• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.73-80
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• 1992

The influence of four types of reactive dyes that are different in reactive group on silk fabric were investigated at three different temperatures, 5$0^{\circ}C$, 7$0^{\circ}C$, 9$0^{\circ}C$ and the pH range from 7.0 to 11.0. The amount of absorption and fixation showed the optimum condition. The damage of silk during dyeing was determined by the change of physical properties. The results are given as follows: 1. The amount of dye fixed on fabrics at constant pH varied upon the reactivity of dyes. The affinity of dyes for silk fabrics were in order of Lanasol>Procion>Remazol>Cibacron. 2. The percentage of dye fixation on fabrics showed different tendency with temperature. The dye fixation of Cibacron and Procion was decreased above 7$0^{\circ}C$ because of the influence of hydrolysis. The dye fixation of Lanasol and Remazol was increased with the increase of temperature. This showed that temperature did not affect on hydrolysis. 3. The tensile strength of dyed fabric decreased with increasing pH and temperature owing to high temperature and alkaline damage on silk fabric. 4. The optimum conditions of dyeing silk with reactive dyes were as follows: Cibacron -7$0^{\circ}C$, pH 9.0, Procion-5$0^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0, Remazol-5$0^{\circ}C$, pH 8.0, and Lanasol-9$0^{\circ}C$, pH 9.0.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.366-374
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• 2024

This paper presents an optimum method for determining the parameters to athermalize a long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) zoom camera by introducing the defocus sensitivity analysis. To effectively find parameters that significantly affect thermal defocus, we simulated athermal analysis with temperature changes for all variables. Consequently, we found that the optimum parameter to correct thermal defocus is the compensation lens, and its movements with temperature at each zoom position are obtained from the simulated athermal analysis. To verify the efficiency of our athermal approach, we performed actual athermal tests in a broad temperature range at each zoom position. The simulated athermal analysis provides the initial position of the compensation lens at the corresponding temperature and zoom position. Then the compensation lens is elaboratively moved to serve the highest live contrast ratio (LCR) for the target. This experiment shows that the compensation lens locations in the actual test are closely matched to those in the simulated athermal analysis. In addition, two outdoor tests conducted in two different environments confirm that the autofocus system suggested in this study performs well at all zoom positions. Using the proposed athermal analysis approach in this paper, we efficiently realize an athermal system over the specified temperature and zoom ranges.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.197-205
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• 1984

열대산 메기 Clarias batrachus를 새로운 양식어종으로 만들기 위한 기초연구의 하나로 이 종의 성장적수온 및 월동을 위한 성장가능최저수온과 저수온에서의 사치가 시작되는 수온을 찾기 위해 1981년3월부터 1982년 3월까지 체중 $12{\sim}40g$사이의 1년생으로서 $14^{\circ}C$에서 $34^{\circ}C$사이의 수온에서 일련의 실험을 실시하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 이 종의 약 12g에서 28g사이의 것의 성장적정수온은 약 $25^{\circ}C$로 나타났고 이 수온에서는 이보다 높거나 낮은 수온에서보다 성장과 사료섭취량, 그리고 사료효율면에서 가장 좋은 결과가 나왔다. 성장최저한계수온은 $18^{\circ}C$로 나타났으며 62일간의 실험에서 1일성장률은 약 $0.1\%$로 낮았으나 폐사는 없었고 활동도 비교적 활발하였다. 따라서 이 종의 월동가능최저수온은 $18^{\circ}C$로 사료된다. $16^{\circ}C$또는 이보다 약간 낮은 수온에서 방치하면 약 30일내에 대부분 폐사하며 $14^{\circ}C$이하에서는 $1{\sim}7$일 내에 모두 폐사하였다. 따라서 이 종에 있어서 폐사가 시작되는 수온은 $16^{\circ}C$로 사료된다. 성장가능최저수온 근처에서 장기간사육할 경우 급작스런 수온하강, 특히 $15^{\circ}C$이하로 내려가는 경우 전체 어류에 치명적인 피해가 예상되므로 주의하지 않으면 안될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.596-602
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• 2001

본 연구는 보리등겨를 이용한 간장의 최적 발효조건을 찾기 위해서 수행되었다. 관능검사는 panel로, 그 외 통계적 처리의 방법 등을 이용하였다. 보리간장의 최적 발효조건은 반응표면분석을 통하여 조사한 결과, 보리간장 맛에 좋고 나쁨에 기여하는 성분으로 짠맛의 예측치는 메주량 15%, 소금량 7%, 초기온도 $24^{\circ}C$, 중기온도 $29^{\circ}C$, 말기온도 $14^{\circ}C$이며, 구수한 맛의 예측치는 메주량 24%, 소금량 13%, 초기온도 $26^{\circ}C$, 중기온도 $25^{\circ}C$, 말기온도 $20^{\circ}C$이며, 쓴맛의 예측치는 메주량 28%, 소금량 18%, 초기온도 $35^{\circ}C$, 중기온도 $10^{\circ}C$, 말기온도 $38^{\circ}C$이었다. 종합적기호도의 예측치는 메주량 15%, 소금량 19%, 초기온도 $30^{\circ}C$, 중기온도 $38^{\circ}C$, 말기온도 $23^{\circ}C$이었다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 1994

계면중합법에 의한 막 제조시 여러 제조변수의 영향을 평가하기 위한 실험을 행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 반응물인 MPD(m-phenylene diamine)농도가 증가할수록 배제율은 증가하나 투과유속은 감소하였다. MPD의 경우에 함침시간이 증가할수록 배제율은 증가하나 투과유속은 감소하였다. TMC(trimesoyl chloride)경우에는 함침시간이 증가할 때 투과유속은 감소한 반면 배제율은 증가한 이후 감소하였다. 열처리 온도가 상승함에 따라 투과유속은 증가하나 배제율은 증가한 이후 감소하였다. 첨가제인 NaOH는 중합시 발생하는 염산의 양이 적어 미량이 중화에 필요하였으며, 그 양이 증가할수록 배제율과 누과유속은 증가한 이후 감소하여\ulcorner. 후처리는 ethanol, isoprophlalcohol, $5~7^{\circ}C$의 물로 치환하여 배제율과 투과유속에서 상승을 가져왔으며, $5~7^{\circ}C$ 물의 경우에는 후처리 시간에 따라 극대값을 가짐을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.455-460
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• 1999

In order to establish the processing condition of salt-fermented liquefaction of sardine (Sardinops melanoslicta), effect of temperature, pH value, and concentration of salinity on crude enzyme activity of sardine viscera were investigated. The optimum temperature range of crude enzyme activity in sardine viscera was $45{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ and the optimum pH value of it was 9.8. According to the concentration of salinity increased the crude enzyme activity in sardine viscera decreased. The relationship between concentration of salinity (X) and the crude enzyme activity (Y) in sardine viscera is shown as follows; Y=-0.01363X+0.7676 (r=-0.88). For the purpose of processing conditions of rapid- and low salt-fermented liquefaction of sardine, changes of viable cell count, histamine content, and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) in the chopped whole sardine with 8% NaCl during preheating process at $40^{\circ},\;45^{\circ}$ and $50^{\circ}C$ for 48 hrs were analyzed. During preheating, initial viable cell counts of chopped whole sardine were $10^{4-7}/g$, but they decreased $10^{1-5}/g$ after 48 hrs. Histamine contents during preheating process at $40^{\circ}\;and\;45^{\circ}C$ were gradually increased, whereas at $50^{\circ}C$ were almost the same level after 48 hrs. VBN contents were continuously increased during preheating, but preheating at $50^{\circ}C$ samples were lower level than that of $40^{\circ}\;and\;45^{\circ}C$ ones. For the purpose to accelerate the fermentation and liquefaction of chopped whole sardine, preheating at optimum temperature of crude enzyme activity for 48 hrs was useful processing method and the contents of viable cell count, histamine, and VBN were safety level for food sanitation.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.776-783
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• 1997

전통적인 볶음방법으로 제조되고 있는 둥굴레차의 고품질화를 위하여 반응표면분석법에 의한 볶음조건을 최적화하였다. 둥굴레차의 품질지표로서 수용성 고형분, 갈색도, 페놀성 성분 및 전자공여 작용은 $145^{\circ}C$와 55분에서 나타나는 능선까지는 볶음온도와 시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나 그 이상의 온도와 시간에서는 다시 줄어들었다. 둥굴레차의 관능적 품질로서 전반적인 기호도는 최대 관능평점을 나타낸 $146^{\circ}C$와 52분까지는 볶음온도와 시간이 증가할수록 높아졌으나, 최대점을 지나서는 온도가 높아지고 시간이 경과함에 따라 점점 줄어들었다. 이상과 같이 각각의 볶음조건에 따른 둥굴레차의 품질 특성을 종합하여 superimposed contour map을 작성한 결과 볶음온도 $135{\sim}140^{\circ}C$, 볶음시간 $58{\sim}64$분이 둥굴레차의 품질을 극대화시킬 수 있는 최적 볶음조건 범위로 나타났으며, 최적조건 범위내의 주어진 볶음조건$(137^{\circ}C,\;60\;min)$에서의 실험치는 예측치와 일치하였다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.782-790
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• 2011

Typical temperature control methods of a cooler for machine tools are hot-gas bypass and compressor variable speed control. The hot-gas bypass system has been widely used to control the cooler temperature in many general industrial fields. On the contrary, the compressor variable speed control is focused on special fields such as aerospace and high precision machine tools which need high precision control. The variable speed control system usually has two control variables such as target temperature and superheat. In other words, the variable speed control system is basically multi-input multi-output(MIMO) system. In spite of MIMO system, the proportional integral derivative(PID) feedback control methodology that based on single-input single-output (SISO) system is generally used for designing the variable speed control system. Therefore, it is inevitable to describe transfer functions for dynamic behaviors of every controlled variables and decide the PID gains with tremendous iteration process. Moreover, the designed PID gains do not provide optimum system performances. To solve these problems, high performance controller design method based on a state space model is suggested in this paper. An optimum controller is designed to minimize both control errors and energy inputs. This method was more simple to describe dynamic behaviors and easier to design the cooler controller which is MIMO system.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2016

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to determine the milling temperature that minimizes the binder-induced damage to the aggregate; this is achieved by evaluating the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the asphalt binder, with the aim of developing an effective heating process for warm in-place recycling. METHODS : The validity of the indoor test was confirmed by conducting an internal heating test based on the on-site heating test. In addition, the adhesive power of the binder was measured at various temperatures ($30^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$) via three types of measuring methods. RESULTS: The surface temperature spectrum of field test was slight different with that of laboratory test. But, the spectra of inner temperature between the field and the laboratory was almost similar. Also, the adhesion of the asphalt binder was measured from $30^{\circ}C$ to $70^{\circ}C$. The adhesion of the binder was significantly decreased from $60^{\circ}C$. Contrary to other temperature, the adhesion was slightly changed from $60^{\circ}C$ to $70^{\circ}C$. Also the inner temperature between two different heating methods was shown similar temperature spectra. CONCLUSIONS: The pavement heating temperature spectrum of hot in place recycling method was simulated by a laboratory test. Based on this study, the optimum temperature was $60^{\circ}C{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ for reducing aggregate damage during milling process. The susceptibility heating method developed in this study can be maintained the optimum inner temperature range.

• 오토저널
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.24-29
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• 1981

This paper is studied an efficient temperature distribution and heat transfer of two-dimensional rectangular cross-section by the higher-order triangular finite dynamic element and finite difference. This is achieved by employing a discretization technique based on a recently developed concept of finite dynamic elements, involving higher order dynamic correction terms in the associated stiffness and convection matrices. Numerical solution results of temperature distribution presented herein clearly optimum element and show that FEM10 is the most accurate temperature distribution, but heat transfer and computational effort is the most acquired.