• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.479-484
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional acid etching and curing mechanism (light-curing or self-curing) of a composite resin on the dentin bond strength and compatibility of one-step self-etching adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixteen human permanent molars were randomly divided into eight groups according to the adhesives used (All-Bond Universal: ABU, Clearfil S3 Bond: CS3), additional acid etching (additional acid etching performed: EO, no additional acid etching performed: EX), and composite resins (Filtek Z-250: Z250, Clearfil FII New Bond: CFNB). Group 1: ABU-EO-Z250, Group 2: ABU-EO-CFNB, Group 3: ABU-EX-Z250, Group 4: ABU-EX-CFNB, Group 5: CS3-EO-Z250, Group 6: CS3-EO-CFNB, Group 7: CS3-EX-Z250, Group 8: CS3-EX-CFNB. After bonding procedures, composite resins were built up on dentin surfaces. After 24-hour water storage, the teeth were sectioned to make 10 specimens for each group. The microtensile bond strength test was performed using a microtensile testing machine. The failure mode of the fractured specimens was examined by means of an optical microscope at ${\times}20$ magnification. The data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test (${\alpha}$=.05). RESULTS. Additional etching groups showed significantly higher values than the no additional etching group when using All-Bond Universal. The light-cured composite resin groups showed significantly higher values than the self-cured composite resin groups in the Clearfil S3 Bond. CONCLUSION. The additional acid etching is beneficial for the dentin bond strength when using low acidic one-step self-etch adhesives, and low acidic one-step self-etch adhesives are compatible with self-cured composite resin. The acidity of the one-step self-etch adhesives is an influencing factor in terms of the dentin bonding strength and incompatibility with a self-cured composite resin.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.20-34
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• 1983

A phenomenon in the unplanned urban sprawl of Cheong-ju city has to be rest-rained from disposing and to develop, though progress in urbanization inevitably decreases rural area. So, this thesis aims at reviewing, revising and guiding toward the more effective land use planning practice and zoning mechanism and system of Cheong-ju city. I proposed that land use planning should be had several factors and thereupon that Korean zoning mechanism and system including Building Code should be amended because of inducing human activities in buildings and facilities not to demarcate and plan every one of them. First, the factors of urban planning are a rather diversified approach to it than a unified, supplementation of the applicable difference in time between preparing and appling it, a solid controlling system, a micro and macro planning theory and giving serious consideration for the inertia from the existing land use. Second, the applicable amendments for our zoning mechanism including Eluding Code are as follows; a need of reorganization for Zoning Ordinance appricated to different regulation concerning a scale and peculiarity of a oily, a decision of the different earmarked confinement in area to different zone ana from Zoning Ordinance in City Planning Law, a demarcated facilities and the more detailed land use concerning human activies than the exsisting and entrusting decision on the ways and processes of it to every rural city planning committee, a settlement of zone ana area considering for block-unit and Planned Unit Development(P. U. D.), and a need of security jurisprudence in order to solve the zoning regulation rather in City Planning Law than in Building Code that our zoning regulation and controlling system are depended on. According to these applicable amendments to Cheong-ju city, I proposed the conceptions of Cheong-ju city land use planning are as follows; a reinforcement with one cored pattern of urban land use, a selection of gradual urban sprawl by way of city development and renewal, a strengthening accessibility to the core of the city with Plurizing the system of arterial roads, a choice of priority to conservation at the core of tile city and security of open spaces and parking area at the area of the city, a harmonization between development and conservation at the inner ring area that is situated between the core and periphery reserved area in order to develop in the future, a buffered open space situated at the congested area with heterogenous functions, and a completion of urban open space system. The proposal made here so far is for the hope of the better structure of Cheong-ju city that should be granted to the peculiarity developed with educational, cultural, conservative and self-sufficient city functions.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.618-636
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• 1997

DQDB(Distributed Queue Dual Bus) protocol, the IEEE 802.6 standard protocol for metropolitan area networks, does not fully take advantage of the capabilities of dual bus architecture. Although fairness in bandwidth distribution among nodes is improved when using so called the bandwidth balancing mechanism, the protocol requires a considerable amount of time to adjust to changes in the network load. Additionally, the bandwidth balancing mechanism leaves a portion of the available bandwidth unused. In a high-speed backbone network, each node may act as a bridge/ router which connects several LANs as well as hosts. However, Because the existence of high speed LANs becomes commonplace, the congestionmay occur on a node because of the limitation on access rate to the backbone network and on available buffer spaces. to release the congestion, it is desirable to install some congestion control algorithm in the node. In this paper, we propose an efficient congestion control mechanism and fair and waster-free MAC protocol for dual bus network. In this protocol, all the buffers in the network can be shared in such a way that the transmission rate of each node can be set proportional to its load. In other words, a heavily loaded node obtains a larger bandwidth to send the sements so tht the congestion can be avoided while the uncongested nodes slow down their transmission rate and store the incoming segments into thier buffers. this implies that the buffers on the network can be shared dynamically. Simulation results show that the proposed probotol significantly reduces the segment queueing delay of a heavily loaded node and segment loss rate when compared with original DQDB. And it enables an attractive high throughput in the backbone network. Because in the proposed protocol, each node does not send a requet by the segment but send a request one time in the meaning of having segments, the frequency of sending requests is very low in the proposed protocol. so the proposed protocol signigificantly reduces the segment queuing dely. and In the proposed protocol, each node uses bandwidth in proportion to its load. so In case of limitation of available buffer spaces, the proposed protocol reduces segment loss rate of a heavily loaded node. Bandwidth balancing DQDB requires the wastage of bandwidth to be fair bandwidth allocation. But the proposed DQDB MAC protocol enables fair bandwidth without wasting bandwidth by using bandwidth one after another among active nodes.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.129-149
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• 2021

Recently, interest in social robots that can socially interact with humans is increasing. Thanks to the development of ICT technology, social robots have become easier to provide personalized services and emotional connection to individuals, and the role of social robots is drawing attention as a means to solve modern social problems and the resulting decline in the quality of individual lives. Along with the interest in social robots, the spread of social robots is also increasing significantly. Many companies are introducing robot products to the market to target various target markets, but so far there is no clear trend leading the market. Accordingly, there are more and more attempts to differentiate robots through the design of social robots. In particular, anthropomorphism has been studied importantly in social robot design, and many approaches have been attempted to anthropomorphize social robots to produce positive effects. However, there is a lack of research that systematically describes the mechanism by which anthropomorphism for social robots is formed. Most of the existing studies have focused on verifying the positive effects of the anthropomorphism of social robots on consumers. In addition, the formation of anthropomorphism of social robots may vary depending on the individual's motivation or temperament, but there are not many studies examining this. A vague understanding of anthropomorphism makes it difficult to derive design optimal points for shaping the anthropomorphism of social robots. The purpose of this study is to verify the mechanism by which the anthropomorphism of social robots is formed. This study confirmed the effect of the human-likeness of social robots(Within-subjects) and the construal level of consumers(Between-subjects) on the formation of anthropomorphism through an experimental study of 3×2 mixed design. Research hypotheses on the mechanism by which anthropomorphism is formed were presented, and the hypotheses were verified by analyzing data from a sample of 206 people. The first hypothesis in this study is that the higher the human-likeness of the robot, the higher the level of anthropomorphism for the robot. Hypothesis 1 was supported by a one-way repeated measures ANOVA and a post hoc test. The second hypothesis in this study is that depending on the construal level of consumers, the effect of human-likeness on the level of anthropomorphism will be different. First, this study predicts that the difference in the level of anthropomorphism as human-likeness increases will be greater under high construal condition than under low construal condition.Second, If the robot has no human-likeness, there will be no difference in the level of anthropomorphism according to the construal level. Thirdly,If the robot has low human-likeness, the low construal level condition will make the robot more anthropomorphic than the high construal level condition. Finally, If the robot has high human-likeness, the high construal levelcondition will make the robot more anthropomorphic than the low construal level condition. We performed two-way repeated measures ANOVA to test these hypotheses, and confirmed that the interaction effect of human-likeness and construal level was significant. Further analysis to specifically confirm interaction effect has also provided results in support of our hypotheses. The analysis shows that the human-likeness of the robot increases the level of anthropomorphism of social robots, and the effect of human-likeness on anthropomorphism varies depending on the construal level of consumers. This study has implications in that it explains the mechanism by which anthropomorphism is formed by considering the human-likeness, which is the design attribute of social robots, and the construal level of consumers, which is the way of thinking of individuals. We expect to use the findings of this study as the basis for design optimization for the formation of anthropomorphism in social robots.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.313-324
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• 2005

The success of the IEEE 802.11 standard has prompted research into efficiency of the different medium access methods and their support for different traffic types. A modified version of the point coordination function (PCF) called modified PCF has been introduced as a way to improve the efficiency over the standard method. It has been shown through a simulation study and a mathematical analysis that channel utilization can be much improved compared to the standard, in case there is no so-called hidden station problem. However, under the hidden station problem, the efficiency of the modified PCF would obviously decrease. In this paper, some enhancements of the modified PCF are introduced. Firstly, we propose a retransmission process to allow frames involved in collisions to be retransmitted. Then, we propose a collision resolution mechanism to reduce the frame collision probability due to the hidden station problem. In addition, we propose a priority scheme to support prioritization for different traffic types such as interactive voice and video, and real-time data traffic in the modified PCF. To prevent the starvation of one low priority traffic, minimum transmission period is also guaranteed to each traffic type via an admission control algorithm. We study the performance of the modified PCF under the hidden station problem and the performance of the modified PCF with priority scheme through simulations. To illustrate the efficiency of the priority scheme, we therefore compare its simulation results with those of some standardized protocols: The distributed coordination function (DCF), the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA), the PCF, and our previously proposed protocol: The modified PCF without priority scheme. The simulation results show that the increment of delay in the network due to the hidden station problem can be reduced using the proposed collision resolution mechanism. In addition, in a given scenario the modified PCF with priority scheme can provide better quality of service (QoS) support to different traffic types and also support a higher number of data stations than the previous proposals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2009.01a
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• pp.547-550
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• 2009

The object recognition mechanism of human being is not well understood yet. On research of animal experiment using an ape, however, neurons that respond to simple shape (e.g. circle, triangle, square and so on) were found. And Hypothesis has been set up as human being may recognize object as combination of such simple shapes. That mechanism is called Figure Alphabet Hypothesis, and those simple shapes are called Figure Alphabet. As one way to research object recognition algorithm, we focused attention to this Figure Alphabet Hypothesis. Getting idea from it, we proposed the feature extraction algorithm for object recognition. In this paper, we described recognition of binarized images of multifont alphabet characters by the recognition model which combined three-layered neural network in the feature extraction algorithm. First of all, we calculated the difference between the learning image data set and the template by the feature extraction algorithm. The computed finite difference is a feature quantity of the feature extraction algorithm. We had it input the feature quantity to the neural network model and learn by backpropagation (BP method). We had the recognition model recognize the unknown image data set and found the correct answer rate. To estimate the performance of the contriving recognition model, we had the unknown image data set recognized by a conventional neural network. As a result, the contriving recognition model showed a higher correct answer rate than a conventional neural network model. Therefore the validity of the contriving recognition model could be proved. We'll plan the research a recognition of natural image by the contriving recognition model in the future.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.51-60
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• 2008

This thesis sets out to study the immanent mechanism of architectural space which had been classified as external space in general. The mise en $sc{\acute{e}}ne$ could consider one among various immanent tools to deal with the singularity of interior architecture. An imaginary interrelationship between cinema and architecture offers a possibility which a mise en $sc{\acute{e}}ne$ could be used with a space making equipment. The mise en $sc{\acute{e}}ne$ is a conscious equipment to lead a meta-function of simple visual-perception. The mise en $sc{\acute{e}}ne$-space has been supposed to visual-perception cases and conscious cases in interior architecture. In particular, as a result of analysis, it becomes clear that the mise en $sc{\acute{e}}ne$-space is a kind of something signifer to expose designers's an abyss of conscious and unconscious. In my opinion, this is the very way that the contemporary interior architecture is exposed to its singularity by a mechanism of mise en $sc{\acute{e}}ne$-space. In conclusion, the psychoanalysis-frame of mise en $sc{\acute{e}}ne$-space has brought out any possibility of an interpretation about architectural immanent themes like a subject, meaning creation, and construction logic, and it has also been useful to reveal the architectural singularity.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.231-244
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• 2020

Objectives : This study was conducted to introduce the types and contents of books related to acupuncture published in North Korea that can be identified in South Korea, and to understand the general characteristics of North Korean acupuncture. Methods : Firstly, we identified books related to acupuncture in the Information Center on North Korea of the National Library of Korea. Specialized books on treatment interventions such as acupuncture, moxibustion, cupping, electrotherapy, and manual therapy including acupressure which stimulate acupoints were included in the study. Two authors reviewed the title, table of contents, and contents of each book in the order of publication year for the searched books. Based on this, the characteristics and trends of North Korean acupuncture were comprehensively examined. Results : The included 18 books were published between 1964 and 2018. One of them was considered a Chinese book translated into Korean and published in China, and another was a North Korean book republished by a South Korean publisher. Except for these, all were published in North Korea, two of which were translations of Chinese books. Most of them were books on the theory and clinical applications of acupuncture, but some of them focused on specific treatment interventions such as auricular acupuncture, fire needling, manual therapy, cupping, or electrotherapy. Also, there was a book about the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia in a neurophysiological way. Conclusions : Since the mid-1960s, North Korea has been steadily attempting to combine acupuncture and Western medicine by applying the disease name and classification system of Western medicine, using modern diagnostic technique, and explaining the mechanism of acupuncture based on the latest research. After the 2000s, the standard international acupuncture nomenclature by World Health Organization was used. In recent years, there has been a tendency to publish and widely disseminate specialized books on non-pharmacological treatment such as cupping, electrotherapy, and fire needling.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.668-674
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• 2022

Machine learning techniques using visual data have high usability in fields of industry and service such as scene recognition, fault detection, security and user analysis. Among these, user analysis through the videos from CCTV is one of the practical way of using vision data. Also, many studies about lightweight artificial neural network have been published to increase high usability for mobile and embedded environment so far. In this study, we propose the network combining the object detection and classification for mobile graphic processing unit. This network detects pedestrian and face, classifies age and gender from detected face. Proposed network is constructed based on MobileNet, YOLOv2 and skip connection. Both detection and classification models are trained individually and combined as 2-stage structure. Also, attention mechanism is used to improve detection and classification ability. Nvidia Jetson Nano is used to run and evaluate the proposed system.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.59-88
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• 2020

This study is to examine the influence of Asian countries on the economic field, and to explain the characteristics and purposes of China's Belt and Road Initiative using data analysis. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the influence and characteristics of China's One-to-One Road Initiative on the economic sector by examining trade and investment in Asian countries adjacent to China. In particular, the One-to-One Road initiative is proceeding in a way that connects China and neighboring countries. It is to understand the dependence of the Asian countries in China on the Chinese economy. In addition, it is intended to derive implications by grasping and evaluating what the level is based on data. This study also attempts to grasp the influence and ripple effects of the one-on-one strategy on the Chinese economy and the North Korean economy, where dependence is deepening. Recently, the strategy for Asian countries through a one-to-one initiative in China has been restructured in the framework of the construction of the "21st century Maritime Silk Road" and emphasizes the cooperation mechanism led by the country. In progress of the one Belt and One Road, Chinese ICT companies are remarkable. This study looked at the influence of China's digital one Belt and One Road on Asian countries.