In order to analyze the dynamic motions of fish cage systems made of a frame and a netting under the conditions of waves and current, the hydraulic model experiment at towing tank and the numerical computation using boundary integral element method based on linear potential theory were carried out on a square and a circular type of fish cage, The computed and measured results for the dynamic motions of model fish cage systems showed that the heave and pitch motions were almost unaffected by the inclusion of nets, while the surge motions were very reduced by drag force acting on them. In addition, irregular wave-induced motions of fish cages included non-negligible 2nd order harmonic components at high frequency nearly twice the wave frequency. The reason why these motions were considered was due to resonance or structural components of frames being overflown and out of water during a wave cycle. It was found that circular type was more desirable structure in the open sea than square one only in the respect of dynamic motions due to waves and current. Further verifications were needed considering hydrodynamic forces, fatigue life, and structure analysis based on long term stochastic waves including frequency and time domain for the purpose of analyzing and designing fish cage systems.
Recently, The government is actively transit road-oriented Traffic System to the eco-friendly and high-efficiency railroad-oriented transportation system for the sustainable green growth. The second plan of Nationwide Railway Network which has been officially announced rearrange to integration, multi-core, open architecture country by the railway network and integrate to the one mega city that rink an important city in one hour 30 minute. But the railroad industry is disadvantageous when it compares with the road industry on the ground that railroad industry peculiarities(a cost-benefit analysis, an environment value, etc) have not reflected in the (preliminary) feasibility study for SOC industry. The government establish Improved methodology of Rail Investment Rating System and improved preliminary feasibility study in railroad project by introduction many content(analysis periods, rate of discount, the benefits of shortening of transit hours, the estimation of traffic accident reduction benefits, investment cost of vehicle substitution and operation and maintenance cost of high speed rail) about the Improved methodology of Rail Investment Rating System. This study is intended to consideration the key content that was included in the Improved methodology of Rail Investment Rating System. In addition, the points to be considered for additional study have been reviewed in this study. We hope we will carry out make a reasonable and objective Rail Investment Rating System and to perform the railway industry of the virtuous cycle such improvement plans are reflected at a hereafter railroad section.
Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
/
v.46
no.8
/
pp.102-116
/
2009
There have been lots of researches for H.264/AVC performance enhancement on a multi-core processor. The enhancement has been performed through parallelization methods. Parallelization methods can be classified into a task-level parallelization method and a data level parallelization method. A task-level parallelization method for H.264/AVC decoder is implemented by dividing H.264/AVC decoder algorithms into pipeline stages. However, it is not suitable for complex and large bitstreams due to poor load-balancing. Considering load-balancing and performance scalability, we propose a horizontal data level parallelization method for H.264/AVC decoder in such a way that threads are assigned to macroblock lines. We develop a mathematical performance expectation model for the proposed parallelization methods. For evaluation of the mathematical performance expectation, we measured the performance with JM 13.2 reference software on ARM11 MPCore Evaluation Board. The cycle-accurate measurement with SoCDesigner Co-verification Environment showed that expected performance and performance scalability of the proposed parallelization method was accurate in relatively high level
Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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v.11
no.1
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pp.19-26
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2009
The standardization of eddy-covariance data processing is essential for the analysis and synthesis of vast amount of data being accumulated through continuous observations in various flux measurement networks. End users eventually benefit from the open and transparent standardization protocol by clear understanding of final products such as evapotranspiration and gross primary productivity. In this paper, we briefly introduced KoFlux efforts to standardize data processing methodologies and then estimated uncertainties of surface fluxes due to different processing methods. Based on our scrutiny of the data observed at Gwangneung KoFlux site, net ecosystem exchange and ecosystem respiration were sensitive to the selection of different processing methods. Gross primary production, however, was consistent within errors due to cancellation of the differences in NEE and Re, emphasizing that independent observation of ecosystem respiration is required for accurate estimates of carbon exchange. Nocturnal soil evaporation was small and thus the annually integrated evapotranspiration was not sensitive to the selection of different data processing methods. The implementation of such standardized data processing protocol to AsiaFlux will enable the establishment of consistent database for validation of models of carbon cycle, dynamic vegetation, and land-atmosphere interaction at regional scale.
To analyze mobility patterns, this study used three Constraint (Capability Constraint, Coupling Constraint, Authority Constraint) models which were proposed in Dr. Hagerstrand's Time-space theory. This paper shows that three constraint models have some effects upon mobility by age. In this study, Capability Constraint means a certain special constraint that is what we can't do during proceeding basic natural urges like sleep, fare, etc. Coupling constraint is a physical one. Each person limits the action range for staying on a special place in special time. For instance, students have to stay in school so that they have mobility constraints. Authority Constraint is a social one. When we use urban facilities or traffic, we may be controlled by mobility sphere by an agreement or a social position. It is social agreement that the opening hour of a store, the time table of mass-transportation and a social positional control that the personal income, the standard of education. In this study it has been in a process of determination of the cluster number that degree of influences a social constraint to mobility. Considering the mobility constraint of characteristics of space divides urban and rural, people in urban area have higher mobility rate than in rural area. Resuets of determination of the cluster, show similar mobility pattern. People in urban area are connected verity of mobility which related to urban space structures with determination of cluste-number. That is to say, mobility patterns can be changed by space charactcristics. Constraints by sex and age are also social constraints and they are influenced by mobility patterns. For instance, females at the age of twenties have similar mobility pattern to the same age male but they have sudden changes after thirty's age. Male entertains a similar pattern without restriction of age. That is to say, management by sex as a social constraint affects mobility. To establish more realistic traffie policy, mobility formation should be reflected to the space in a view of social-behavioral science. To embody this, some problems should be investigated as follows. 1. As a problem of methodology, if sufficient samples ensured, we could subdivide clusters and could open up a new method of analyzing the mobility clusters by using the neuro-network. 2. Extracting actions connected with mobility and finding life cycle which is classified by daily cluste-characteristics, suitable counterproposal could be presented to the traific policy.
As an attempt to reduce the consumption of petroleum resources and to improve the performance of a kerosene engine, a series of experiments was conducted using several kinds of ethanol-kerosene blends under the various compression ratios. The engine used in this study was a single-cylinder, four-cycle kerosene engine having a compression ratio of 4.5. To investigate the feasibility of ethanol-kerosene blends in the original engine, kerosene and blends of 5-percent, 10-percent, and 20-percent-ethanol, by volume, with kerosene were used. And to investigate the feasibility of improving the performance of the kerosene engine, a portion of the cylinder head was cut off to increase the compression ratio up to 5.0 by reducing the combustion chamber volume. Kerosene and blends of 30-percent and 40-percent-ethanol, by volume, with kerosene were used for the modified engine with an increased compression ratio. Variable speed tests at wide-open throttle were also conducted at five speed levels in the range of 1000 to 2200 rpm for each compression ratio and fuel type. Volumetric efficiency, engine torque, and brake specific fuel consumption were determined, and brake thermal efficiency based on the lower heating values of kerosene and ethanol was calculated. The results obtained in the study are summarized as follows: A. Test with the original engine: (1) No abnormal conditions were found when burning ethanol-kerosene blends in the original engine. (2) Volumetric efficiency increased with ethanol concentration in blends. When burning blends of 5-percent, 10-percent, and 20-percent ethanol, by volume, with kerosene, average volumetric efficiency increased 1.6 percent, 2.6 percent, and 4.1 percent respectively, than when burning kerosene. (3) Mean engine torque increased 5.2 percent for 5-percent-ethanol blend, 9.3 percent for 10-percent-ethanol blend, and 11.5 percent for 20-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene. Increase in engine torque when using ethanol-kerosene blends was due to the improved combustion characteristics of ethanol as well as an increase in volumetric efficiency. (4) Up to ethanol concentration of 20 percent, mean brake specific fuel consumption was nearly constant inspite of the difference in heating value between ethanol and kerosene. (5) Brake thermal efficiency increased 0.3 percent for 5-percent-ethanol blend, 3.8 percent for 10-percent-ethanol blend, and 6.8 percent for 20-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene. B. Test with the modified engine with an increased compression ratio: (1) When burning kerosene, mean volumetric efficiency, engine torque, and brake thermal efficiency were somewhat lower than for the original engine. (2) Engine torque increased 15.1 percent for 30-percent-ethanol blend and 18.4 percent for 40-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene. (3) There was no significant difference in brake specific fuel consumption regardless of ethanol concentration in blends. (4) Brake thermal efficiency increased 15.0 percent for 30-percent-ethanol blend and 19. 5 percent for 40-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene.
A GAL4 type transcription factor gene (formally annotated as AN3912) locating downstream of sndA (AN3911) was characterized. The putative transcription factor carries both Zn(II)2Cys6 binuclear cluster DNA-binding domain and transcription activator domain. The gene named gtfA (gal4 type transcription factor) had an open reading frame which consisted of 762 amino acids and was disrupted by three introns. The deletion mutant produced reduced amount of conidia but increased amount of fruiting bodies, suggesting that the GtfA make function in decision of asexual preferential to sexual development. The forced over expression of gtfA caused the retardation of fruiting body formation on high glucose concentration. The transcript level of gtfA was kept constant through the life cycle except late vegetative stage and early sexual development stage during which slight increase was found. The expression of gtfA was not significantly affected by sexual or asexual development regulators, such as VeA, NsdD or FluG, FadA, and SfaD. The GtfA repressed the nsdC transcription, which suggested that GftA control sexual development negatively via negative regulation of nsdC expression.
It is major strategy for SMEs to cooperate with other companies or Public Research Institutes(PRIs) as the essential technology is getting more complicated and technological life cycle is getting short. However, It is not easy to perform a proper cooperation with SMEs for PRIs, because they are accustomed to support SMEs in the short run. In addition, previous studies also have mainly focussed on finding determinants of performance as a consequence of temporary cooperation instead of long-term relationships among companies. Therefore this study analyzed which satisfaction is more effective to maintain the long-term cooperative relationship between PRIs and SMEs. As a result, it has found that when SMEs satisfy from quality of input like manpower supports R&D and context of the support program over the output like technological or economical performance, they intend to continue cooperation with PRIs. And this paper shows that the performance has mediated effect rather direct effect on long-term cooperation intention. In light of all the above, to cooperate with SMEs effectively, it will be suggested that PRIs enhance quality of support process and contents instead of quantity of support based on one-time cooperation.
The hakgil is the important disease in the oriental medicine historically. In the preseant time also this disease continually appear all over the world. So purpose of this study is that consider the symptoms and pathogenesis of hakgil(瘧疾) with the point of view of oriental medicine. And in this study, the results are summarized as the followings. 1. The symptos of hakgil(瘧疾). 1) Rigor and heat spasm : The main symptoms of hakgil is the severe and periodical rigor and heat spasm. Generally the rigor first appear and later the heat spasm appear. According to the first and last, severe and weak, the hakgil is classified to hanhak(寒瘧), onhak(溫瘧), danhak(癉瘧), binhak(牝瘧). 2) The regulation of the time of spasm : The spasm occour in the same time daily or one time in two days, three days or several days. And the spasm time is regulary in day or night. 3) The term between the spasm and next one become later or faster. It can be decided that the becoming worse and better in the disease with the signs. 4) The seasonal property Generally the hakgil appear in summer and early autumn. 5) The other kind of hakgil there are five-organ hakgil(五臟瘧), six-kyung hakgil(六經瘧), janghak(瘴瘧), kuihak(鬼瘧), six-gi hakgil(六氣瘧), damhak(痰瘧), sikhak(食瘧), and so on. 6) The pulse condition of the hakgil is chiefly hyun(弦). 2. The pathogenesis of the hakgil 1) The cause of the hakgil The causes of the hakgil first are the seo(暑) or heat(熱) that make the problem in the cycle of five phases(五行). In the consequence, il open the hole of skin so that the pathogenic factors easily invade the humanbody and at the same time the pathogenic factor in the inside easily come out, that make the spasm. In the second time the pathogenic factor of yin(陰) - wind(風), cold(寒), water(水) invade through the opened skin to combine with the factor in the inside. Such condition make the hakgil and the accessory spasm. 2)The pathogenesis of hakgil(瘧疾) (1) The rigor and heat spasm of hakgil(瘧疾) appear because in summer the human body don't accomplish a task of summer because of hot weather or heat, so in autumn the ki(氣) of human body separate into yin(陰) and yang(陽), and the skin of human body is weaken so the saki(邪氣: pathogenic factors) is easily come into the human body. At this time the circulation of ki(氣) is obstructed, so the jungki(精氣: vital substance) apply to straighten the circulation of ki(氣), if the jungki(精氣: vital substance) help the yin(陰) the rigor spasm appear in the opposit direction the jungki(精氣: vital substance) help the yang(陽) the heat spasm appear. (2) The period of circulation of ki(氣) and jungki(精氣: vital substance) is one day, so the general period of spasm of hakgil(瘧疾) is one day, But if the saki(邪氣: pathogenic factors) come into the human body deeply, the jungki(精氣: vital substance) cannot apply 10 straighten the circulation of ki(氣) every day so the period of spasm become longer.
Electrochromic (EC) devices are capable of reversibly changing their optical properties upon charge injection and extraction induced by the external voltage. The characteristics of the EC device, such as low power consumption, high coloration efficiency, and memory effects under open circuit status, make them suitable for use in a variety of applications including smart windows and electronic papers. Coloration due to reduction or oxidation of redox chromophores can be used for EC devices (e-paper), but the switching time is slow (second level). Recently, with increasing demand for the low cost, lightweight flat panel display with paper-like readability (electronic paper), an EC display technology based on dye-modified $TiO_2$ nanoparticle electrode was developed. A well known organic dye molecule, viologen, was adsorbed on the surface of a mesoporous $TiO_2$ nanoparticle film to form the EC electrode. On the other hand, ZnO is a wide bandgap II-VI semiconductor which has been applied in many fields such as UV lasers, field effect transistors and transparent conductors. The bandgap of the bulk ZnO is about 3.37 eV, which is close to that of the $TiO_2$ (3.4 eV). As a traditional transparent conductor, ZnO has excellent electron transport properties, even in ZnO nanoparticle films. In the past few years, one-dimension (1D) nanostructures of ZnO have attracted extensive research interest. In particular, 1D ZnO nanowires renders much better electron transportation capability by providing a direct conduction path for electron transport and greatly reducing the number of grain boundaries. These unique advantages make ZnO nanowires a promising matrix electrode for EC dye molecule loading. ZnO nanowires grow vertically from the substrate and form a dense array (Fig. 1). The ZnO nanowires show regular hexagonal cross section and the average diameter of the ZnO nanowires is about 100 nm. The cross-section image of the ZnO nanowires array (Fig. 1) indicates that the length of the ZnO nanowires is about $6\;{\mu}m$. From one on/off cycle of the ZnO EC cell (Fig. 2). We can see that, the switching time of a ZnO nanowire electrode EC cell with an active area of $1\;{\times}\;1\;cm^2$ is 170 ms and 142 ms for coloration and bleaching, respectively. The coloration and bleaching time is faster compared to the $TiO_2$ mesoporous EC devices with both coloration and bleaching time of about 250 ms for a device with an active area of $2.5\;cm^2$. With further optimization, it is possible that the response time can reach ten(s) of millisecond, i.e. capable of displaying video. Fig. 3 shows a prototype with two different transmittance states. It can be seen that good contrast was obtained. The retention was at least a few hours for these prototypes. Being an oxide, ZnO is oxidation resistant, i.e. it is more durable for field emission cathode. ZnO nanotetropods were also applied to realize the first prototype triode field emission device, making use of scattered surface-conduction electrons for field emission (Fig. 4). The device has a high efficiency (field emitted electron to total electron ratio) of about 60%. With this high efficiency, we were able to fabricate some prototype displays (Fig. 5 showing some alphanumerical symbols). ZnO tetrapods have four legs, which guarantees that there is one leg always pointing upward, even using screen printing method to fabricate the cathode.
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