• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.181-192
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• 2015

본 연구는 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 세척 후 발생하는 Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate (PGMEA)폐액 재활용을 위한 2기 증류탑을 사용하는 공정의 최적 조건을 산출하였다. 공정조건 최적화 기법으로 다중회귀분석을 이용하여 1차 증류 시 Bottom 온도(BTM 온도), Reflux 량, Feed 량 및 Feed 온도에 따라 PGMEA 함량에 대한 최적 조건과 2차 증류 시 BTM 온도, Reflux 량, Feed 량에 따른 PGMEA 함량에 대한 최적 조건과 공정인자를 산출하였다. 1차 증류탑의 공정인자 중 Reflux 량, Feed 온도 및 Feed 량이 중요한 인자로 산출되었다. 본 연구의 공정조건 범위에서는 BTM 온도범위가 PGMEA함량에 크게 영향을 주지 못하였다. 따라서 최적 공정 조건은 Feed 량 $5,700{\ell}$, Reflux 량 $2,500{\ell}$, BTM 온도 $165^{\circ}C$ 및 Feed 온도 $130^{\circ}C$이며 이때 예측된 PGMEA 함량은 92.12~94.62%로 산출되었다. 2차 증류탑에서는 Reflux 량이 함량에 많은 영향을 미치고 있으며, Feed 량과 BTM 온도도 영향을 미치는 인자로 산출되었다. 다중공선성(Multicollinearity)이 Reflux 량과 BTM 온도 간에 강한 양의 상관관계가 있어, 두 인자 중 다중회귀식에 영향이 지배적인 인자 하나를 선택하였으며, 최적조건은 BTM 온도 $199^{\circ}C$ 기준에서 최적 공정 조건은 Feed 량 $4,275{\ell}$ 및 Reflux 량 $6,200{\ell}$이며, 이때 예측 PGMEA 함량은 99.0~99.5%로 산출되었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.93-106
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• 1974

The purposes of this study are to identify the necessity of utilization of electric thermometer, to determine the difference of clinical thermometers to reach maximum or optimum temperature, and to determine the length of time necessary for temperature taking, with Fahrenheit thermometer, electric thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk ll centigrade thermometer. The first and second comparative Experiments were' conducted from August 25 through September 30, 1973. In the first experiment, Fahrenheit thermometer, which had been accurately teated two times, and electric thermometer have been utilized. These two kinds of thermometers were inserted simultaneously under the central area of the tongue and the mouth kept closed while thermometers were in place. All temperature readings were done at one minute interval until leaching-maximum temperature. These procedures were repeated one hundred times and the data were-analyzed statistically by means of the t-test. In the second experiment, Fahrenheit thermometer, which had been accurately tested two. times, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer have been utilized. These three kinds of thermometers were inserted simultaneously under the central area of the. tongue and the mouth kept closed while thermometer were in place. All temperature readings were done at one minute interval until reaching maximum temperature. These procedures were. repeated one hundred times and the data were analyzed statistically by means of the F-ratio Under the eight hypotheses designed for this study, the findings obtained are as follows: 1. There were no significant differences in the maximum temperature between Fahrenheit thermometer and electric thermometer. The mean maximum temperature for Fahrenheit thermometers was 37.06℃ and for electric thermometer was 37.09℃. 2. The placement time to reach maximum temperature taken by Fahrenheit thermometer was significantly shorter than that by electric thermometer. The mean placement time for Fahrenheit thermometers was 4.04 minutes, for electric thermometer was 5.52 minutes. In the case of Fahrenheit thermometers, 45 to 77 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 Percent after 7 minutes, and 100 percent after 10 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. When the electric thermometer was used, 23 to 54 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 9 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. 5. There ware no significant differences in the maximum temperature among Fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer. The mean maximum temperature for Fahrenheit thermometers was 36.67℃, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, was 33.73℃, and for Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 37.76℃. 6. There were no significant differences in placement time to reach maximum temperature among Fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade Thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer. The mean placement time (or Fahrenheit thermometers was 7.77 minutes, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 7.25 minutes, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 7.25 minutes. In the case of Fahrenheit thermometers, 8 to 24 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 11 minutes, and 100 percent after 13 minutes, had reached maximum temperature. When the Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer was used, 10 to 27 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 11 minutes, an8 103 percent after 13 minutes, had reached maximum temperature. When the Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer was used, 11 to 27 Percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 11 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached maximum temperature. 7. There were no significant differences in the optimum temperature(the maximum temperature minus 0.1℃) among fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱcentigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer. The mean optimum temperature for Fahrenheit thermometers was 36.60℃, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 36.69℃, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 36.69℃. 8. There were no significant differences in placement time to reach optimum temperature among Fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer The mean placement time for Fahrenheit thermometers was 5.70 minutes, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 5.54 minutes, and for Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 5.28 minutes. In the case of Fahrenheit thermometers, 21 to 49 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 9 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. When the Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer was used, 23 to 51 percent after 3 to 5 minutes over 90 percent after 10 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. When the Kuk Ⅱ centigrade Thermometer was used, 23 to 57 Percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 9 minutes, and 100 Precent after 11 minutes, had reached optimum temperature.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.3137-3146
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• 1973

This study was to investigate the effects of compaction, compressive strength and Atterberg limits in accordance with the temperatures changes. It was conducted on four soils-KJ, JJ, MH, SS-at temperatures of -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 19, $22^{\circ}C$. These tests were obtained the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content of four soils in accordance with temperature changes by using distilled water and $CaCl_2$ 10% solution, and were put to the compressive strength tests on remolded specimens of soils compacted at the optimum moisture content. The result of the study can be summarized as follows; The maximum dry density increased with an increase in temperature, and the use of $CaCl_2$ 10% solution had higher maximum dry density than distilled water. The optimum moisture content decreased with an increase in temperature, and the use of $CaCl_2$ 10% solution had lower optimum moisture content than distilled water. The maximum compressive strength was shown high peak from $7^{\circ}C\;to\;15^{\circ}C$, and the use of $CaCl_2$ 10% solution had higher maximum compressive strength than distilled water. The liquid limit and plasticity index decreased with an increased in temperature. It is estimated that the use of $CaCl_2$ 10% solution can lower the minimum compacted temperature from $2^{\circ}C\;to\;4^{\circ}C$ in low temperature.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.897-906
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• 2007

Effect of seawater temperature (temperature) on the production of anchovy, Engraulis japonica and laver, Porphyra tenera Kjellman, were investigated in the eastern part of South Sea of Korea (ESS). Bimonthly temperature data (Feb., Apr., Jun., Aug., Oct., Dec.) from 1980 to 2002 were collected from Korean Oceanographic Data Center (KODC) and monthly anchovy catch and laver production from 1980 to 2002 were used from published sources by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries, Korea. Effects of temperature on the two organisms were examined in four cases. In case of lower anchovy catch and higher laver production (1993), temperature during main spawning season of anchovy was about $0.2-0.6^{\circ}C$ lower than normal condition, and temperature during seed collecting season of laver in Namhaedo, Kojedo went down below $22.0^{\circ}C$. In case of higher anchovy catch and higher laver production (1995), optimum temperature for catch was formed in main fishing ground, temperature for seed collection was lower than $22.0^{\circ}C$, In case of lower anchovy catch and lower laver production (1996), temperature for spawning and catch was about $0.6-1.6^{\circ}C$ lower than normal condition, and temperature during seed collection in nursery was about $0.5-1.0^{\circ}C$ higher than optimum temperature for seed collection. In case of higher anchovy catch and lower laver production (1998), temperature during main fishing and spawning season was about $1.0-1.8^{\circ}C$ higher than normal condition, and temperature during laver seed collection in nursery was $1.5^{\circ}C$ higher than optimum temperature for seed collection.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.50-57
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• 1986

In this study, the experiments were earried out for the purpose of the clarifying the optimum metal arc spraying conditions, such as spraying distance, wire feed speed, arc current, etc, by using the stainless steel wire ER 308L. Main results obtained are as follows: 1. Optimum spraying distance is closely related to the equilibrium temperature of base material in back surface. 2. The size fused metal particles is increased according to the temperature of fused metal. 3. The maximum adhesion strength of coatings is obtained under the optimum spraying conditions of which the temperature of fundamental is maximum.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.292-296
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• 2012

An optimum heat sink for a 30 W chip on board (COB) LED down-light is designed, fabricated, and characterized. By using the SolidWorks Flow simulator and thermal analysis software, the thermal characteristics of the optimum heat sink is analyzed. Four different types of heat sink are simulated and an optimum structure of the heat sink is found. The simulated temperature of the heat sink when operating the LED down-light is $55.9^{\circ}C$, which is only a difference of $2^{\circ}C$ from the measured temperature. In order to reduce the temperature further, a copper spreader is introduced to the heat sink. The temperature of the heat sink with the copper spreader is $3^{\circ}C$ lower than without the copper spreader.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1972

The Optimum Conditions of Preparing barium Ferrite from $BaCO_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$ are Sought for with electron microscope. At first to find the optimum sintering temperature, the mixture in 1 : 3 mole ratio. Sintered primarily at $700^{\circ}C$ for an hour, is Sintered secondary at $960^{\circ}C{\pm}10,\;1040^{\circ}C{\pm}10,\;1120^{\circ}C{\pm}10,\;1200^{\circ}C{\pm}10,\;1250^{\circ}C{\pm}10,\;1330^{\circ}C{\pm}10$, respectively for an hour. at the optimum temperature,abtained in this way. Sintering time is varied from 10 minutes to 120 minutes with 10 minutes intervals. Through the experiment, It is found that the optimum temperature of $1200{\sim}1250^{\circ}C$ and optimum time of half-one hour.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2013

The propose of this study is to analyze the optimum spatial resolution of the urban spatial thermal environment structure and to evaluate of the possibility detection using aerial photographs and thermal satellite images. The proper techniques of the optimum spatial resolution for the urban spatial thermal environment structure were analyzed. Thermal infrared satellite image of Seoul city were used for the change rate of surface temperature variation and suggested to the spatial extent and effects of urban surface characteristics and spatial data was interpreted as regions. To extract the surface temperature, Landsat thermal infrared satellite image compared with an automatic weather station data and in the field of the measured temperature and surface temperature by thermal environment affects, the spatial domain has been verified. The surface temperature of the satellite images to extract after adjusting surface temperature isotherms were constructed. The changes in surface temperature from 2008 to 2012 the average surface temperature observation images of changing areas were divided into space. The results of this study are as follows: Through analysis of satellite imagery, Seoul city surface temperature change due to extraction comfort indices were classified into four grades. The comfort index indicative of the temperature of Gangnam-gu, $23.7{\sim}27.2(^{\circ}C)$ range and Songpagu, a $22.7{\sim}30.6(^{\circ}C)$ respectively, the surface temperature of Yeouido $25.8{\sim}32.6(^{\circ}C)$ were in the range.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.317-327
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• 1985

In the case of temperature control of air conditioning and refrigerating system, it is possible to operate the system continuously by controlling the cooling capacity of refrigerating machines. But on-off control system has been adopted for refrigerating system which has more large capacity than that required to remove the generated heat. In this on-off control system, it can be considered that there exists some optimum condition for the refrigerating capacity, operating cycle, running hour, and the temperature difference between thermostat setting value and real one. In this paper, an equation was derived to express the temperature variation of the refrigerated object (Nybrine) and later two evaluating functions were derived. One is for the temperature difference and another is for operating cycle and running hour. The weighted sum of these two functions is defined as the criterion function for the evaluation of the control performance of the system, and then the optimum running condition is investigated in the sense of minimizing the criterion function. Experiments showed that the heat balance equation derived for the temperature variation and the estimation of the time constant of the refrigerated system are appropriate. By conclusion, if a proper weighting factor D is selected, the optimum conditions exist for the refrigerating capacity, running hour, and operating cycle in the on-off temperature control of the refrigerating system.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1976

Celluloytic microorgnasims were isolated form the various sources and four of them were identified as Trichoderma roningi, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Streptomyces sp. The induction of extracellular5 cellulase of these species in the liquid culture media containing carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or Avicel as inducer showed that CMC was a better effective inducer for the production of CMCase(Cx cellulase component) as well as Avicelase(C$_{1}$ cellulase component) than Avicel. It is believed that certain hydrolysis products of cellulose(CMC) could serve as an inducer for an enzyme synthesis. In T. roningi, Asp. niger, and Strptomyces sp., the optimum temperature of CNCase on CMC-culture medium was 50.deg. but temperature around 40.deg.C was found to be optimum for the activities of CMCase prepared from P.ehrysogenum. The optimum temperature for Avicelase activitiles on Avicel-culture media of T. roningi and P. chrysogenum was $40{\circ}C$ whereas temperature $50{\circ}C$ was found to be optimum for Avicelase from A.niger and Streptomyces sp. The optimal activities of these CNCase and Avicelase prepared from. T. ronigi, Pen.chrysogenum and Streptomyces sp. were found similarly to be at pH's around 5.4 and 6.0 while pH 4.8 was optimum for the activities of CMCase and Avicelase from A.niger, indicating that A.niger in acidic media would yield an enzyme of high activity.