• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2015

Shikonin, a major ingredient in the traditional Chinese herb Lithospermumerythrorhizon, exhibits multiple biological functions including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. It has recently been reported that shikonin displays antitumor properties in many cancers. This study was aimed to investigate whether shikonin could inhibit oral squamous carcinoma cell (OSCC) growth via mechanisms of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The effects of shikonin on the viability and growth of OSCC cell line, SCC25 cells were assessed by MTT assay and clonogenic assays, respectively. Hoechst staining and DNA electrophoresis indicated that the shikonin-treated SCC25 cells were undergoing apoptosis. Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, MMP activity, and proteasome activity also supported the finding that shikonin induces apoptosis. Shikonin treatment of SCC25 cells resulted in a time- and dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, inhibition of cell growth, and increase in apoptotic cell death. The treated SCC25 cells showed several lines of apoptotic manifestation as follows: nuclear condensation; DNA fragmentation; reduced MMP and proteasome activity; decrease in DNA contents; release of cytochrome c into cytosol; translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) onto the nuclei; a significant shift in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; and activation of caspase-9, -7, -6, and -3, as well as PARP, lamin A/C, and DFF45 (ICAD). Shikonin treatment also resulted in down-regulation of the G1 cell cycle-related proteins and up-regulation of $p27^{KIP1}$. Taken together, our present findings demonstrate that shikonin strongly inhibits cell proliferation by modulating the expression of the G1 cell cycle-related proteins, and that it induces apoptosis via the proteasome, mitochondria, and caspase cascades in SCC25 cells.

• 대한기관식도과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기관식도과학회 1993년도 제27차 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.94-94
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• 1993

구강설에 발생한 편평상피암에 대하여 임상적 소견과 치료방법에 따른 결과를 알아보고자 후향적 고찰을 하였다. 대상은 연세대학교 의과대학부속 세브란스병원에서 1976년부터 1989년까지 구강설암으로 진단받은 112례중 편평상피암이 아니거나 불충분한 치료를 받은 22례를 제외하고 최소추적관찰기간이 3년이상인 90례를 대상으로 하였다. 평균 추적기간은 47 개월이었다. 호발부위는 구강설의 외측연이 가장 많았으며 경부임파절전이는 45.6%(41/90)에서 관찰되었다. 병기별 5년 생존율은 병기 I, II의 조기암이 78.8%, III, IV의 진행암이 20.7%이었으며 전체 5년 생존율은 58.5%를 보였다. 치료방법에 따른 생존율은 방사선치료례가 19.7%, 수술 및 방사선치료례가 55.7%, 수술치료례가 66.2% 이었다. 국소 치료율은 병기 I, II가 59.4%, III, IV가 26.8%를 보였다. 치료실패의 원인은 국소재발이 가장 많았고 국소및 경부재발, 경부재발 순이었다. 구강설암의 생존율을 높이기 위하여는 국소재발율 줄이고 진행암의 경우 보다 적극적인 치료가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.105-110
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• 1987

구강 내 설암은 설의 전방 삼분의 이에서 발생하는 것으로 근치적 요법으로는 수술과 방사선 치료가 그 근간을 이루어 왔으며, 같은 병기에서 두 요법간의 완치율은 거의 동일한 것으로 보고되고 있다. 특히 조기병소(T1, T2)에서는 이 두 요법간에 비슷한 국소 퇴치율을 보이므로 치료법의 선택에는 그 치료로 인해 발생하는 기능적 손상 및 미용적 결손을 최소화하는데 역점을 두어야 할 것이다. 그러므로 큰 기능적 손상 없이 용이하게 절제할 수 있는 첨단부 및 배부의 작은 병소를 제외하고 대부분의 조기병소는 방사선 요법으로 정상적인 발성 및 연하작용을 유지하며 치료할 수 있다. 그러나 비교적 진행된 병소(late T2, T3) 중 하부 침윤이 심하지 않으면 방사선 치료만으로 완치될 수 있으며 수술은 방사선 치료 후 재발암의 구원요법으로 유보해 두는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 방사선 치료의 방법으로는 외부 조사법 외에 자입요법 등이 있으나 최대의 국소 퇴치를 위해서는 자입요법이 필수적인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 자입요법으로 치료기간을 단축할 수 있음은 말할 것도 없고 투여되는 선량을 증가시킴으로서 국소 퇴치율의 향상을 기대하고 나아가 생존율을 높일 수 가 있을 것이다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.23-33
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• 1990

A clinical study of selected patients with intraoral squamous cell carcinoma which were managed in the Department of Oral Oncology of Korea Cancer Center Hospital from January 1982 to August 1989 was done. And following results were obtained. 1. Males were involved more than females by intraoral squamous cell carcinoma in a ratio of 4:1. and most of the cases occurred in the 7th and 6th decades (69%). 79% of total patients and 92.5% of males were. 2. The mean duration of symptomatic period was 5.9 months. 3. The common symptoms were swelling (63%), pain (40%), ulceration (33%), and trismus (23%) 4. In the histologic findings, well differentiation comprised 58.0%. 5. The primary sites were the upper alveolar mucosa (32%), the floor of the mouth (21%), the lower alveolar mucosa (19%), tongue (14%), retromolar trigone (8%), palate (7%) and buccal mucosa (3%). 6. According to TNM system, Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV comprised 4%, 15%, 32%, and 49% respectively. 7. In the management of intraoral squamous cell carcinoma, surgeries were done in the 32 cases, 23 cases of which were managed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy concurrently. And radiation therapy alone was received in 35 cases. 8. Overall 3 and 5-year survival rates without regarding to stage were 27.6% and 21.4%. 9. 3-year survival rate of female patients was 47.2% and that of male patients was 22.6%. 10. 5-year survival rate was 53.9% for "early" cancer (stage I and II) and 15.6% for "advanced"cancer (stage III and IV). Survival rate of patients in the early stages of cancer appeared to be higher than that of patients with stage III and IV(p<0.05).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1251-1254
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• 2016

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common malignancy of the oral cavity, shows geographical variation with respect to the age, sex, site and habits of the population. The histolopathologic grade of the tumor is closely related to its tissue of origin. This study was conducted to establish the prevalence of OSCC in relation to patient sex, age, habits and sites of lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 130 cases of histopathologically diagnosed OSCC were selected for the study, out of which 66, 38 and 26 were well (WD), moderately (MD)and poorly differentiated (PD), respectively. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and graded according to a modified Borders's system. Then statistically analyzed different grades of OSCC for correlations with other variables. Results: In our study the majority cases of OSCC were found in the 5th to 7th decades of life, males acconting for 53%. The most common site was the buccal mucosa and most cases had habit of tobacco use either in the form of chewing or smoking or both. When the different grades of OSCC were compared with different sites a statistically significant value was observed (P=0.029). Conclusions: The incidence of high grade PD is very much less in female patients but in males such lesions were common. In our location population the buccal mucosa is the most common site due to the tobbaco habits of the patients and majority cases of the buccal mucosa are WD whereas in tongue, floor of the mouth and palate PD are common.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.147-160
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• 2011

Chios gum mastic (CGM)은 그리이스 키오스 섬에서만 자생하는 Pistiacia lentiscus L. var. Chia. 의 잎과 줄기로부터 추출되어진 식물성 수지이며, 과거 수세기 동안 지중해와 중동 지역 국가들에서 음식 첨가물과 위궤양, 십이지장궤양 등의 민간 치료약재로서 사용되어져 왔다. 정향나무에서 추출하는 페놀화합물인 eugenol은 zinc oxide eugenol의 구성성분으로 치과치료를 위해 많이 사용되고 있다. 본 연구는 사람혀편평세포암종세포(SCC25 cells)에서 천연물질인 CGM과 eugenol을 병용처리한 후 세포자멸사 효과가 있는지를 알아보기 위해 수행하였다. CGM과 eugenol의 병용처리가 단독처리에 비해서 효과적인 세포생존율 감소가 있는지 확인하기 위하여 MTT법을 시행하였고, 세포자멸사의 유도와 증가를 알기 위하여 Hoechst 염색법, TUNEL 염색법, DNA hypoploidy법을 사용하였다. 그리고 세포자멸사에 관계하는 단백질의 발현 변화와 세포내에서의 이동을 밝혀내기 위하여 Western blot 분석과 면역형광염색법을 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 CGM과 eugenol이 병용처리된 SCC25 세포에서 핵의 농축, DNA분절, Bax의 증가와 Bcl-2의 감소, DNA양의 감소, cytochrome c의 세포질로의 유리, AIF와 DFF40 (CAD)의 핵으로의 이동, caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-7, caspase-9, PARP, Lamin A/C 그리고 DFF45 (ICAD)의 활성화와 같은 다양한 세포자멸사 증거를 보였다. 반면에 CGM과 eugenol이 각각 단독 처리된 SCC25 세포에서는 세포자멸사 현상이 미미하였다. 24시간 동안 40 ${\mu}g$/ml의 CGM과 0.5 mM의 eugenol을 각기 단독처리 한 결과에서는 세포자멸사를 거의 유도하지 못했으나, 병용처리 한 결과에는 아주 탁월한 세포자멸사의 유도를 보였다. 그러므로 본 실험결과는 사람구강편평세포암종 환자들에게 CGM과 eugenol의 병용요법이 새로운 치료전략으로서의 가능성을 줄 수 있다고 생각한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권13호
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• pp.5427-5432
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• 2015

Background: Oral cancer stands among the 10 top causes of cancer death in the world. Considering the role of epidemiologic information on planning and effective interventions, the present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of oral cancer in Iran. Materials and Methods: The required information for this systematic review study was obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL,SID, Medlib, Magiran and Iranmedex databases, using key words "cancer", "oral cancer", "squamous cell carcinoma", "oral cavity carcinoma" and their Persian equivalents in combination with keywords of epidemiology, prevalence, etiology, frequency, and Iran from 1990 to 2014. From 1,065 related studies found, finally 25 were included to the study. Results: The mean age of 8,248 patients in 25 studies was $54.0{\pm}15.1years$. The male/female ratio for oral cancer was 1.91. Tongue with average percentage of 29.9 was the most involved site. Regarding microscopic grade, 65.7% of cases were grade 1. SCCs, accounting for an average of 70.0%, was the most common among all types of oral cancer. In the majority of studies, smoking including cigarette, hookah, and tobacco consumption was found to be a risk factor. Conclusions: The epidemiological pattern of oral cancer in Iran is somewhat similar to that of other countries. Yet the information on hand in this field is limited and considering the role of epidemiological data we suggest conducting more accurate studies to catch data that is required for effective programs and interventions.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.660-668
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• 2007

We investigated 248 patients who were diagnosed as malignant tumor in the department of Oral and maxillofacial Surgery of Kyungpook National University from 1999 to 2006, and following results were obtained. 1. Among 248 patients who have malignant tumor, 164 were men and 84 were women, which made the ratio of male to female 1.95:1. 2. The average age of oral cancer patients was 58.3. 3. As of the primary origin site, lower alveolus and gingiva were the greatest with 70 cases(28.2%), followed by tongue(l6.9%), upper alveolus and gingiva(14.9%), palate(13.7%), mouth floor(9.7%), buccal mucosa(4.8%), retromolar trigone(4.4%), Mx. & Mn. bone(3.2%) and lip(2.8%). 4. As of histologic distribution, squamous cell carcinoma was the greatest with 170 cases(68.6%), followed by sarcoma with 17 cases(6.9%), adenoid cystic carcinoma with 17 cases(6.9%), malignant lymphoma with 15 cases(6.0%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma with 13 cases(5.2%), metastatic carcinoma with 6 cases(2.4%) and malignant melanoma with 4 cases(1.6%). 5. Period between recognition of the symptom and the first visit to hospital was less than 3 months for 58.9% of the patients, and more than 3 months for 41% of the patients. 6. Investigation of whether the patients drink or smoke revealed that the number of non-smoking and non-drinking patients was 63 among 170 patients(37.0%) that were able to investigate. The number of patients who smoke only was 29(17.1%) and both drinking and smoking patients were 78(45.9%). 7. In clinical stage order, Stage IV(61.7%) was found th be the largest, followed by stage I(17.2%), stage II(13%) and stage III(7.8%). 8. The 5-year survival rate of the entire oral cancer patients appeared to be 57.7%. The survival rate was higher in younger group and women had higher survival rate but there was no statistical significance to this. In the aspect of stage, the survival rate was Stage I, Stage II, Stage IV and Stage III in decreasing order. The order according to T classification was the same. In N classification, patients with N0 had the highest survival rate and the survival rate decreased in the order of N1 and N2. Survival rate was especially low in patients with N2.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.557-562
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• 2006

Purpose: Advanced carcinoma of the tongue is a devastating disease which may cause severe speech or swallowing dysfunction. But, none to date has provided all of the complex functions of the tongue. The purpose of this study is to review our experiences with individuals who underwent glossectomy followed by reconstruction using free tissue transfer. Methods: Between February 1998 and February 2005, twenty-four patients underwent glossectomy followed by free tissue transfer reconstruction. The defects of tongue caused by partial or subtotal glossectomy were reconstructed by means of radial forearm or lateral thigh free flap with nerve innervation. Especially for the patients who underwent total glossectomy, we reconstructed deglutition muscles anatomically with nerve reinnervation, a procedure that allows the grafted muscle to maintain good tongue bulk without obvious atrophy. Results: Patients were reviewed to determine their functional outcome as it related to speech, deglutition, and aspiration. All patients achieved oral intake of a soft diet and acceptable speech. Conclusion: Although reconstruction following glossectomy using free tissue transfer is not ideal, this procedure is safe and reliable, and provides predictable results. A future challenge is the development of a surgical procedure for reconstruction of a tongue that maintains mobility and sensation using neurotized flaps.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.3219-3222
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• 2012

A comparative study between 17 Japanese and 19 Indian patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) revealed that the tumour prognostic indicator mean vessel density (MVD) count for angiogenesis was relatively high at 57.1 in Indian as compared to 39.3 in Japanese (P=0.001) cases, whereas the lymph-vessel density (LVD) count for lymphangiogenesis was lower (12.8 vs 48.0, P=0.002). Both male and female Indians had higher MVD counts, but LVD counts were only slightly lower in females. MVD count was relatively high among the cases below 65 years old in both the countries (P=0.4). Japanese cases with Tongue cancer had higher MVD count, but the Indian cases had lower LVD counts. Size-wise, T2 and T3 had higher counts of MVD both in Indian and Japanese cases. MVD and LVD count was higher in grades II and III both in Japanese and Indian cases. There was insignificant difference of the MVD counts among smokers, but the tobacco chewers in Indian cases had higher counts of MVD and LVD (P value by Bartlett test 0.35, 0.57 respectively). The hot-spots of tumour sites had variable rates of lymphocyte infiltration showed higher MVD counts in all the cases. Although the clinical characteristics and demographic variables usually relate to MVD and LVD counts, the tendency of higher values, especially among tobacco chewers, identified as the highest risk group for occurrence of oral cancer needs to be investigated further.