• The Korean Journal of Medicine
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• v.99 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 2024

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections commonly present as mild upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adults, although severe respiratory complications have been observed, particularly in elderly and immunocompromised patients. We report a case in whom pneumonia caused by hMPV progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a healthy adult without underlying diseases. A 31-year-old female presented with fever and dyspnea, prompting transfer to our hospital for mechanical ventilation 3 days after symptom onset. Auscultation revealed coarse breath sounds and crackles in both lung fields, and chest X-ray showed non-specific infiltrative nodules with poorly defined borders throughout both lungs. ARDS caused by community-acquired pneumonia was diagnosed. hMPV was identified via rapid testing of respiratory samples for genes that encode pneumonia pathogens and drug resistance markers; we employed reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions to these ends. Six days later, the patient was weaned off the mechanical ventilator, and discharged from the hospital in good clinical condition.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.393-403
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• 2000

Objective: To investigate the effects of ROS on kinematic parameters in human spermatozoa. To verify the changes in above parameters, human spermatozoa were incubated with xanthine-xanthine oxidase (X-XO), $H_2O_2$, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or lymphocyte. Otherwise, spemlatozoa were incubated under low $O_2 (5%) condition. Methods: CASA was employed to analyze sperm motion parameters. Results: Under $H_2O_2 treatment, all kinematic parameters of spermatozoa were dramatically increased during 30 min, but gradually decreased thereafter. Under the low concentration of $H_2O_2 (125 ${\mu}M$ and 250 ${\mu}M$), the movement velocity (VAP, VCL, VSL) decreased, but forward movement increased. Under the 1mM $H_2O_2, sperm showed reduced kinematic parameters except during first 30 min of incubation. In the cases of X-XO and SNP treatment, the movement velocity increased but the forward movement reduced. After incubation for 3 hr treatment, the kinematic parameters gradually decreased in high concentration of X-XO. However these parameters maintained or increased in low concentration of X-XO. There was no obvious changes in the above parameters in the high concentration of SNP. In the presence of high concentration of lymphocytes, all parameters decreased. Under the 5% $O_2 condition, the parameters of the movement velocity and movement pattern increased, but forward movement decreased. Taken togethers, it suggested that ROS increased the movement velocity but decreased the forward movement and lateral head replacement. $H_2O_2, X-XO, SNP and lymphocyte treatment significantly increased capacitated spermatozoa within I h of incubation. There was no significant difference in capacitation between low- and high $O_2 group. Conclusion: The early onset of capacitation in the presence of ROS suggest that ROS might be a positive regulator of sperm capacitation and hyperactivation. These results demonstrate that low concentration ROS facilitates the movement velocity but high concentration ROS was inhibitory.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2010

Anterior knee pain syndrome would best be defined as a painful condition that arises in or around the patellofemoral joint and is insidious in onset and bilateral, with an enigmatic entity with multiple causes. Although its etiology is uncertain, the cause is often considered to be abnormal lower limb biomechanics, pathology of extensor mechanism, disorder of patellofemoral joint, malalignment or lateral tracking of the patella, soft tissue tightness, muscle weakness. The measurement of patellar alignment has come to be accepted as an integral part of the examination of anterior knee pain syndrome. Various measurement techniques exist, both clinical and radiological, and these have been frequently used in the diagnosis and treatment of the condition.?Treatment depends on the underlying cause of anterior knee pain and should be directed to the cause rather than to the results. Most often, this involves non-surgical measures, such as anti-inflammatory medications, quadriceps exercises, and hamstring stretching. Shin splint, or medial tibial stress syndrome refers a syndrome of pain running along the inner distal 2/3 of tibia shaft. Shin splint is a common problem for athletes whose sport involves a repeated, jarring impact to the leg. A major factor determining the efficacy of the treatment is that correct diagnosis be made of the problem. The varied etiology has led to the development of several theories as to the cause, treatment, rehabilitation and prevention of shin splint. The management is rest, ice massages, pain relief by medication, and muscle strengthening exercise. Proper rehabilitation and preventative measures can ensure that there is no further recurrence.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.131-135
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• 2008

Objective : Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is considered as a reversible pathophysiological condition mainly induced by continuous vascular compression of the facial nerve root exit zone (REZ) at the cerebellopontine angle. As an offending vessel, vertebrobasilar artery tends to compress much more heavily than others. The authors analyzed HFS caused by vertebrobasilar artery and described the relationships between microsurgical findings and clinical courses. Methods : Out of 1,798 cases treated with microvascular decompression (MVD) from Jan. 1980 to Dec. 2004. the causative vessels were either vertebral artery or basilar artery in 87 patients. Seventy-nine patients were enrolled in this study. Preoperatively, computed tomography (CT) or brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with 3-dimentional short range MR technique was performed and CT was checked immediately or 2-3 days after anesthetic recovery. The authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical features. the compression patterns of the vessels at the time of surgery and treatment outcomes. Results : There were 47 were male and 32 female patients. HFS developed on the left side in 52 cases and on the right side in 27. The mean age of onset was 52.3 years (range 19-60) and the mean duration of symptoms was 10.7 years. Many patients (39 cases; 49.1%) had past history of hypertension. HFS caused only by the vertebral artery was 8 cases although most of the other cases were caused by vertebral artery (VA) in combination with its branching arteries. Most frequently, the VA and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) were the simultaneous causative blood vessels comprising 32 cases (40.5%). and in 27 cases (34.2 %) the VA and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) were the offenders. Facial symptoms disappeared in 61 cases (77.2%) immediately after the operation and 68 cases (86.1%) showed good outcome after 6 months. Surgical outcome just after the operation was poor in whom the perforators arose from the offending vessels concurrently (p<0.05). Conclusion : In case where the vertebral artery is a cause of HFS, commonly branching arteries associated with main arterial compression on facial REZ requires more definite treatment for proper decompression because of its relatively poor results compared to the condition caused by other vascular compressive origins.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.489-500
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• 1987

Annual reproductive cycle of Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus (RAFINESQUE) were studied in the natural population. Based on these informations, reproductive mechanism of the fish including activation, degeneration and remature were examined under the controlled conditions of temperature and photoperioe. In the natural populations, gonads began to grow with the temperature increase in March ana matured in June, and spawning occurred in July. With the onset of the shorter day-length and the maximum temperature condition in August, the gonads began to degenerate. Resting stage was continued during winter season. In the laboratory-reared population, activation of the gonads was initiated by the complex environmental factors including higher temperature$(>15^{\circ}C)$ and longer photoperiod $(>14L)$. For the maturation, photoperiod of more than 14 hours was critical. Under this condition higher temperature was the only compensative factor. Regeneration of the gonads was induced by higher temperature$(>25^{\circ}C)$ and the shorter photoperiod accelerated the regenerative processes. Even from the resting stage the gonads can be induced to matured stage by the longer photoperiod $(>15L)$. Based on these observations, the reproductive rhythm of this fish is supposed to be artificially controlled.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2008

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is very difficult to obtain stable production of qualified ginseng roots because of variable stresses in soil environments. High salt concentrations in the ginseng nursery soil environment of Korea is one of important reducing factors for the stable production of quality ginseng. These studies were accomplished to identify the growth rate and production of ginsenoside from ginseng hairy root against NaCI. In the MS liquid culture, the highest contents and productivity of ginsenosides were appeared at 4 week after onset of the treatment of 0.1 M NaCI. And 0.24 M NaCI was more effective on the growth of ginseng hairy root under light condition than dark condition. Plants generally produce secondary metabolites in nature as a defense mechanism against pathogenic and insect attack. In this study, NaCI acts as a kind of stress as well as elicitor for production of ginsenosides.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.134-135
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• 2003

The dental implant materials required good mechanical properties, such as fatigue strength, combined with a high resistance to corrosion. For increasing fatigue resistance and delaying onset of stress corrosion cracking, shot peening has been used for > 50 years to extend service life of metal components. However, there is no information on the electrochemical behavior of shot peened and hydroxyapatite(HA) coated Ti-6Al-4V alloys. To increase fatigue strength, good corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, the electrochemical characteristics of Ti/TiN/HA coated and shot peened Ti-6Al-4V alloys by electron beam physical vapor deposition(EB-PVD) have been researched by various electrochemical method in 0.9%NaCl. Ti-6Al-4V alloys were prepared under the condition of hydrogen and vacuum arc furnace. The produced materials were quenched at 1000$^{\circ}C$ under high purity dried Ar atmosphere and were hold at 500$^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs to achieve the fatigue strength(1140㎫) of materials. Ti-6Al-4V alloys were prepared under the condition of hydrogen and vacuum arc furnace. Shot peening(SP) and sand blasting treatment was carried out for 1, 5, and 10min. On the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloys using the steel balls of 0.5mm and alumina sand of 40$\mu\textrm{m}$ size. Ti/TiN/HA multilayer coatings were carried out by using electron-beam deposition method(EB-PVD) as shown Fig. 1. Bulk Ti, powder TiN and hydroxyapatite were used as the source of the deposition materials. Electrons were accelerated by high voltage of 4.2kV with 80 - 120mA on the deposition materials at 350$^{\circ}C$ in 2.0 X 10-6 torr vacuum. Ti/TiN/HA multilayer coated surfaces and layers were investigated by SEM and XRD. A saturated calomel electrode as a reference electrode, and high density carbon electrode as a counter electrode, were set according to ASTM GS-87. The potentials were controlled at a scan rate of 100 mV/min. by a potentiostat (EG&G Co.273A) connected to a computer system. Electrochemical tests were used to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of Ti/TiN/HA coated and shot peened materials in 0.9% NaCl solution at 36.5$^{\circ}C$. After each electrochemical measurement, the corrosion surface of each sample was investigated by SEM.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2012

We tested the effects of endogenous attention and reorienting on the performance of detection task. In the classic detection paradigm of Posner and Cohen (1980), performance on target detection is measured, where target appears either on the same or difference spatial location of cue stimulus after brief period of SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony). In this study, we induced exogenous attention by manipulating predictability of cue for target, and also induced reorientation by inserting additional (reorienting) cue between initial cue and target. Experiment 1 had three conditions of reorienting speed: Early, middle, and late. Facilitation and IOR (inhibition of return) occurred in different forms depending on SOA and reorienting speed, but we were not able to discover interpretable pattern in the results. However, reanalysis of early reorienting condition revealed that facilitation and IOR occurred in a crossed manner where short SOA found facilitation and long SOA did IOR, the typical results of simple detection task. Experiment 2 collected additional data to replicate the results in early reorienting condition of experiment 1. The results obtained that facilitation occurred with short SOA and IOR with long SOA. These results contrast with those of Wright and Richard (2000) where they reported elimination of IOR when cue had predictability of target locations. These results suggest that additional cue (here, orienting cue), which rapidly appears before extinction of IOR by prior cue, brings about double IOR. The present research demonstrates that even when attention is allocated to certain location via endogenous mechanism, rapidly repeating cues in certain location maximizes IOR that offsets the effects of endogenous attention to the same location.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.385-404
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• 2011

We examined how emotional background stimuli influence focused attention in a flanker task. An IAPS picture was presented for 1,000ms in advance, then a target and two flanker letters were presented against the IAPS picture for 200ms(Experiment 1). The flanking stimuli were simultaneously presented on the left and right sides of the target stimulus with distance of $0.5^{\circ}C$, $1^{\circ}C$, or $1.5^{\circ}C$ visual angle. We investigated the flanker compatibility effect that identification of target would be faster when they were flanked by identical(compatible) stimuli than when they were flanked by different(incompatible) stimuli. Results of Experiment 1 revealed that the flanker compatibility effect depended not only on the distance of flankers but also on the valence of a background IAPS pictures. Positive and neutral pictures showed distance effect that the flanker compatibility effect was decreased as the farther the distance was, while negative pictures showed no di stance effect. Positive and neutral pictures showed compatibility effects at all distance conditions, but negative pictures didn't showed compatibility effect at $1.5^{\circ}C$ distance condition. In Experiment 2, the SOA(Stimulus Onset Asynchrony) between the picture and the stimuli of flanker task was manipulated. The flanking stimuli were presented simultaneously on the left and right sides of the target stimulus with a distance of either $0.5^{\circ}C$ or $1.5^{\circ}C$ visual angle. The results of Experiment 2 showed that flanker compatibility effect depends on SOA. At long SOA(2800ms), negative pictures showed no distance effect, but positive or neutral pictures did. All valence conditions of background pictures showed compatibility effects at $0.5^{\circ}C$ distance condition, but didn't showed compatibility effect at $1.5^{\circ}C$ distance condition. At short SOA(100ms), all valence conditions of background pictures showed distance effect, and showed compatibility effects with the exception of negative background pictures at $1.5^{\circ}C$ distance condition. These findings suggest that the scope of visual attention becomes narrower when viewing negative emotional stimuli and becomes broadened when viewing positive emotional stimuli. The narrowed scope of attention in negative emotion lasts longer, while the broaden scope of attention in positive emotion lasts shorter.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.414-429
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• 1990

Numerous research reports have substantiated the role of stressful life events in relation to the onset of health changes. The relationship tends to hold across different age groups. Theoretically, adolescence has been considered a developmental crisis period of great stress, impoverished coping skills and high vulnerability to biological, social and psychological demands. The research problem addressed by this study was to examine the relationships between stressful life events and health symptom patterns, and the effect of two variables, coping and social, support, theoretically considered to mediate the relationship between stress and health symptoms in adolescents. The following five hypotheses were tested in this research : 1. Health symptoms are positively related to stressful life events in adolescents, 2. Health symptoms are negatively related to coping in adolescents, 3. Health symptoms are negatively related to social support in adolescents, 4. When coping is controlled, the relationship between health symptoms and stressful life events will decrease, and 5. When social support is controlled, the relationship between health symptoms and stressful life events will increase. The study subjects consisted of 1090 high school students of the metropolitan city of Seoul. The following sampling procedure was used : 1. Of the 169 high schools in nine school administrative districts in the city, a proportional sample of ten schools was selected. 2. One class from each of the freshman and sophomore was randomly selected and all the students who were in the sampled class were used as the study sample. The study was limited to freshman and sophomore adolescents, aged 15 to 18(mean＝16.6). Of the 1090 subjects 688(63%) were boys and 402(37%) were girls. An Adolescent Inventory of Stressful Life Events, a Health Symptom Questionnaire and an Adolescent Coping Inventory were adapted for this study. The Norbeck Social Support questionnaire was utilized to collect the data on perceived social support. Five high school teachers in the areas of school health and counselling reviewed the items of each questionnaire for content validity. A pilot study was undertaken to ascertain reliability. Fifty three high school students responded to the questionnaires and gave their opinions on the items. For stressful life events, health symptoms, coping, and social support, the Cronbach's alpha's on the study were .70, .94, .77, and .76, respectively. Research assistants attended all the sampled classes with the school proctor to explain the purpose and procedures of the study to the students. The questionnaires along with a ballpoint pen were distributed to the students who were asked to complete each item. The research assistants left the ballpoint pen with the students as a gift for their cooperation. An average of 50 minutes was required to complete the questionnaires. Using an SPSS, the first, three hypotheses were tested using Gamma, a measure of association for ordinal variables. Partial gamma was used to test the fourth and fifth hypotheses. Patterns of elaboration described by Babbie were selected to interpret the relationship of the three variable analyses. The significance of gamma was determined by Chisquare at a .05 level of significance. There was a positive relationship between health symptoms and stressful life events(Gamma＝.35, p＝.000). Thus the first hypothesis was supported. Unexpectedly, coping was positively related with health symptoms(Gamma＝.13, p＝.000). That is, the higher the coping levels, the greater number of health problems. The third hypothesis, the higher the level of social support, the fewer the health symptoms, was not accepted in this adolescent study group. When coping was controlled, under the condition of low coping the association between health symptoms and stressful life events increased significantly to a partial gamma of .39, and under the condition of high coping it was .30. According to the elaboration model, when one partial relationship is the same or greater than the original and the other is smaller, the control variable should be considered to be specifying the conditions. When social support was controlled the relationship between stressful life events and health symptoms increased under the condition of low social support, but with high social support, the relationship decreased. Both partial gamma were statistically significant at .05 level(.43 and .26 relatively). It can be interpreted that stressful life events are strongly and positively related to health symptoms under the condition of low social support, however this relationship can not be expected with high social support. Thus, the last two hypotheses were conditionally sustained. In this study, the relationships between stressful life events and health symptoms, and the specified me diating roles of coping and social support were found to have statistical interaction. This finding supports the theoretical position of this study. It suggests that stressful life events would create high susceptability to biological social and psychological health symptoms and coping and social support buffering the relationship between stressful life events and health symptom. The findings of this study have implications for nursing practice. When adolescents are confronted with non-developmental life events that are perceived as stressful, nurses should recognize the evidence of the stress-buffering effect of coping and social support on health symptoms and utilize the diverse sources of social support that are readily available to adolescents.