 families. Among all the weeds, 159 species were annual, 97 species were winter annual and 236 were perennial. Each fruit tree patterns of occurrence weeds, 306 species 50 families in apple orchard, 304 species 50 families in pear orchard, 286 species 50 families in grape orchard, and 288 species 48 families in peach orchard. Dominance was the highest with Digitaria ciliaris followed by Artemisia princeps, Stellaria aquatica, Commelina communis, Acalypha australis etc. in order. And exotics weeds occurred 127 species. Trifolium repens was the highest in importance analysis and the followings were in order of Conyza canadensis, Chenopodium album, Taraxacum offcinale, Rumex crispus etc. Changes in weed vegetation in orchard during 30 years, did not very many changed. In 1990, D. ciliaris, Persicaria hydropiper, Portulaca loeracea were dominant. In 2003, D. ciliaris was the most abundant species, followed by A. australis, A. princeps species. And in 2015, also D. ciliaris was the most dominant, followed by A. princeps, S. aquatica.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.90-95
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• 1998

Soil residues of paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4-dipyridinium dichloride) were determined in apple, pear, grape, and peach orchards for which 15 sites each were selected randomly from the corresponding large-scale production area throughout the country. Strong adsorption capacity measured using wheat bioassay (paraquat concentration required to reduce 50% root growth of wheat, SAC-WB) was also investigated on the orchard soils and the paraquat residue level was calculated against total SAC-WB values (SAC-WB value + paraquat residue). Average bound residue of paraquat on the 60 sites was 6.9 ppm, while paraquat residue in apple orchard reached 20.2 ppm which was the highest among the orchards and was almost double as compared with those in the other three orchards. Loosely bound residue of paraquat determined on the bound residue high top five soils occurred less than 0.5 ppm detection limit. Average SAC-WB value was 276.1 ppm and there were no any correlations between the SAC-WB value and clay content, organic matter content, and cation exchange capacity of the orchard soils. Paraquat residue level of the orchard soils against total SAC-WB recorded 2.43%.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.977-988
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• 2012

This study analyzed the characteristics of stormwater runoff by rainfall type in orchard areas and transportation areas for 2 years(2010~2011year). Effluents were monitored to calculate the Event Mean Concentrations(EMCs) and runoff loads of each pollutant. The pollutant EMCs by volume of stormwater runoff showed the ranges of BOD 0.9~13.6 mg/L, COD 13.7~45.2 mg/L, SS 4.1~236.4 mg/L, T-N 2.123~21.111 mg/L, T-P 0.495~2.214 mg/L in the orchard areas, and was calculated as BOD 2.3~22.5mg/L, COD 4.4~91.1 mg/L, SS 4.3~138.3 mg/L, T-N 0.700~13.500 mg/L, T-P 0.082~1.345 mg/L in the transportation areas. The correlation coefficient of determination in the orchard area was investigated in the order of Total Rainfall(0.81) > Total Runoff(0.76) > Rainfall Intensity(0.56) > Rainfall Duration(0.46) > Antecedent Dry Days(0.27). Also, in the case of the transportation area was investigated in the order of Total Rainfall (0.55) > Total Runoff(0.54) > Rainfall Intensity(0.53) > Rainfall Duration(0.24) > Antecedent Dry Days(0.14). As the result, comparing valuables relating to runoff of non-pollutant source between orchard areas and transportation areas, orchard area($R^2{\geq}0.5$ : X3, X4, X5) was investigated to have more influence of diverse independent valuables compared to the transportation area($R^2{\geq}0.5$ : X3, X4) and the difference of discharge influence factor by the land characteristics appeared apparently.