• 치위생과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2019

Background: Good oral health is important for systemic body health and quality of life. Spray oral cleansers are increasingly preferred because of their convenience of carrying and the ease of oral hygiene management. In addition, many kinds of oral cleanser products containing various ingredients with antibacterial, washing, and moisturizing effects are being manufactured. However, concerns about the safety and side effects of oral sprays are increasing, and there is very little information regarding the use and care of oral sprays is available to consumers. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral spray on oral bacteria and tissue to elucidate the factors that need to be considered when using oral sprays. Methods: The effects of oral spray on the growth of dental plaque bacteria was assessed using disk diffusion assays. Cytotoxicity and morphological changes in oral epithelial cells were observed by microscopy. The effects of oral spray on dental plaque growth were also confirmed on specimens from permanent incisors of bovines by Coomassie staining. Results: The pH of spray products, such as Perioe Dental Cooling, Cool Sense, and Dentrix, were 3.65, 3.61, and 6.15, respectively. All tested spray products showed strong toxicity to dental plaque bacteria and oral epithelial cells. Compared with those on the control, dental plaque bacteria deposits on the enamel surface increased following the use of oral spray. Conclusion: Three types of oral spray, namely Perioe Dental Cooling, Cool Sense, and Dentrix, strongly inhibited the growth of dental plaque bacteria and oral epithelial cells. The oral spray ingredient enhanced dental plaque growth on the enamel surface. Users should be informed of precautions when using oral sprays and the need for oral hygiene after its use.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.197-201
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• 2012

LIVE/DEAD$^{(R)}$ BacLight$^{TM}$ and alamarBlue$^{(R)}$ are fluorescent materials used for the enumeration of live and dead bacteria. LIVE/DEAD$^{(R)}$ BacLight$^{TM}$ is generally used for confocal microscopy applications to differentiate live from dead bacteria in a biofilm or planktonic state. AlamarBlue$^{(R)}$ has also been used widely to assay live and dead bacteria in a planktonic state. Whilst these materials are successfully utilized in experiments to discriminate live from dead bacteria for several species of bacteria, the application of these techniques to oral bacteria is limited to the use of LIVE/DEAD$^{(R)}$ BacLight$^{TM}$ in biofilm studies. In our present study, we assessed whether these two methods could enumerate live and dead oral bacterial species in a planktonic state. We tested the reagents on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococcus faecalis and found that only LIVE/DEAD$^{(R)}$ BacLight$^{TM}$ could differentiate live from dead cells for all five of these oral strains. AlamarBlue$^{(R)}$ was not effective in this regard for P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans. In addition, the differentiation of live and dead bacterial cells by alamarBlue$^{(R)}$ could not be performed for concentrations lower than $2{\times}10^6$ cells/ml. Our data thus indicate that LIVE/DEAD$^{(R)}$ BacLight$^{TM}$ is a more effective reagent for this analysis.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

There are estimated to be about 700 species of bacteria in the oral cavity. Based on epidemiological investigations, some of these strains have been proposed as the pathogens responsible for oral diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. Since electrolyzed hydrogen-rich water has been shown to have beneficial effects on human immunity, its use has increased. In our study, the antibacterial activity of hydrogen-rich water for oralagainst bacteria associated with oral disease was evaluated. The bacterial strains Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were cultured in specific growth medium. S. mutans, F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis were soaked to thein both hydrogen water and tap water for 30 sec and then inoculated onto mitis-salivarius agar and brain heart infusion agar including supplemented withvitamin K and hemin, respectively. The numbers of bacterial colonies were then measured after cultivation for 48 hours. In the case of T. forsythia, which does not grow well on agar plates, inoculations into modified new oral spirochete (NOS) broth were performed and growth curve analysis was undertaken every day with a spectrophotometer. Hydrogen water showed antibacterial activity against all four bacterial strains in comparison with tap-water. We conclude from this that hydrogen water may have a positive impact on oral hygiene by helping to remove cariogenic bacteria and periodontopathogens.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to identify bacteria isolated from the oral cavities and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility against eight antibiotics. The bacterial strains were obtained from the Korean Collection for Oral Microbiology (KCOM). The bacteria were identified by comparing 16S rDNA sequences at the species level. The data showed that 77 bacterial strains were predominantly identified as streptococci (49.4%) and staphylococci (14.3%). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using a broth dilution assay to test the sensitivity of the bacterial strains. The MIC values of the oral bacterial strains against antibiotics were different. Streptococci were sensitive to clindamycin, cefuroxime axetil, and vancomycin, and they were resistant to tetracycline. Staphylococci also were sensitive to clindamycin, cefuroxime axetil, and vancomycin, and they were resistant to penicillin antibiotics. Gramnegative bacterial strains were sensitive to tetracycline and were resistant to clindamycin. These results suggest that the antimicrobial susceptibility test is necessary in deciding the prescription for antibiotics, to prevent the misuse or abuse of antibiotics.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2015

Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest antibiotic concentration that inhibits the visible growth of bacteria. Sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (Sub-MIC) is defined as the concentration of an antimicrobial agent that does not have an effect on bacterial growth but can alter bacterial biochemistry, thus reducing bacterial virulence. Many studies have confirmed that sub-MICs of antibiotics can inhibit bacterial virulence factors. However, most studies were focused on Gram-negative bacteria, while few studies on the effect of sub-MICs of antibiotics on Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, we examined the influence of sub-MICs of doxycycline, tetracycline, penicillin and amoxicillin on biofilm formation and coaggregation of Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Actinomyces odontolyticus. In this study, incubation with sub-MIC of antibiotics had no effect on the biofilm formation of S. gordonii and A. naeslundii. However, S. mutans showed increased biofilm formation after incubation with sub-MIC amoxicillin and penicillin. Also, the biofilm formation of A. odontolyticus was increased after incubating with sub-MIC penicillin. Coaggregation of A. naeslundii with S. gordonii and A. odontolyticus was diminished by sub-MIC amoxicillin. These observations indicated that sub-MICs of antibiotics could affect variable virulence properties such as biofilm formation and coaggregation in Gram-positive oral bacteria.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2013

Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol that reduces the incidence of caries by inhibiting the growth of oral streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans. Since xylitol is transported via the fructose phosphotransferase system, we hypothesized that it could also affect the growth of other oral bacteria strains. We tested the effects of xylitol against non-periodontopathogenic oral bacteria frequently found in healthy subjects as well as periodontopathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. With 5% xylitol, Streptococcus vestibularis and Gemella morbillorum showed marked growth inhibition. With 10% xylitol, all of the tested periodontopathogens and Actinomyces naeslundii showed marked growth inhibition, whereas the growth inhibition of Neisseria mucosa, Neisseria sicca and Veillonella parvula was mild only. Xylitol is a widely used sweetener and the concentration used in our experiment is easily achieved in the oral cavity. If xylitol reduces the growth of periodontopathogens more preferentially, it could also reduce the prevalence of these pathogens and have clinical utility in the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.322-328
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• 2005

Oral and maxillofacial infections are most commonly odontogenic in origin. The present study was implemented for patients with oral and maxillofacial infections in order to determine what differences were present in cultured bacteria, depending upon the different types of infection. For the present study, the epidemiological characteristics, the state of infection, and the results of the pus culture and antibiotic susceptibility tests were analyzed for the 159 cases where pus culture tests were performed. The patients were treated at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Department of Chonnam National University Hospital during an 18-months period from March 2003 to August 2004. Among the total 159 pus culture specimens, bacteria were cultured in 111 cases (69.8%). In the 111 pus culture specimens, Streptococcus species, Neisseria species, and Staphylococcus species were cultured from 69 cases (51.1%), 21 cases (15.6%), and 15 cases (11.1%), respectively and were determined to be bacterial strains the predominant bacteria responsible for oral and maxillofacial infectious diseases. Twenty four cases (15.1%) among the 159 specimens showed mixed infections. The mostly isolated bacteria from each of the space abscess, dentoalveolar abscess, inflammatory cyst, and pericoronitis cases were the Viridans streptococci. There was little relevance between the type of infection and the type of cultured bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed a high level of susceptibility to teicoplanin(100%), vancomycin(100%), chloramphenicol(96.4%), ofloxacin(88.3%), imipenem(83.3%), erythromycin(82.5%) and a low susceptibility to cefazolin(40.0%), oxacillin(44.7%), ampicillin(49.4%), penicillin(51.1%). These results indicate that there was no significant difference among the cultured bacteria depending on the type of infections and their susceptibility to cephalosporin and penicillin G was low.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.436-446
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the bacteria in chronic maxillary sinusitis (CMS) lesions from 3 patients and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of them against 10 antibiotics. One of them was odontogenic origin and the others were non-odontogenic origin. Pus samples were collected by needle aspiration from the lesions and examined by culture method. Bacterial culture was performed in three culture systems (anaerobic, CO2, and aerobic incubator). Identification of the bacteria was performed by 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) nucleotide sequencing method. To test the sensitivity of the bacteria isolated from the maxillary sinusitis lesions against seven antibiotics, penicillin G, amoxicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, erythromycin, clindamycin, and vancomycin, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed using broth dilution assay. Our data showed that enterobacteria such as Enterobacter aerogenes (30%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (25%), and Serratia marcescens (15%) were predominately isolated from the lesion of non-odontogenic CMS of senile patient (70 year old). Streptococcus spp. (40.3%), Actinomyces spp. (27.4%), P. nigrescens, M. micros, and P. anaerobius strains were isolated in the lesion of odontogenic CMS. In the lesion of non-odontogenic CMS, Streptococcus spp. (68.4%), Rothia spp. (13.2%), and Actinomyces sp. (10.5%) were isolated. The susceptibility pattern of 10 antibiotics was determined according to the host of the bacteria strains ratter than the kinds of bacterial species. Even though the number of CMS was limited as three, these results indicate that antibiotic susceptibility test must be accompanied with treatment of CMS. The combined treatment of two or more antibiotics is better than single antibiotic treatment in the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the CMS lesions.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.417-422
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• 2006

This study investigated the antibacterial effect of electrolyzed water on oral bacteria both in vitro and in vivo. Tap water was electrolyzed in a water vessel using platinum cell technology. The electrolyzed tap water (called Puri-water) was put in contact with five major periodontopathogens or toothbrushes contaminated with these bacteria for 30 sec. In addition, Puri-water was used as a mouthwash for 30 sec in 16 subjects and the antibacterial effect on salivary bacteria was evaluated. Puri-water significantly reduced the growth of all periodontopathogens in culture and on toothbrushes, and that of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in saliva, when compared to the effect of tap water. It also significantly reduced mutans streptococci growing on mitis salivarius-bacitracin agar. Our results demonstrate that the electrolyzed tap water is effective as a mouthwash and for toothbrush disinfection.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.100-108
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• 2021

구강에는 700여 종의 미생물이 부유성 세균(planktonic cells)으로 있거나 치아 표면에 부착하여 바이오필름(biofilms)을 형성하고 있으며 구강 바이오필름(oral biofilms)과 관련된 대표적인 구강질환에는 치아우식증과 치주질환이 있다. 구강 세균은 타액의 흐름, 숙주의 항균 단백질, 영양소의 가용성 및 pH 변화, 항생제, 방부제 등의 영향을 받고 있지만 바이오필름이 형성되면 바이오필름은 물리적으로 두꺼운 층을 이루고 있기 때문에 구강 세균은 이와 같은 구강 내부의 환경적 스트레스에 저항할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 외부 물질의 침투가 어렵고 바이오필름 내 세포간 상호작용을 통해 유전자 변이가 일어나기 때문에 부유성 세균보다 항생제에 대한 저항성이 1,000배 정도 높다. 따라서 구강 세균의 바이오필름 형성을 억제하거나 제거하면 보다 효과적으로 세균 감염에 의한 구강질환을 예방하거나 치료할 수 있을 것이다. 특히 구강 바이오필름은 여러 세균이 모여서 바이오필름을 형성하는 특징을 가지고 있기 때문에 세포간 신호전달체계인 정족수 감지(quorum sensing)는 구강 바이오필름을 제어할 수 있는 목표점이 될 수 있다. 이외에도 구강세균의 알칼리 생성 기질인 아르기닌을 이용하여 구강 미생물의 분포를 건강한 치아와 유사한 환경으로 전환하거나 S. mutans의 glucosyltransferase 분비를 억제하여 비수용성의 글루칸 형성을 억제함으로써 바이오필름 형성을 억제하는 방법도 구강 바이오필름을 제어할 수 있는 목표점이 될 수 있다. 이처럼 구강 내 병원성 세균의 사멸을 유도하기 보다는 구강 세균의 바이오필름 형성을 억제하거나 제거하는 방법은 치아우식증을 비롯한 구강질환을 선택적으로 예방하거나 치료할 수 있는 새로운 전략이 될 것이다.