• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.189-195
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• 2016

Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is the most common oral cancer subtype with a maximum propensity for regional spread. Our objective was to study if p53 expression might have any correlation with aggressive patterns of invasion within oral tongue cancers as well as with the histologically identified degree of oral tongue dysplasia. p53 immunoexpression was studied using immunohistochemistry in early staged OTSCCs (n=155), oral tongue dysplasias, (n=29) and oral tongue normal specimens (n=10) and evaluated for correlations with histological and clinicopathological parameters. Our study (n=194) showed a pattern of p53 expression increasing with different grades of tongue dysplasia to different grades of invasive OTSCC (p=0.000). Among the OTSCC tumours, positive p53 expression was seen in 43.2% (67/155) and a higher p53 labelling index was significantly associated with increased Bryne's grade of the tumour invasive front (p=0.039) and increased tumour depth (p=0.018). Among the OTSCC patients with tobacco habits, (n=91), a higher p53 labelling index was significantly associated with increased risk of local recurrence (p=0.025) and with lymphovascular space involvement (p=0.014). Evaluation of p53 through varying degrees of dysplasia to oral tongue cancer indicates that p53 expression is linked to aggressive features of oral tongue cancers and tongue precancers entailing a closer monitoring in positive cases. Among the OTSCCs, p53 expression is associated with tumour aggressiveness correlating with increased grading of invasive tumour front and tumour depth.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.96-106
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• 2019

Background: Factors affecting oral function include tooth number, oral muscle strength, and oral diseases. This study aimed to investigate the relationship among oral environment, muscle, and microbiology. Methods: Fifty-six elderly individuals in a day care center were included in the study. The survey regarding tongue and lip muscle strength and oral microorganisms was conducted from November to December 2018. Results: Tongue and lip muscle strength were greater in men than women (p>0.05). Tongue muscle strength was greater in the ${\leq}80-year-old$ group ($34.94{\pm}9.85$) than the ${\geq}90-year-old$ group ($25.57{\pm}7.54$) (p<0.05). Tongue muscle strength and lip muscle strength were greater in the ${\geq}15$ functional teeth group ($34.08{\pm}9.31$ and $9.25{\pm}1.63$, respectively) than in the <15 functional teeth group ($28.08{\pm}7.53$ and $7.76{\pm}1.51$, respectively) (p<0.05). Age was significantly correlated with functional tooth number, denture use, and tongue muscle strength. The number of functional teeth was positively correlated with tongue muscle strength, lip muscle strength, and oral microorganisms. Denture use was negatively correlated with tongue and lip muscle strength. Tongue muscle strength was significantly correlated with lip muscle strength. The number of Eubacterium nodatum was higher in men than women. The number of Parvimonas micra and Enterococcus faecalis was higher in the groups with ${\geq}15$ functional teeth, denture use, and greater tongue and lip muscle strength. The number of Lactobacillus casei was higher in the group that uses dentures and with greater tongue strength. Conclusion: Oral microbiology is more important in oral environment and management than oral muscle function. The correlation between oral muscle and oral microorganism requires further study. Therefore, oral care training should be conducted to improve the oral care practice of elderly individuals, maintain oral health through oral care, and prevent the decrease in saliva secretion by aging.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.2 s.41
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• pp.275-282
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• 1993

When mandibular prognathic patients are operated orthognathic surgery which reduce the oral cavity volume, tongue volume should be harmonized with oral cavity volume to be changed because prevent the relapse of malocclusion. To decide the need for tongue resection, the author measured the tongue volume and oral cavity volume with stone model which were taken by impression method and study the difference between the ratio of tongue and oral cavity volume in mandibular prognathic group and normal group. The samples were consisted of four groups, the 40 subjects of the control group, 40 subjects of the experimental group. Each group was subdivided into male and female group respectively. The results were as follows : 1. The tongue volume and oral cavity volume measurements are $20.7cm^3,\;32.7cm^3$ in the control group respectively, and $24.9cm^3,\;42.9cm^3$ in the experimental group respectively. 2. There is no difference in the ratio of the tongue volume to oral cavity volume in control group and experimental group. 3. Correlation coefficients between the tongue volume and oral cavity volume are 0.11, 0.29 in experimental group and control group respectively, and 0.43 in gross total group. 4. The tongue volume of male is larger than female(p<0.05).

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2023

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to verify the usefulness and practicality of the program in the daily life of the elderly by performing a three-dimensional tongue muscle exercise for the elderly to identify the dysphagia, swallowing ability, and tongue pressure. Methods: The subjects of the study were 29 elderly people aged 65 or older living in Busan, divided into a oral exercises group and tongue strength training program combined with oral exercises group, and operated 16 times for 8 weeks twice a week, and the pre and post-program evaluation was conducted in the 1st and 8th weeks. For variable selection, 7 general characteristics, 5 oral health-related characteristics, 5 Likert scale for swallowing disorder, repetitive swallowing ability test for swallowing power measurement, and tongue pressure measurement was used. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS window program 25.0 version (IBM), general characteristics and homogeneity tests, oral health-related characteristics and homogeneity tests were chi-square test, swallowing disorder, swallowing ability, and change in tongue pressure were paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test for swallowing disorder and changes in swallowing ability and tongue pressure, and Spearman's correlation for the relationship between swallowing disorder and swallowing ability and tongue pressure. Results: As a result of tongue strength training program combined with oral exercise, both relieve swallowing disorder and improve low eating and tongue pressure than oral exercise, and the difference in improvement effects of both relieve swallowing disorder, swallowing ability, and tongue pressure is higher. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it is believed that simple and practical oral muscle function reinforcement products and practical use are needed, and institutional devices to seek oral health promotion programs for the elderly are needed.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.109-116
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• 2022

Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the clinical characteristics and distribution of the tongue-related diagnoses in patients with tongue symptoms. Methods: The subjects were patients who visited Chosun University Dental Hospital with tongue symptoms from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021. We analyzed 491 patients (139 males and 352 females) with tongue-related diagnostic code names in the Korean Standard Classification of Disease (KCD) in the Electronic Medical Record (Dentopinformation Technology Co., Seoul, Korea). Results: On analyzing the diagnoses of tongue diseases using the KCD, glossopyrosis (44.8%) and painful tongue (15.2%) showed high rates. Of the 491 patients, 139 (28.3%) were males and 352 (71.7%) were females, and the average age was 58.1 years. As for systemic diseases, there were many patients with diseases of the circulatory system (27.0%) and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (13.7%). Tongue symptoms were discomfort in 58 patients, pain in 329 patients, paresthesia in 10 patients, burning sensations in 222 patients, dysgeusia in 25 patients, dryness in 110 patients, fissures in 57 patients, and other symptoms in 72 patients. Areas with tongue symptoms were the anterior area in 102 patients, the lateral area in 140 patients, the posterior area in 12 patients, the dorsal area in 140 patients, the ventral area in 42 patients, and which area in 126 patients overall. Patients with burning mouth syndrome and oral candidiasis had significantly more tongue symptoms. Conclusions: Patients with tongue symptoms exhibited a variety of tongue diseases. Tongue symptoms were more common in women over 50 years of age and were frequently seen in patients with burning mouth syndrome and oral candidiasis.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.120-123
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• 2020

The causes of tongue pain and discomfort include systemic disease, malnutrition, mental illness, fungal infection, and neuropathy. Three postmenopausal women reported burning sensations and stiffness of the tongue for various periods, from one month to four years. There were no objective etiological factors to cause the tongue pain and discomfort. Muscular tenderness upon palpation of masticatory muscles, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and tongue were observed. Physical therapy approaches such as moist hot pack, ultrasound, and myomonitor were performed on three patients with tongue pain, just as for temporomandibular joint disease. Additional botulinum toxin injection therapy was applied to one patient who displayed a clenching habit. All three patients showed a marked improvement in their tongue symptoms after the muscle relaxation and botulinum toxin injection therapy.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between saliva factors and oral hygiene factors in adults. Methods: The subjects were 112 adults from April 1 to June 15, 2014. The selected salivary factors included stimulated/unstimulated salivary flow rates, salivary buffering capacity and pH, and the selected oral hygiene factors included halitosis, wet weight of tongue plaque and oral humidity in dorsum and inferior surface of tongue. Results: There were significant differences in stimulated/unstimulated salivary flow rates, oral malodor and wet weight of tongue plaque. There were significant differences according to age in stimulated/unstimulated salivary flow rates, salivary buffering capacity and wet weight of tongue plaque. Age had a negative correlation with salivary buffering capacity and had a positive correlation with wet weight of tongue plaque. Unstimulated salivary flow rate had a positive correlation with stimulated salivary flow rate, and stimulated salivary flow rate was positively correlated with oral humidity of inferior surface of tongue, salivary buffering capacity and halitosis. Oral humidity of inferior surface of tongue had a positive correlation with salivary buffering rate, pH and halitosis. Salivary buffering capacity was positively correlated with pH, and pH was negatively correlated with halitosis. Conclusions: The salivary factors were linked to the oral hygiene. As there may be great changes in salivary flow rate and oral hygiene due to various factors, the salivary factors seem to be one of the major factors to ensure oral hygiene and to promote oral health.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.320-329
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• 2023

Background: Oral frailty has garnered considerable interest following its identification as a risk factor for physical frailty. The Korean oral frailty diagnosis criteria have emphasized the need for extensive research on oral frailty diagnostic items and interventions. Our study performed an in-depth analysis of the tongue-palate pressure patterns in healthy community-dwelling older adults. Methods: Of the 217 older adults aged ≥60 years who visited a senior center in Wonju, 205 participants who completed tongue pressure measurement were included in the final analysis. Pressure changes over time were recorded by instructing the participants to press their tongue against the hard palate with for 7 seconds per cycle. The participants were divided into the normal and abnormal tongue pressure (NTP and ATP, respectively) groups based on whether they achieved the target tongue pressure at least once; tongue pressure patterns were compared between the groups. Furthermore, the average time taken to achieve the standard tongue pressure value was calculated for the participants in the NTP group and used to evaluate the decrease in tongue pressure in the ATP group. Results: Among the 205 participants, 40.5% had ATP. The tongue pressure graph revealed a gentle and consistent incline that was maintained even after achieving standard tongue pressure in the NTP group. The graph was more extreme in the ATP group, and the changes in the pressure type varied across individuals; the tongue pressure was only 48.4%, 40.7%, 31.9%, and 22.6% of the NTP in the participants in their 60s, 70s, 80s, and ≥90s, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: Tongue pressure weakness was observed in 40.5% of the healthy community-dwelling older adults. Furthermore, ATP graphs were observed in the patients with tongue pressure weakness. Thus, activities improving the oral function in community-dwelling older adults and systematic oral rehabilitation programs should be devised to promote normal swallowing.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the effect of three modalities commonly used for reduction of oral malodor and to review the contributing factors for halitosis. For this study, 45 subjects of good general health in their third decades were selected, and they were divided into three groups by each modality, that is, tongue scraping, $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse, and periodontal treatment. Subjective sense of halitosis, diets, Oral hygiene index based on tooth brushing and tongue brushing habit, resting salivary flow rate, gingival index, degree of tongue coating were recored in the Halito-Chart designed by the author. Oral malodor converted from volatile sulfur compound was measured by the Halimeter$^{(R)}$(Interscan Co., USA), and the correlation between the oral factors and pre-treatment halimeter score were analysed. Data obtained were analysed by the SPSS windows program and the results of this study were as follows : 1. There were no significant correlation between oral factors such as oral hygiene index, salivary flow rate, gingival index, degree of tongue coating and pre-treatment halimeter score. 2. Difference between pre- and post-treatment halimeter score by the three modalities were significant, but correlation between pre- and post-treatment score within group was most significant in the periodontal treatment group followed by the tongue scraping group and lowest in the $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse group. 3. Reduction of halimeter score was significant only in subjects with relatively more tongue coating in the tongue scraping group, but in the $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse group and in the periodontal treatment group, the modality applied to each group had same significant effects without regard to the degree of oral hygiene index or gingival index. 4. Men had more tongue coating than women, and reduction of halimeter score was significant in men, but not in women.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.258-264
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study was to confirm the characteristics of oral malodor patients by evaluating the differences of salivary flow rate, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) level in saliva between the patient and control groups, and the correlation with the tongue coating, volatile sulfur compound (VSC), salivary flow rate and sIgA level in saliva in the patients group. Methods : Forty-seven patients with oral malodor and twenty healthy volunteers were included in this study. Their tongue coating was assessed with the Winkel tongue coating index, and salivary flow rate, sIgA concentrations in saliva and the level of VSC in oral cavity were measured. Results : There were no significant differences of the salivary flow rate and the sIgA level in saliva between the patient and control groups, but there was a significant relationship between the accumulation of tongue coating and the level of VSC in oral cavity. Conclusions : Our results suggest that tongue coating is closely related to oral malodor, but further studies are needed to confirm the relationship between tongue coating and sIgA level in saliva.