• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.563-572
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• 2006

In order to propose optimum in-situ treatment for reducing phosphorous release from sediment of stationary lakes, a series of column tests were performed. The sediment used in experiment was very fine clay with a mean grain site $7.7{\phi}$ and high $C_{org}$ contents(2.4%). Phosphorous releases were evaluated in two ways : in lake water(with microbial effect) and in distilled water(without microbial effect). As in-situ capping material, sand and loess were used while Fe-Gypsum and $SiO_2$-Gypsum were used for in-situ chemical treatment. In case of lake water considering the effect of microorganism, phosphorous concentration rapidly decreased in the early stage of experiment but it was gradually increased after 10 days. Flux of phosphorous release for control was $3.0mg/m^2{\cdot}d$. Whereas, those for sand layer capping(5 cm) and loess layer capping(5 cm) were $2.5mg/m^2{\cdot}d\;and\;1.8mg/m^2{\cdot}d$, respectively because the latter two were not consolidated sufficiently. For Fe-gypsum and $SiO_2$-gypsum the fluxes were $1.4mg/m^2{\cdot}d$ which meant that reduction efficiency of phosphorous release was more than 40% higher than that of control. The case capping with complex layer was $1.0mg/m^2{\cdot}d$, which showed high reduction efficiency over 60%. The addition of gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$) into the sediment reduced release of Phosphorus from the sediments. Gypsum acted as a slow-releasing source of sulphate in sediment, which enhanced the activity of SRB(sulfate reducing bacteria) and improved the overall mineralization rate of organic matter.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.547-557
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• 1986

The characteristics of the three alkaline proteinases, Enz. A, B and C, from the pyloric caeca of mackerel have been investigated. The optimum condition for the activity of the Enz. A, B and C was pH 9.4, 9.8 and 9.8 at $45^{\circ}C$ for $2\%$ casein solution, and was pH 9.2 10.2 and 9.8 at $45^{\circ}C$ for $5\%$ hemoglobin denatured by urea, respectively. Enz. A, B and C by heat treatment at $50^{\circ}C$ for 5 min were inactivated 90, 33 and $37\%$, respectively, over the original activity. The reaction rate of the three alkaline proteinases was constant to the reaction time to 40 min in the reaction condition of $2{\mu}g/ml$ of enzyme concentration and $2\%$ casein solution. The reaction rate equation and Km value against casein substrate determined by the method of Lineweaver and Burk were: Enz. A, Y=3.6X and $Km=5.0{\times}10^{-3}\%$; Enz. B, Y=6.0X and $Km=1.0{\times}10^{-3}\%$; Enz. C, Y=4.2X and $Km=3.6{\times}10^{-3}\%$. The three alkaline proteinases were inactivated by $Ag^+$ and $Hg^{2+}$, but activated by $Mn^{2+},\;Sn^{2+}\;and\;Pb^{2+}$, Enz. B and C were remarkably inhibited by the soybean trypsin inhibitor. Molecular weight of Enz. A, B and C determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration was in the range of $27,500{\pm}2,500,\;20,500{\pm}1,500\;and\;15,250{\pm}250$, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.477-482
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• 2008

The quality characteristics of Goami by-product under the mixed enzyme treatment condition of $\alpha$-amylase and cellulase have been compared, and found the highest amount of soluble solids and reducing sugars at the $\alpha$-amylase treated group (A), and the contents revealed to show gradual decrease with the increase of cellulase content. The amounts of total dietary fiber and total sugars did not show large difference by both of enzyme concentration. The result of sugar analysis revealed the presence of all $G{\sim}G5$ in all treatment groups, and the content of malto-oligosaccharide recorded the highest content of 2,200 mg% at the $\alpha$-amylase treatment group (A). When the quality characteristic of the hydrolyzed powders manufactured by the optimum hydrolysis condition was compared, no significant color difference was found between samples. Among the contents of dietary fibers, insoluble dietary fiber was found to present in the lowest content of 6.95% at the Goami flour (GF) and the Goami by-product powder (GBPP) and Goami by-product hydrolysate powder (GBPHP) resulted the similar content around 14% and the highest soluble dietary fibers content was found in Goami by-product hydrolysate powder (GBPHP), which was followed by in the order of Goami by-product powder (GBPP) and Goami flour (GF), but the content variation was not large. The free amino acid was found to be highest in Goami by-product hydrolysate powder (GBPHP) followed by in the order of Goami by-product powder (GBPP) and Goami flour (GF). In the sugar analysis, the Goami by-product hydrolysate powder (GBPHP) was found with all $G{\sim}G5$ sugars by showing the highest amount of 1,800 mg% At the Goami by-product powder (GBPP), $G{\sim}G2$ sugars were detected with about 66 mg% and malto-oligosaccharides were not detected at the Goami flour (GF). Based upon the results, the functionality of Goami by-product hydrolysate powder (GBPHP) was found to be enforced compared to Goami flour (GF) and Goami by-product powder (GBPP), which allow us to expect it to be used as the various rice processing food source.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 2015

The physicochemical properties and protease activities of spray-dried pineapple juice powders were investigated. The pH, soluble solids, and protease activity of the pineapple juice were pH 5.43, $12.8^{\circ}Brix$, and 4.82 unit/mL, respectively. The optimum pH and temperature of the protease activity from pineapple juice were pH 7.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The microencapsulation of pineapple juice was achieved using maltodextrin and alginic acid through spray-drying. The L value and moisture content of the spray-dried powder were higher than those of the freeze-dried powder. The particle size of the freeze-dried powder ($501.57{\mu}m$) was higher than that of the spray-dried powder ($42.58-53.32{\mu}m$). The water absorption and water solubility of the powders were 0.41-0.87, and 90.45-99.76%, respectively. When compared, the protease activities were found to be in the following order : FD (1,297.47 unit/g) > SD-MA-1 (692.08 unit/g) > SD-MA-2 (664.66 unit/g) > SD-MA-3 (642.65 unit/g) > SD-M (633.51 unit/g). In the in vitro dissolution study measurements were conducted for 4 hr in pH 1.2 simulated gastric fluid and pH 6.8 simulated intestinal fluid, using a dissolution tester at $37^{\circ}C$ in 50 rpm. The protease survival of the 3.74-15.69% microencapsulated pineapple juice powders improved with an increase in the treatment concentration of alginic acid.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.119-126
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• 2011

There is a growing recognition of the significance of $H_2S$ as a biological signaling molecule involved in vascular and nervous system functions. In mammals, two enzymes in the transsulfuration pathway, cystathionine ${\beta}$-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine ${\gamma}$-lyase (CGL), are believed to be chiefly responsible for $H_2S$ biogenesis. Genetic inborn error of CGL leads to human genetic disease, cystathioninuria, by accumulating cystathionine in the body. This disease is secondarily associated with a wide range of diseases including diabetes insipidus and Down's syndrome. Although the human CGL (hCGL) overexpression is essential for the investigation of its function, structure, reaction specificity, substrate specificity, and protein-protein interactions, there is no clear report concerning optimum overexpression conditions. In this study, we report a detailed analysis of the overexpression conditions of the hCGL using a bacterial system. Maximum overexpression was obtained in conditions of low culture temperature after inducer addition, performing low aeration during overexpression, and using a low concentration inducer (0.1 mM, IPTG) for induction. Expressed hCGL was purified by His-tag affinity column chromatography and confirmed by Western blot using hCGL antibody and enzyme activity analysis. We also report that the His tag with TEV site attached protein exhibits 76% activity for ${\alpha}-{\gamma}$ elimination reaction with L-cystathionine and 88% for ${\alpha}-{\beta}$ elimination reaction with L-cysteine compared to those of wild type hCGL, respectively. His tag with TEV site attached protein also exhibits a 420 nm absorption maximum, which is attributed to the binding cofactor, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.334-341
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine the effects and optimum concentrantion of chemical mutagens, colchicine, EMS (ethyl methan sulfonate), MNU (1-methyl-3-1­-nitrosoguanidinenitro), sodium azide $(NaN_3)$ for induction of mutant plants. In order to induce the mutants of Dianthus superbus L, immature seed were pre-soaked in the warter adding each mutagens and concentration of EMS, colchicine, MNU, and sodium azide $(NaN_3)$. Comparision of morphological characteristic and seed germination in each mutant plants differed depending on mutagen sources and their concentrations. When 0.2% EMS were treated on seed, germination decreased to 12% while untreated control was germinated 76.6% for twenty days. Treatments of colchicine appeared higher germination than other mutagen but not survived. The survival rate was extremely decreased in MNU treatment at 0.5mM and chlorophyll-mutant plantlets were obtained by sodium azide treatment at 0.2mM. Chlorophyll mutants were produced by pre-soaking the immature seed of Dianthus superbus L. with mutagen, sodium azide. The control plants appeared normal green leaf color, while mutant plant after mutagenic treatment of immature seed results in yellow­-green stripes and albino in normal green leaf tissue. RAPD was carried out to check the genetic modification of regenerated plants by mutagen treatments at 0.2mM sodium azide. Three polymorphic DNA fragments out of thirty-seven obtained by RAPDs were observed in regenerated plants using five decamer primers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.755-758
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• 2005

Wild grape is a traditional medicine plant in north-eastern part of Asia and has been known to have healing properties for various illnesses. This study was to determine the optimum extraction condition and antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of wild grape (V. coignetiae) seed. Also, organic solvent fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were obtained from the ethanol extract of wild grape seed at different temperatures. Total ethanol extraction yield of wild grape seed ranged from $4\%\;to\;12\%$ depending on the ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and time condition. The highest extraction yield of $11.9\%$ was obtained at $90\%$ ethanol condition for 12 hour at $70^{\circ}C$. However, the strongest free radical scavenging effect $(RC_{50})$ with $20.93\mu g/mL$ was observed in $70\%$ ethanol extract of wild grape seed extracted for 6 hour at $70^{\circ}C,\;while\;RC_{50}\;with\;40.42$\mu g/mL$ was observed in $90\%$ ethanol extract for 12 hour at $70^{\circ}C$. Antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of wild grape seed increased as total phenol contents increased. Among each fraction obtained from organic solvents, ethyl acetate fraction was found to have the strongest $RC_{50}\;(8.6\mu g/mL)$ and 636.77 mg GAE/g phenol contents .

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.463-469
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• 2008

During the last decade, monacolin-K biosynthesized by fermentation of red yeast rice (Monascus strains) was proved to have an efficient cholesterol lowering capability, leading to rapid increase in the market demand for the functional red yeast rice. In this study, the production medium composition and components were optimized on a shake flask scale for monacolin-K production by Monascus pilosus (KCCM 60160). The effect of three different soybean flours on the monacolin-K production were studied in order to replace the nitrogen sources of basic production medium (yeast extract, malt extract and beef extract). Among the several experiments, the production medium with dietary soybean flour to replace a half of yeast extract was very good for monacolin-K production. Plackett-Burman experimental design was used to determine the key factors which are critical to produce the biological products in the fermentation. According to the result of Plackett-Burman experimental design, a second order response surface design was applied using yeast extract, beef extract and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ as factors. Applying this model, the optimum concentration of the three variables was obtained. The maximum monacolin-K production (369.6 mg/L) predicted by model agrees well with the experimental value (418 mg/L) obtained from the experimental verification at the optimal medium. The yield of monacolin-K was increased by 67% as compared to that obtained with basic production medium in shake flasks.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2012

To investigate the influence electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solution and light intensity on growth of red leafy lettuce, fresh and dry weights, number of leave, chlorophyll concentration and production efficiency were evaluated through nutrient film technique system. The levels of EC were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and $6.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, and those of light intensity were 120, 150, and $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Under photoperiod of 16 h/day, the temperature was maintained in the range of $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. Planting density was $10{\times}10cm$ (100 plants/$m^2$). When red leafy lettuce were grown in the EC range of $0.5{\sim}1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, the fresh and dry weights decreased as the EC levels and light intensity were lowered, however, Hunter's a value showed no significant differences among the treatments of EC and light intensity levels (Ex. 1). The fresh and dry weights and production efficiency ($g{\cdot}FW/kw$) were the highest in the treatment of $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ when crops were grown under the EC range of EC $1.5{\sim}6.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ (Ex. 2). But the fresh and dry weights, number of leaves, and production efficiency of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ were the highest when the light intensity was $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ (Ex. 3). The SPAD value increased gradually as EC levels were elevated. From the above results, we concluded that optimum levels of EC and light intensity were $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively, for production as well as production efficiency of red leaf lettuce in plant factory.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.106-110
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• 2009

In order to reduce the bitter taste and improve the bioavailability of red ginseng extract(RGE), inclusion complexes (RGE-CD) of the extract with ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-,\;{\gamma}$-cyclodextrin were prepared and studied for their sensory quality and bioavailability compared to RGE. By complexation, the bitter taste-reducing efficacies of ${\alpha}$-CD and ${\beta}$-CD were much lower than that of ${\gamma}$-CD. In comparative sensory analysis for the bitter taste, RGE-${\gamma}$-CD10, prepared using 10%(w/w) of ${\gamma}$-CD, showed a score of 1.93(decreased by about 78%) compared to RGE as the control. In addition, in sensory analysis for flavor, RGE-${\gamma}$-CD10showed a score of 5.60. Upon increasing the amount of ${\gamma}$-CD to 15%(w/w) and 20%(w/w), respectively, the bitter taste of RGE-${\gamma}$-CD was removed and the flavor of RGE disappeared(scores of 2.67 and 1.67, respectively). Therefore RGE-${\gamma}$-CD10 was chosen as an optimum. The same dosages of RGE and RGE-${\gamma}$-CD10 were orally administered to SD(Sprague-Dawley) rats on a saponin basis, and the plasma concentrations of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 were measured over time to estimate the average AUC(area under the plasma concentration versus time curve) of the ginsenosides. After the oral administration, there were no significant differences in the AUC values of the RGE and RGE-${\gamma}$-CD 10 groups for ginsenoside Rg1. However, AUC values for ginsenoside Rb1 were $25.8{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/mL$ in the RGE group and $81.5{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/mL$ in the RGE-${\gamma}$-CD 10 group, respectively. Therefore, the bioavailability of ginsenoside Rb1 in the RGE-${\gamma}$-CD 10 group was significantly higher by up to 315% compared with that in the RGE group(p = 0.0029). These results show that the bitter taste of RGE can be simultaneously removed by the complexation of RGE and ${\gamma}$-CD(RGE-${\gamma}$-CD) along with increased bioavailability.