• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2015

새로운 우식 활성 비색 검사인 $Cariview^{(R)}$는 새로운 pH 지시약을 사용해서 치태 세균의 산 생산 능력을 더 잘 반영할 수 있다. 본 연구는 소아에서 $Cariview^{(R)}$와 치아 우식 경험(dmft index)과의 상관성을 평가하고, $Cariview^{(R)}$를 Dentocult $SM^{(R)}$과 비교할 목적으로 수행되었다. 만5세 이하 135명의 소아를 대상으로 dmft를 기록했으며, $Cariview^{(R)}$와 Dentocult $SM^{(R)}$ 두 가지 우식 활성 검사를 제조사 지시에 따라 시행하였다. 그 결과, $Cariview^{(R)}$는 소아의 치아 우식 경험과 중등도의 상관관계를 보였다(r = 0.43, p < 0.01). 치아 우식증 예측에 있어 $Cariview^{(R)}$는 민감도 68.8%, 특이도 69.2%, ROC 곡선 분석의 곡선하면적(AUC) 0.686으로 Dentocult $SM^{(R)}$에 비해 양호한 수치를 보였다. $Cariview^{(R)}$는 비협조적인 어린이에게도 시행이 쉽고 편리하며 시각적인 색상으로 나타나 구강위생교육 도구로서 가치가 있다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2005

Plants have considerable advantages for the production of antigenic proteins because they provide an inexpensive source of protein and an easy administration of vaccine. Since a publication describing edible plant vaccine of HBsAg in 1992, a number of laboratories around the world have studied the use of plants as the bioreactor to produce antigenic proteins of human or animal pathogens. Over the last ten years, these works have been mainly focused on three major strategies for the production of antigenic proteins in plants: stable genetic transformation of either the nuclear or plastid genome, or transient expression in plants using viral vectors. As many antigenic proteins have been expressed in tobacco, also several laboratories have succeeded to express genes encoding antigenic proteins in other crop plants: potato, tomato, maize, carrot, soybean and spinach. At present many works for the production of edible plant vaccine against bacteria-mediated diseases have mostly performed the studies of enterotoxins and adhesion proteins. Also the development of new-type antigens (pili, flagella, surface protein, other enterotoxin and exotoxin etc.) is required for various targets and more efficacy to immunize against microorganism pathogens. Many works mostly studied in experimental animals had good results, and phase I clinical trial of LTB clearly indicated its immunogenic ability. On the other hand, edible plant vaccines have still problems remained to be solved. In addition to the accumulation of sufficient antigen in plants, human health, environment and agriculture regulation should be proven. Also oral tolerance, the physiological response to food antigens and commensal flora is the induction of a state of specific immunological unresponsiveness, needs to be addressed before plant-derived vaccine becomes a therapeutic option.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2009

법랑질 탈회는 교정 치료 중에 발생하는 대표적인 부작용으로서 특히 교정용 브라켓에 대한 세균 부착이 그 원인이 될 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 서로 다른 표면 특성을 가진 세 종류의 브라켓을 구강 내 장착했을 때 각 재료의 표면에 대한 mutans streptococci 부착 정도를 측정하여 브라켓 재료에 따른 법랑질 탈회 및 치아 우식 발생 가능성을 분석하는 것이었다. 상하악 및 치아 부위별 mutans streptococci 부착 정도의 차이를 배제하고 브라켓 원재료에 따른 차이만을 검출하기 위하여 균형완전블록 실험계획을 설계하였다. 피실험자인 30세 여성의 구강 내에 장착할 수 있는 tooth positioner 형태로 3세트의 플라스틱 맞춤 트레이를 제작하였으며, 이 트레이에 직육면체의 형태($4{\times}3{\times}2\;mm$)로 제작한 stainless steel, monocrystalline sapphire, polycrystalline alumina 조각을 세트마다 서로 다른 순서로 전치부와 구치부 순면에 부착하였다 이렇게 제작된 3종류의 실험장치를 12시간 동안 피 실험자의 구강 내에 장착한 후, 각 브라켓 재료 표면에 형성된 치태를 채취하여 bacitracin이 포함된 mitis salivarius배지에서 48시간 배양 후 colony counting을 통해 그 표면에 부착된 mutans streptococci 양을 비교하였다. 이와 같은 방법으로 3세트의 실험장치에 대해서 각각 5회씩 총 15회의 실험을 시행하였다. 그 결과 상하악 및 치아 부위별 및 브라켓 재료별 세균 부착 정도는 모두 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로 본 연구의 결과 in vivo condition에서 브라켓 재료의 차이는 mutans streptococci 부착에 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 보였다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2010

Cefprozil is a broad-spectrum oral beta-lactam cephalosporin consisting of cis- and trans-isomeric mixture whose ratio is approximately 90:10. Cefprozil is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria such as bronchitis and ear, skin, and throat infections. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cefprozil tablets, $Cefzil^{(R)}$ tablet 250 mg (BMS Pharmaceutical Korea., Ltd.) and Procezil tablet 250 mg (Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The in vitro release of cefprozil from the two cefprozil formulations were tested using KP VIII Apparatus I method with water dissolution media. Thirty five healthy male subjects, $24.00{\pm}1.53$ years in age and $69.77{\pm}9.99$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After four tablets containing 1000 mg as cefprozil were orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cefprozil in serum were determined using HPLC/UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in water tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ on the basis of total-cefprozil were calculated, and computer program (K-BE Test 2002) was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Cefzil^{(R)}$ tablets, were -0.81%, -3.00% and -6.83% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.9515~log 1.0454 and log 0.9613~log 1.0465 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Procezil tablet was bioequivalent to $Cefzil^{(R)}$ tablet.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.1044-1048
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• 2008

유산균인 Bp2를 3중 코팅으로 미세캡슐화 시켜 에탄올, 온도, 인공위액 및 인공담즙산에 대한 안정성을 검토하였다. 코팅된 bead의 크기는 약 $15\;{\mu}m$로 나타났으며 코팅된 Bp2의 내생포자의 온도에 대한 내성에서는 $100^{\circ}C$ 끓는 물에서 5분간 방치하였을 경우 생존률이 76%, 10분에서 70%, 15분에서 68%로 나타났으며 130oC 증기에서는 코팅처리하지 않은 Bp2는 1%의 생존율에 비해 코팅을 하였을 시 99%의 높은 생존율을 보였다. 위액 및 담즙산에 대한 안정성에서는 코팅처리하지 않은 Bp2는 42%, 41%에 비해 3중 코팅된 Bp2는 96%, 94%로 아주 높은 생존율을 보였다. 이것은 alginate, chitosan 및 HPMCP를 이용한 코팅방법은 Bp2에 대한 높은 안정성을 제공하였고 alginate의 양을 적절히 사용함으로써 Bp2의 미세캡슐화로 안정성이 증대되었다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 에탄올에 대한 생존율을 증가시킴으로써 식품첨가제로 사용할 수 있음을 나타내었다. 이 기술을 적용할 경우 3중 코팅된 생균제 Bp2는 산업적으로 확대되고 있는 pellet형 사료에도 사용할 수 있어서 그 효용성이 높다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2004

Peri-implantitis could be the result of biomechanical and occlusal overload as well as microbiologic invasion. The dental implant may be more susceptible to dental plaque than the natural tooth, as the predictability of a stable soft tissue attachment complex has not yet been confirmed. With the development of peri-implantitis, the implant surface would be exposed to the oral environment and becomes coated with bacteria. The objective of therapy for this condition is to regain integration of the implant with bone. Since fibroblast adherence to surfaces is impeded by endotoxin, it would seem that decontamination would be desirable to obtain maximum osseointegration. The purpose of this study was to determine whether various chemotherapeutic and mechanical treatments(distilled water, air-powder abrasive, hypersaturated citric acid, tetracycline) can detoxify contaminated titanium implant surface by means of kinetic LAL test. Experimental rough surface titanium disks were fabricated. All of them were divided into two groups(A.a group and P.g group) and each contaminated by A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis suspension. Contaminated disks were treated with distilled water, air-powder abrasive, citric acid and tetracycline, and then all disks were placed into LPS-free water for elution. The results were as follows : 1. In A.a group, LPS elute level of all test groups were significantly lower than control group(p<0.05). 2. In A.a group, LPS elute level of test 2, test 3 and test4 groups were significantly lower than that of control group(p<0.05). But, among the test 2, test 3, test4 groups, the significant differences were not detected. 3. In P.g group, LPS elute level of test 2, test 3 and test 4 groups were lower than that of control group(p<0.05). But, among the test groups, the significant differences were not detected. From the result of this study, it would be concluded that air-powder abrasive, hypersaturated citric acid and tetracycline treatments may be effective at reducing endotoxin level on rough titanium implant surfaces, and can be clinically used. But the treatments in peri-implantitis differentially impact osseointegration making one method clinically superior. To gain this knowledges, further molecular biologic and histopathologic studies should be developed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.267-278
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• 1995

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMN) are the most numerous host cell in periodontal pockets and their presumed role is to form a protective barrier between the bacteria and periodontal tissues. Microbial component LPS activates macrophages to produce $IL-1{\beta}$, $MIP-1{\alpha}$, $-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6, etc. These cytokines have autocrine function to the macrophages, and paracrine function to other cell such as PMN and affect them to produce some biological functions. In the present study, human PMN were tested for the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $MIP-1{\alpha}$ mRNA. Also we performed the receptor binding assay and in vitro assay for the antimicrobial action of HL-60 cell to determine whether HL-60 can replace the peripheral PMN in analyzing the biological functions. PMN were stimulated with $IL-1{\beta}$, TPA, $MIP-1{\alpha}$, LPS, IL-2 and total cytoplasmic RNA were extracted for the northern blot analysis. In order to determine the induction kinetics of $IL-1{\beta}$ or $MIP-1{\alpha}$ mRNA expression, cells were stimulated for 0,1,2,3 hours. We found peak expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA after 1hr of induction with $IL-1{\beta}$, LPS and after 2hr of induction with TPA. $MIP-l{\alpha}$ also induced but a scarce $IL-l{\beta}$ message from PMN. In contrast to the $IL-l{\beta}$ mRNA expression, $MIP-1{\alpha}$ were not induced from PMN in any culture conditions. Receptors for $MIP-1{\alpha}$ were identified on dibutyryl cyclic AMP(dbcAMP)-treated HL-60 as well as peripheral PMN. dbcAMP treatment significantly enhanced antimicrobial action of undifferentiated HL-60 cell. MIP-1 further increased enhancing effect of dbcAMP. $IL-1{\beta}$, to a lesser extent, also increased dbcAMP-induced enhancing effect of antimicrobial action of HL-60 cell.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2003

구취를 일으키는 구강 내 혐기성 세균 일종인 Fusobacterium nucleatum은 유황 성분이 함유된 배지에서 $H_2S$와 같은 휘발성 유황화합물을 생성하고 철 성분과 결합하면 FeS를 형성한다. 구강내 여러 인자에 의하여 Fusobacterium nucleatum에 의하여 생성되는 유황화합물 농도가 달라진다. 본 연구에서는 Fusobacterium nucleatum의 유황화합물 생성시 영양 물질과 pH의 영향을 연구하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 배지에 sodium thiosulfate가 1.0% 되도록 첨가하면 배지의 흡광도는 $0.817{\pm}0.032$로, L-cysteine hydrochloride를 0.05% 되도록 첨가하면 $1.297{\pm}0.024$가 되었다. 2. 배지에 자일리톨을 첨가하면 배지의 흡광도는 $0.799{\pm}0.032$인데 반하여 포도당과 병합으로 첨가하면 $1.775{\pm}0.003$으로, 과당과 병합으로 첨가하면 $1.648{\pm}0.022$로 증가하였다. 3. 배지의 pH가 5.5 이상이면 휘발성 유황화합물 농도는 20,000 ppb이상이었다. 배지의 흡광도는 배지 내 L-cysteine hydrochloride 농도가 높을수록 높았으며, 배지의 pH가 산성으로 갈수록 낮았다. 4. 배지 위에 증류수나 식염수가 있을 때, 그리고 그 양이 적을수록 휘발성 유황화합물 농도는 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 Fusobacterium nucleatum에 의한 유황화합물 생성 이 자일리톨과 산에 의하여 억제되었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2012

This purpose of this study was to develop a tea with small red bean which have been known to have effect regarding anti-obesity, fatigue recovery, edema recovery, blood circulation, etc. In order to provide baseline data for small red bean tea we investigated the general components, antioxidative effect and proanthocyanidin analysis in small red beans[Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight.]. Physicochemical analysis(pH, sugar content, salinity, turbidity), color, anti oralmicrobial activity, content of saponin and sensory test of small red bean with different boiling time in 8 minutes(SR1), 16 minutes(SR2), 24 minutes(SR3), 32 minutes(SR4), 40 minutes(SR5) was also measured. It was shown that the crude fat, carbohydrate, moisture, crude protein, crude ash content of small red bean were 1.0%, 63.9%, 12.8%, 18.7%, 3.6%. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, the total phenolic compounds content and flavonoid content increased significantly (p<0.001). The results of analyzed proanthocyanidin was distinguished by characteristic UV-visible spectra with absorption maximum at 320 nm($t_R$ 7.589 min). As the boiling time(8 minutes:SR1, 16 minutes:SR2, 24 minutes:SR3, 32 minutes:SR4, 40 minutes:SR5) of small red beans increaseds, the pH significantly decreased(p<0.001). The sugar content, salinity and turbidity significantly increased(p<0.001). Moreover, Hunter L, a and b values, crude saponin also increased(p<0.001). The results of analyzed activity against oral bacteria, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a higher antibacterial activities than E. coli and S. aureus. MIC was measured that S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a lower MICs than E. coli and S. aureus. The results regarding sensory test measures, In case of color, refreshing taste and overall quality, SR3 had the highest preference overall among tested samples. In cases conceming odor and taste, SR5 had the highest preference and with regards to sweetness and saltyness, SR4 had the highest preference.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.615-630
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• 2002

Various long-term studies have shown that titanium implants as abutments for different types of prostheses have become a predictable adjunct in the treatment of partially or fully edentulous patients. The continuous exposure of dental implants to the oral cavity with all its possible contaminants creates a problem. A lack of attachment, together with or caused by bacterial insult, may lead to peri-implantitis and eventual implant failure. Removal of plaque and calculus deposits from dental titanium implants with procedures and instruments originally made for cleaning natural teeth or roots may cause major alterations of the delicate titanium oxide layer. Therefore, the ultimate goal of a cleaning procedure should be to remove the contaminants and restore the elemental composition of the surface oxide without changing the surface topography and harming the surrounding tissues. Among many chemical and mechanical procedure, air-powder abrasive have been known to be most effective for cleaning and detoxification of implant surface. Most of published studies show that the dental laser may be useful in the treatment of pen-implantitis. $CO_2$ laser and Soft Diode laser were reported to kill bacteria of implant surface. The purpose of this study was to obtain clinical guide by application these laser to implant surface by means of Non-contact Surface profilometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) with respect to surface roughness and atomic composition. Experimental rough pure titanium cylinder models were fabricated. All of them was air-powder abraded for 1 minute and they were named control group. And then, the $CO_2$ laser treatment under dry, hydrogen peroxide and wet condition or the Soft Diode laser treatment under Toluidine blue O solution condition was performed on the each of the control models. The results were as follows: 1. Mean Surface roughness(Ra) of all experimental group was decreased than that of control group. But it wasn't statistically significant. 2. XPS analysis showed that in the all experimental group, titanium level were decreased, when compared with control group. 3. XPS analysis showed that the level of oxygen in the experimental group 1, 3($CO_2$ laser treatment under dry and wet condition) and 4(Soft Diode laser was used under toluidine blue O solution) were decreased, when compared with control group. 4. XPS analysis showed that the atomic composition of experimental group 2($CO_2$ laser treatment under hydrogen peroxide) was to be closest to that of control group than the other experimental group. From the result of this study, this may be concluded. Following air-powder abrasive treatment, the $CO_2$ laser in safe d-pulse mode and the Soft Diode laser used with photosensitizer would not change rough titanium surface roughness. Especially, $CO_2$ laser treatment under hydrogen peroxide gave the best results from elemental points of view, and can be used safely to treat peri-implantitis.