• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.1029-1037
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• 2020

The machine learning algorithm has been widely used in water-related fields such as water resources, water management, hydrology, atmospheric science, water quality, water level prediction, weather forecasting, water discharge prediction, water quality forecasting, etc. However, water quality prediction studies based on the machine learning algorithm are limited compared to other water-related applications because of the limited water quality data. Most of the previous water quality prediction studies have predicted monthly water quality, which is useful information but not enough from a practical aspect. In this study, we predicted the dissolved oxygen (DO) using recurrent neural network with long short-term memory model recurrent neural network long-short term memory (RNN-LSTM) algorithms with hourly- and daily-datasets. Bugok Bridge in Oncheoncheon, located in Busan, where the data was collected in real time, was selected as the target for the DO prediction. The 10-month (temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) data were used as time prediction inputs, and the 5-year (temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and rainfall) data were used as the daily forecast inputs. Missing data were filled by linear interpolation. The prediction model was coded based on TensorFlow, an open-source library developed by Google. The performance of the RNN-LSTM algorithm for the hourly- or daily-based water quality prediction was tested and analyzed. Research results showed that the hourly data for the water quality is useful for machine learning, and the RNN-LSTM algorithm has potential to be used for hourly- or daily-based water quality forecasting.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.105-117
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• 2010

The topographical depressions in urban areas, the lack in drainage capability, sewage backward flow, road drainage, etc. cause internal inundation, and the increase in rainfall resulting from recent climate change, the rapid urbanization accompanied by economic development and population growth, and the increase in an impervious area in urban areas deteriorate the risk of internal inundation in the urban areas. In this study, the vulnerability of internal inundation in urban areas is analyzed and SWMM model is applied into Oncheoncheon watershed, which represents urban river of Busan, as a target basin. Based on the results, the representative storm sewers in individual sub-catchments is selected and the risk of vulnerability to internal inundation due to rainfall in urban streams is analyzed. In order to analyze the risk and vulnerability of internal inundation, capacity is applied as an index indicating the volume of a storm sewer in the SWMM model, and the risk of internal inundation is into 4 steps. For the analysis on the risk of internal inundation, simulation results by using a SMMM model are compared with the actual inundation areas resulting from localized heavy rain on July 7, 2009 at Busan and comparison results are analyzed to prove the validity of the designed model. Accordingly, probabilistic rainfall at Busan was input to the model for each frequency (10, 20, 50, 100 years) and duration (6, 12, 18, 24hr) at Busan. In this study, it suggests that the findings can be used to preliminarily alarm the possibility of internal inundation and selecting the vulnerable zones in urban areas.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2013

The major tributaries in Sapgyo-reservoir watershed at Chungcheongnam-do were monitored for flowrate and water quality in order to analyze the characteristics of watershed and to prepare for implementation of total maximum daily load (TMDL). According to the analytical results of flowrate and water quality monitoring data of sixteen tributaries, the tributaries with the value of flowrate over $0.5m^3/s$ were 62.5% among the monitored tributaries and the value of flowrate in the Cheonancheon, Namwoncheon, Shinyangcheon except Gokgyocheon, Muhancheon, Sapgyocheon was relatively greater than the other tributaries. However, 37.5% of the tributaries were exceeded the water quality standards of Sapgyocheon sub-basin ($BOD_5$ 5 mg/L and/or below) and the concentration of water pollutants regardless of water quality parameters in Cheonancheon, Maegokcheon, Oncheoncheon including Gokgyocheon located in Gokgyocheon catchment were relatively higher than the other tributaries. The tributaries for improving the water quality, according to stream grouping method based on the results of flowrate and water quality monitoring data, were selected. In the Sapgyo-reservoir watershed, the tributaries for improving water quality, which has a large flowrate and a high concentration of water pollutants, were selected at Cheonancheon, Gokgyocheon, Maegokcheon, Namwoncheon, Oncheoncheon. The various water quality improving plans for those tributaries, in accordance with the reduction of point source pollution by population and livestock, should be established and implemented.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2018

For the stream management, time of concentration is one of the important factors. In particular, as the requirement about various application of the stream increased, accuracy assessment of concentration time in the stream as waterfront area is extremely important for securing evacuation at the flood. the past studies for the assessment of concentration time, however, were only performed on the single hydrological event in the complex basin of natural streams. The development of a assessment methods for the concentration time on the complex hydrological event in a single watershed of urban streams is insufficient. Therefore, we estimated the concentration time using the rainfall- runoff data for the past 10 years (2006~2015) for the Oncheon stream, the representative stream of the Busan, where frequent flood were taken place by heavy rains, in addition, reviewed the reliability using artificial neural network method based on Matlab. We classified a total of 254 rainfalls events based on over unrained 12 hours. Based on the classification, we estimated 6 parameters (total precipitation, total runoff, peak precipitation/ total precipitation, lag time, time of concentration) to utilize for the training and validation of artificial neural network model. Consequently, correlation of the parameter, which was utilized for the training and the input parameter for the predict and verification were 0.807 and 0.728, respectively. Based on the results, we predict that it can be utilized to estimate concentration time and analyze reliability of urban stream.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.9
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• pp.789-799
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• 2014

This study presented how to evaluate the inland inundation risk considering the characteristics of inland flood. Fuzzy AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), which can deal with the uncertainty or ambiguousness of the decision-making process, was used to estimate the inundation risk. The criteria used for inland inundation risk include the physical index, social index and inland flood. Each index contains three detailed indicators then total nine indicators were employed in this study. The inundation risk evaluation was carried out for each node (manhole) within the drainage system, not to the administrative extent, which enabled us to point out nodes with high risk. The proposed Fuzzy AHP was applied to Geoje district in Busan. The results indicated that the junction of Oncheoncheon and Geojecheon has high risk which is consistent with the fact that this junction has already experienced floods in the past. The proposed method can be used for evaluating inland inundation risk and preparing flood prevention plans in inland flood-prone urban areas.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.39-39
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• 2019

인구의 도시 집중화로 인하여 다량의 생활용수의 사용에 따라 하천의 자정능력을 초과하여 오염을 유발시키고 있다. 이에 도시하천들의 오염은 점점 심해져 경제적으로 많은 문제를 유발하고 있다. 이러한 하천오염 문제를 과학적으로 대응하기 위해서는 오염물질의 농도 측정 및 데이터 축척을 통한 오염예측이 필수적이라 할 수 있으며, 부산광역시 보건환경정보 공개시스템에서는 하천수질 자동측정망을 설치하여 시간 단위로 오염물질을 측정하고 있다. 그러나 온천천의 하천수질 데이터는 계속 쌓여가고 있는데 이 데이터를 활용해서 하천수질 인자 예측이 거의 이뤄지지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 순환신경망 알고리즘을 활용하여 일 단위의 하천수질 인자 예측을 시도하였다. 순환신경망은 인공신경망의 발전된 형태인 시계열 학습에 강한 RNN, LSTM 알고리즘을 활용한 일단위 하천수질 인자 예측을 하고자 하였다. 연구에 앞서 시간 단위로 쌓여있는 데이터를 평균 내어 일 단위로 변경하였고 이 데이터를 가지고 일 단위 하천수질 인자 예측을 진행하였다. 연구에는 Google에서 개발한 딥러닝 오픈소스 라이브러리인 텐서플로우를 활용하여 DO, 탁도 등 항목을 예측하였다. 하천오염의 학습과 예측을 위해 대상지로는 부산지역 온천천의 부곡교, 세병교, 이섭교 관측소를 선택하였다. 연구를 위해 DO, 탁도 등 자료 수집은 부산광역시 보건환경정보 공개시스템의 자료를 활용하였다. 모형의 학습을 위해 입력자료로는 하천수질 인자 자료를 이용하였고, 자료의 학습에는 2014년~2017년 4년간의 자료를 학습자료로 사용하였고, 2018년 1년간의 자료는 모형의 검증을 위해 사용하였다. RNN, LSTM 알고리즘을 활용하여 분석 시 은닉층의 개수, 반복시행횟수, sequence length 등의 값을 조절하여 하천수질 인자 예측을 하였다. 모형의 검증을 위해 $R^2$(r square)와 RMSE(root mean square error)을 이용하여 통계분석을 실시하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.307-307
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• 2016

도시화 및 산업화에 따른 각종 개발 사업으로 불투수층의 증가로 인하여 강우에 의한 지표면 침투량의 감소로 도시지역 내 저지대 침수가 증가하여 막대한 인명 및 재산피해가 발생하고 있다. 특히 도심지역내 돌발성 집중홍우에 대한 방재성능에 대한 선제적 대비가 필요하다. 따라서 온천천 유역에 빈도에 따른 침수위험지역 산정을 통한 홍수 예 경보체계를 구축하여 부산광역시 도시 재해관리방안을 마련하고자 한다. 지난 2014년 08월 25일 부산시에 집중호우에 의하여 발생한 홍수량 산정 및 빈도별 침수위험 지역 선정을 위해 온천천 유역에 SWMM 모형을 이용하여 수문분석을 실시하였다. 1:1,000의 하수도대장을 이용하여 관망을 구성하였고, 이를 바탕으로 유출량 산정 지점을 선정하였다. 그리고 1:5,000의 지형도를 이용하여 SWMM 모형으로 유역 내 지형과 각 지역의 인위적인 배수계통에 따라 대상유역을 총 114개의 소유역으로 분할하였다. SWMM 모형의 매개변수 산정을 위하여 2개의 검정강우사상과 1개의 검증강우사상으로 총 3개의 강우사상을 활용하였고, 산정된 매개변수를 이용하여 2014년 8월 25일 발생강우로 인한 수문 분석을 수행하였으며, 유출량 산정을 위하여 온천천 기본계획상의 홍수량 산정지점과 동일한 지점의 유량을 추출하여 빈도별 홍수량과 비교하였다. 그 결과 발생한 유출량의 규모는 모든 지점에서 100년 빈도를 상회하였으며, 중 하류부 구간은 200년 빈도를 상회하는 것으로 나타났으나, 하천의 월류는 발생하지 않는 것으로 분석되었다. 관거 통수능 분석결과 2014년 08월 25일 발생한 호우로 인하여 장전 부곡동 일원 및 거제 안락동 일원에서 유출량이 관거통수능을 초과하는 것으로 나타났으며, 향후 대규모 호우 발생 시 이들 지역에 대한 유입지선에서의 침수 발생 등의 위험이 존재하는 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 빈도별 관거통수능 분석결과 10년 빈도에서는 총 19개 지점, 50년 빈도는 총 43개 지점, 100년 빈도는 총 49개 지점, 200년 빈도에서는 총 51개 지점에서 간선관거의 통수능이 부족하여 침수가 예상되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.86-86
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• 2021

온천천은 부산광역시 금정구, 동래구, 연제구를 흐르는 도심 하천으로 부산 시민들의 도심 속 산책길, 자전거 길 등으로 활용되는 도시하천이다. 그러나 온천천 양안의 동래 곡저 평야가 시가지화 되고 온천천 발원지인 금정산 주변에서 무허가 상수도를 사용하고 각종 쓰레기와 하수의 유입으로 인해 하천 전체가 하수관으로 변해왔다. 이에 따라 부산광역시는 온천천 정비 계획을 시행하여 하천 정비와 함께 자동측정망을 설치하여 하천의 DO (dissolved oxygen), 탁도, TDS농도 등 자료를 수집하고 있다. 그러나 자동측정망으로 쌓여가는 데이터를 활용하여 DO농도 예측은 거의 이뤄지지 않고 있다. DO는 하천의 수질 오염 정도를 판단하는 수질인자로 역사적으로 하천 연구의 주요 연구 대상이 되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 일 자료 뿐만 아니라 시 자료를 기반으로 RNN-LSTM 알고리즘을 활용한 DO예측을 시도하였다. RNN-LSTM은 시계열 학습에 뛰어난 알고리즘으로 인공신경망의 발전된 형태인 순환신경망이다. 연구에 앞서 부산광역시 보건환경정보 공개시스템으로부터 받은 자료 중에서 교정, 보수 중, 비사용, 장비전원단절 등으로 인해 누락데이터를 2014년 1월 1일부터 2018년 12월 31일의 데이터 전수조사 후 이상데이터를 확인하여 선형 보간하여 데이터를 사용하였다. 연구에서는 Google에서 개발한 딥러닝 오픈소스 라이브러리인 텐서플로우를 활용하여 부산광역시 금정구 부곡동에 위치한 부곡교 관측소의 DO농도를 시간 또는 일 예측을 하였다. 일 예측 학습에는 2014년~ 2018년의 기상자료(기온, 상대습도, 풍속, 강수량), DO농도 자료를 사용하였고, 시 예측 학습에는 연속된 자료가 가장 많은 2015년 3월 ~ 12월까지의 데이터를 활용하여 연구를 진행하였다. 모형의 검증을 위해 결정계수(R square)를 이용하여 통계분석을 실시하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.739-747
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• 2011

The major 81 tributaries in Chungcheongnam-do were monitored for flowrate and water quality in order to understand the characteristics of the watershed and to select the tributary catchment for improving water quality. The value of flowrate in the tributaries at Nonsancheon catchment at the Geum-River watershed and Gokgyocheon, Muhancheon, Sapgyocheon at the Sapgyo-Reservoir watershed, which is located in the southern and northern area in Chungcheongnam-do, was relatively greater than the other watersheds. The concentration of water pollutants regardless of water quality parameters in Nonsancheon catchment at the Geum-River watershed, Gokgyocheon catchment at the Sapgyo-Reservoir watershed and the Anseongcheon watershed, which have a dense source of pollution, were higher than the other watersheds. However, 64 percent of the tributaries at the Geum-River watershed, 45 percent of tributaries at the Sapgyo-Reservoir watershed, 26 percent of tributaries at the Geum-River watershed all satisfied the Class II regulations in the Framework Act on Environment Policy, but all of the tributaries located in the Anseongcheon watershed exceeded the Class II regulations. Therefore, the policy for improving the water quality of the tributary in Chungcheongnam-do should be established in the following order: Anseongcheon, Seohae, Sapgyo-Reservoir watersheds. Consequently, the tributary catchment for improving water quality, which has a large flowrate and a high concentration of water pollutants, was selected at Ganggyeongcheon, Geumcheon, Nonsancheon, Seokseongcheon, Seungcheoncheon, Jeongancheon, Jeungsancheon (so far Geum-River watershed), Gokgyocheon, Namwoncheon, Maegokcheon, Muhancheon, Sapgyocheon Oncheoncheon, Cheonancheon (so far Sapgyo-Reservoir watershed), Gwangcheoncheon, Dangjincheon, Daecheoncheon, Dodangcheon, Waryongcheon, Cheongjicheon, Pangyocheon, Heungincheon (so far Seohae watershed), Dunpocheon, Seonghwancheon, Ipjangcheon (so far Anseongcheon watershed). The plans as installation of environmental facilities to reduce the source of pollution for improving the water quality of these tributary catchments should be urgently established and implemented.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.94-108
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• 2023

Onyanghaenggung Palace(temporary palace at Onyang) is an important cultural heritage that can substantially confirm the king's onhaeng(溫行) base on literature records such as <Ongungyeonggoedae(溫宮靈槐臺)>, <Oncheonhaenggungdo(溫泉行宮圖)> of 『Ongungsasil(溫宮事實)』『, Younggoedaegi(靈槐臺記)』and cultural property such as Yeonggoedae(靈槐臺) and Shinjeong Monument(神井碑). As the Onyang Tourist Hotel is located in the presumed site of the Onyanghaenggung Palace, even the identity of the Onyanghaenggung Palace site is being threatened without restoration efforts. The purpose of this study is to estimate the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace based on <Oncheonhaenggungdo> before the damages during the Japanese colonial period. To achieve these purposes, records related to Onhaeng during successive kings' terms in the Joseon Dynasty are first reviewed, before changes in the architecture of Onyanghaenggung Palace that took place in the Joseon Dynasty and damage suffered during the Japanese colonial period are summarized, and finally <Oncheonhaenggungdo>, <Eupji>, <Ancient Maps>, <Jijeokwondo> are reviewed. Based on these processes, the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace is estimated by comparing the current Onyang Tourist Hotel and the surrounding area. The results of this study are as follows. First, if the 1,758 cheok(尺) of 「Onyanggun eupji」 and 「Hoseo eupji」 are converted in Jucheok(周尺), the scope of Onyanghaenggung Palace is close to the inner circumference of the site(垈) in Jijeokwondo(1914). Second, the streamlet leading to Oncheoncheon(溫泉川) from the southern side of Onyanggwan(溫陽館), the hot spring hole in use of <Distribution Map of Hot Spring(溫泉分布見取圖)>(1925, 1928), and considering the relationship of the inner east gate(內東門), Bigak(碑閣), Sinjeong(神井) of <Oncheonhaenggungdo>, the building of Hermann Gustav Theodor Sander and the Copyright Commission's Onyang Hot Springs photograph can be estimated as the Onyanghaenggung Palace Hot-spring, namely Tangsil(湯室). Third, in the process of developing to amusement park, the transfer and relocation of the Yeonggaedae site(a governmentowned property) was requested by Gyeongnam Railway Company, but Chungcheongnam-do denied transfer and relocation of the Yeonggaedae because of the importance in the history of Onyang Hot Springs, so the government-owned Yeonggaedae Monument site were permanently preserved at the current location together with the hoe tree(Sophora japonica L.). Also, Yeonggoedae in <Tourists Attractions around Gyeongnam Railway in Joseon (朝鮮京南鐵道沿線名所交通図絵)> (1929) is shown to exist in its current location, and it can be seen that the Shinjeong Monument Pavilion was moved to the front of Shinjeonggwan (神井館). Based on the circumference of Onyanghaenggung Palace, the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace Hot Spring (Tangsil) and Yeonggaedae Monument Pavilion, changes in roads and lots of land during the Japanese colonial period and the modern period, as well as the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace and other major buildings, can be estimated to extend to the current Shimin-ro and Onyang Hot Spring Market.