• Title/Summary/Keyword: On divisions

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Spatio-temporal Distribution of Surges and Tsunamis in the Korean Peninsula from 1392 to 1910 (조선시대(1392-1910) 해일 발생의 시공간적 분포 특성)

  • Kim, Da Hae;Hong, Seongchan;Choi, Kwang Hee
    • Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.37-49
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    • 2021
  • Analysis and prediction of storm surges are very important because the global warming has raised sea levels and increased the frequency of massive typhoons, accelerating damage of coastal flooding. However, the data for storm surge prediction is lacking due to the short history of observation in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of the previous surges and tsunamis based on the historical documents published during the Joseon Dynasty. In addition, we tried to evaluate the damage and spatial extent of such disasters, using the expressions about surge records including heights and number of administrative divisions. As a result, a total of 175 records of surges and tsunamis were compiled from 1392 to 1910: 145 events were extracted through the analysis of the ancient documents, and 30 events were from the previous research. Most of the strorm surges occurred along the west coast during summer season. More than half of the total surges were concentrated for 120 years from the mid 1600s to the mid 1700s, which was estimated to be highly relevant to the climate conditions in East Asia during the Little Ice Age. Hazardous areas by storm and tidal surges were also extracted, including Asan, Ganghwa, and Siheung during the Joseon Dyanisity period.

Fading and Color Reproducibility of Nipple-Areola Tattoos in Asian Patients

  • Mao Yamamoto;Hiroki Mori;Masako Akiyama;Mutsumi Okazaki
    • Archives of Plastic Surgery
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    • v.51 no.4
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    • pp.356-362
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    • 2024
  • Background The purpose of this study was to clarify fading, red, green, and blue values (RGB) change, and color reproducibility for nipple-areola complex (NAC) tattoos. Methods NAC tattooing was performed on 60 sites in 59 Japanese patients prospectively. The evaluation was assessed using digital photo, Casmatch standardization, and RGB and luminance values preoperatively, immediately after, 1 week, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after tattooing. RGB and luminance values changes over time, time-adjusted fading rate, and the rate of luminance at 12 months were calculated. In color reproducibility study (n = 34), RGB values after 12 months were compared with the color sample about dark/reddish and light/less reddish pigments. Results RGB varied widely from immediately after to 1 month after tattooing. For RGB and luminance, significant differences were seen between pre and immediate after, 1 and 3 months, 3 and 6 months, and 6 and 12 months. In G values, significant differences were seen between all neighboring points. The fading rate tended to decrease as time progresses, but was not significant, that is, fading continued even between 6 and 12 months. Luminance was 9% brighter than contralateral NAC at 12 months. Color reproducibility tended to be higher with dark/reddish pigments, despite no significant differences. Conclusion The fading rate of tattooed NACs tended to decrease as time progresses, but fading still occurs between 6 and 12 months. Luminance was 9% brighter than contralateral NAC at 12 months after.

Axenic Culture Production and Growth of a Dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides (적조 와편모조류, Cochlodinium polykrikoides의 순수분리 및 성장)

  • SEO Pil-Soo;LEE Sang-Jun;Kim Yoon;LEE Jeong-Ho;KIM Hak-Gyoon;LEE Jae-Dong
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.71-76
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    • 1998
  • To know the antibiotic specificity of a Dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, we investigated the survival time of C. polykrikoides against several concentrations of antibiotics and judged the selective specificity of antibiotics based on the $LT_50$ ($50\%$ of lethal time). The result showed that C. polykrikoides was sensitive to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and resistant to polymixin-B, ampicillin, penicillin-G, dihydrostreptomycin, and neomycin. In the case of sensitive antibiotics to C. polykrikoides, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, the safety concentrations of both antibiotics were determined and the antibiotic specificity based or the plotted survival curve was analyzed. Before antibiotic treatment, we tested the antibiotic susceptibility of the contaminated bacterial population in tile culture of C. polykrikoides, and decided the proper kinds of antibiotics and concentrations before percoll-centrifugation. By percoll-centrifugation, we reduced bacteria, removed fungi, collected the algal pellet, and made axonic culture by antibiotic cascade procedure based on the result of antibiotic susceptibility test. We observed that axonic C. polykrikoides culture entered the logarthmic phase of growth when cell density was over 740 cells/ml and propagated to 5,800 cells/ml maximally. Divisions per day, k value of C. polykrikoides represented a good index for growth at the low density of cells. There was a highest k value shift before reaching to the logarithmic phase. We suggested that the preceeding highest k value shift stage is a good indicator for accurate broadcasting for red. tide blooming in the field, and the stage is also a good time for controlling red tide blooming in the filed, either.

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Mammalian Cloning by Nuclear transfer, Stem Cell, and Enzyme Telomerase (핵치환에 의한 cloning, stem cell, 그리고 효소 telomerase)

  • 한창열
    • Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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    • v.27 no.6
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    • pp.423-428
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    • 2000
  • In 1997 when cloned sheep Dolly and soon after Polly were born, it had become head-line news because in the former the nucleus that gave rise to the lamb came from cells of six-year-old adult sheep and in the latter case a foreign gene was inserted into the donor nucleus to make the cloned sheep produce human protein, factor IX, in e milk. In the last few years, once the realm of science fiction, cloned mammals especially in livestock have become almost commonplace. What the press accounts often fail to convey, however, is that behind every success lie hundreds of failures. Many of the nuclear-transferred egg cells fail to undergo normal cell divisions. Even when an embryo does successfully implant in the womb, pregnancy often ends in miscarriage. A significant fraction of the animals that are born die shortly after birth and some of those that survived have serious developmental abnormalities. Efficiency remains at less than one % out of some hundred attempts to clone an animal. These facts show that something is fundamentally wrong and enormous hurdles must be overcome before cloning becomes practical. Cloning researchers now tent to put aside their effort to create live animals in order to probe the fundamental questions on cell biology including stem cells, the questions of whether the hereditary material in the nucleus of each cell remains intact throughout development, and how transferred nucleus is reprogrammed exactly like the zygotic nucleus. Stem cells are defined as those cells which can divide to produce a daughter cell like themselves (self-renewal) as well as a daughter cell that will give rise to specific differentiated cells (cell-differentiation). Multicellular organisms are formed from a single totipotent stem cell commonly called fertilized egg or zygote. As this cell and its progeny undergo cell divisions the potency of the stem cells in each tissue and organ become gradually restricted in the order of totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent. The differentiation potential of multipotent stem cells in each tissue has been thought to be limited to cell lineages present in the organ from which they were derived. Recent studies, however, revealed that multipotent stem cells derived from adult tissues have much wider differentiation potential than was previously thought. These cells can differentiate into developmentally unrelated cell types, such as nerve stem cell into blood cells or muscle stem cell into brain cells. Neural stem cells isolated from the adult forebrain were recently shown to be capable of repopulating the hematopoietic system and produce blood cells in irradiated condition. In plants although the term$\boxDr$ stem cell$\boxUl$is not used, some cells in the second layer of tunica at the apical meristem of shoot, some nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac, and initial cells of adventive buds are considered to be equivalent to the totipotent stem cells of mammals. The telomere ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes cannot be replicated because the RNA primer at the end of a completed lagging strand cannot be replaced with DNA, causing 5' end gap. A chromosome would be shortened by the length of RNA primer with every cycle of DNA replication and cell division. Essential genes located near the ends of chromosomes would inevitably be deleted by end-shortening, thereby killing the descendants of the original cells. Telomeric DNA has an unusual sequence consisting of up to 1,000 or more tandem repeat of a simple sequence. For example, chromosome of mammal including human has the repeating telomeric sequence of TTAGGG and that of higher plant is TTTAGGG. This non-genic tandem repeat prevents the death of cell despite the continued shortening of chromosome length. In contrast with the somatic cells germ line cells have the mechanism to fill-up the 5' end gap of telomere, thus maintaining the original length of chromosome. Cem line cells exhibit active enzyme telomerase which functions to maintain the stable length of telomere. Some of the cloned animals are reported prematurely getting old. It has to be ascertained whether the multipotent stem cells in the tissues of adult mammals have the original telomeres or shortened telomeres.

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A Study of Unregistered Manufacturing Plants: Their Problems and Alternative Policies (首都圈 無登錄工場 問題와 對策에 관한 硏究)

  • Hwang, Man-Ik
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.489-507
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    • 1996
  • The purpose of this study is to examine the increasing number of unregistered manufacturing plants and related problems, and to recommend alternative solutions to the problems. Data are obtained from a field survey of randomly selected small scale manufacturing plants in Seoul and its suburban cities. A total number or respondents are 533, and 416 of them are unregistered plants. The Capital Regional Planning has had a goal during last three decades to lead a balanced regional economic development by restriction manufacturing plants in the Capital Region and by encouraging them in other regions in the nation. It was 1984 when a comprehensive planning was established to achieve this goal. Sets of various regulations, by-laws and codes have been implemented to regulate manu-facturing activities in the Capital Region to achieve the goal. The region is divided into three sub-regions, and a different degree of regulations is applied to each sub-region. Only a certain types of industries are allowed in a particular sub-region. For instance, a plant manufacturing high-technology products could be allowed in the most urbanized sub-region. All manu-facturing plant in the Capital Region which has ares size of larger than 200"\;"$m^2$ is compulsory to register to the local government office. In practice, however, it is not common or sometimes almost impossible to get approval for many applicant manufacturers because of strict regulations. There have been increasing number of plants in the Capital Region during last several decades, despite the strict regulations. Many of those newly established plants are without formal registration at the local administration office. howerver. These are so called 'unregisterd' plants. Surveyed data and many government official data show that many of unregistered plants have been established in recent years. which indicate that current regulations are no longer effective. The number of unregistered plants are increasing tin the Capital Region because of many locational advantages in the region for plants, particularly those in small scale. Unregistered plants are the source of many problems, such as local water pollution or noise pollution in residential areas. There are also many administration problems, bed\cause they are not registered. The central government has attempted to cure the problems of unregistered plants. For example, the government allowed a unregistered plant to remain at present site for three ydars, if it met certain conditions in three years. However, this program was unsuccessful because many of those plants were not able to meet the concitions. Three times the government renewed the term for those which did not meet conditions since 1989, but it was afraid to be without success. There are many evidences that current policies to control manufacturing plants are not effective. The Capital Region must face mounting problems if ploicies are not reformed soon. This study suggests that the policy of the Capital Regional Planning has to be reoriented to provide more favorable policies for manufacturing plants in the Capital Region than current regulations which is aimed to restrict manufacturing activities. It is time to improve many existing problems in the region through reforms and of current regulations to foster unregistered plants. This study also proposes many smaller-area sub-divisions instead of current three large area sub-regions which is too broad to apply single kind of regulation, or codes. Flexible regulations and codes can be applied to such a small-area sub-divivisions based on location and industrial characteristics of the individual sub-divisions. It is necessary to provide decent industrial environment in the Capital Region, which is best equipped to provide many favorable industrial locational factors in the nation, thus this nation can be further prepared to compete in an inter-national market at an era of globalization in manufacturing.

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Main Causes of Delayed Marriage among Korean Men and Women; Contingent Joints of Status Homogamy, Gender Role Divisions, and Economic Restructuring (남녀 결혼시기 연장의 주요 원인: 계층혼, 성역할분리규범, 경제조정의 우발적 결합)

  • Park, Keong-Suk;Kim, Young-Hye;Kim, Hyun-Suk
    • Korea journal of population studies
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.33-62
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    • 2005
  • This study aims to explain the current upheaval in marriage that many young Korean men and women postpone or deny their marriage. In order to explain the delayed marriage, we need to understand the taste by which men and women choose their partners, the opportunity by which they find their ideational half in reality, and the context in which these values and opportunities of marriages intersect. This study examines the way in which the value and opportunities of marriage among Korean men and women have intersected differently in the changing economic conditions. Using KLIPS(Korea Labor Income Panel Survey, 1998-2002), differential effects of education and occupational status on marital time according to marriage cohort and gender are analyzed. Results find that the opportunity of marriage among men turns out to have been stratified significantly according to their educational achievement and labor status since the 1990s. For women, education and economic activities are likely to influence marriage decision in a discordant way; during the period of 1990-997, highly educated women are more likely than their counterparts to be married earlier while there is no significant difference according to economic activities. This implies that status homogamy has been intensified since the 1990s and many women with high motivation for social status are able to achieve a vicarious social status through marriage in a prosperous economy. For women married after 1998, however, the educational effect is insignificant but economic activity contributes to delaying marriage. This suggests that under the economic restructuring since the late 1990s, the constraint of opportunities finding decent jobs particularly for men results in the contingent change in women's perception about family roles and economic activities by reducing their expectation to achieve a vicarious status through marriage, but increasing their motive for their own economic activities.

The New International Division of Labor:Re-evaluation (신국제노동분업의 재평가)

  • 고태경
    • Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.79-91
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    • 1995
  • As an exit to solve the economic depression of the development countries in the early twentieth century, the 'old international division of labor' developed. The economic crisis(i.e., under-consumption crisis) was due to the absence of the mode of regulation compatible with the extensive regime of accumulation(i.e., "Fordist" regime). The crisis was solved by the state intervention through the creation on institutions in order to increase the level of consumption. Until the late 1960s when "high Fordism" reached(i.e., a harmonious relation between the monopoly mode of regulation and the intensive accumulation of capital), the developed core countries enjoyed a remarkable economic growth. The external market was not a necessity for the economic growth because there were increases in labor productivity and proportional increases in real wages and thus increases in consumption level. In the 1970s, however, the core faced with economic crisis again. Due to the breakdown of the postwar "Fordist" regime of capital accumulation and the post 1973 world depression, the core needed the Third World as a solution for their internal and international economic crisis. Thus the 'new international division of labor'(NIDL) arose. The "Fordist" method of production(i.e., the divisions of production process) led to the territorial division of labor and to the detailed division of labor. The aim of the NIDL is to exploit reserve armies of labor on a world scale and thus to reduce production costs. According to the NIDL model, the Third World countries have been developing by the core countries' investment on mainly labor-intensive industries and thus have been playing an important role in the global economy. And the NIDL theorists argue that multinational corporations have increasingly invested in the Third World nations and contributed to the economic growth in those regions. Tables presented in the paper show that the global trend since the 1970s does not follow the argument exactly as the NIDL theorists predicted. On the contrary, the core countries focus on developing technology, adopting the automation of production process, and trading within the core countries rather than on investing in the periopheral countries. The continuing investment of multinational corporations into the periphery is not because of cheap labor force but because of the market potentials in the regions. Majority of corporations of the core tries to reduce production costs by investing in technological development more intensively and also by changing regional strategies (i.E., investment from metropolitan areas to medium - or small - size cities, focusing on agglomeration economy, boosting regional diversification, etc.) within their own countries. The main purpose of the paper is to review and to criticize the NIDL theory based on some empirical data.IDL theory based on some empirical data.

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A Study on the Traditional Korean Festival Foods for the Construction of a Traditional Korean Food Data Integration System (한국 전통음식 통합 검색 시스템 구축을 위한 세시음식 연구)

  • Shin, Seung-Mee;Song, Tae-Hee
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.243-255
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    • 2008
  • This study was performed to offer basic data base on traditional Korean festival foods for a traditional Korean food data integration system, that is based on literature reviews. The Korean lunar calendar has seasonal divisions reflecting traditional Korean holidays. In the past, there were many customs corresponding to emotions, and foods were in accordance with customs, festivals, and seasons. Today, we are well aware of the traditional Korean foods of New Year's Day(Seollal), the Korean Harvest Festival(Chuseok), the First Full Moon Day(Jeongwol Daeboreum), the Winter Solstice(Dongji), and the hottest summer day(Sambok). However, many other traditional Korean holidays are disappearing from the modem Korean life-style. This study made the following classifications for traditional Korean festivals. Seollal(Seol), Ipchun, and Jeongwol Daeboreum in January; Junghwajeol in February; Samjinnal in March; Hansik and Chopail in April; Dano in May; Yudu and Sambok in June; Chilseok and Baekjung in July; Chuseok in August; Jungyangjeol in September; Siwolmuoil in October; Dongji in November; and Napil and Seotdal Geumeum in December. The familiar traditional Korean festival foods are as follows: Seollal's festival foods consist of 5 main dishes, 35 side dishes, 12 kinds of tteok lyou, 21 kinds of hangwa lyou, 2 kinds of emchong lyou, and 3 kinds classified as others; this includes tteokguk, manduguk, galbijjim, sinseollo, jeon, pyunyuk, kimch, tteok, sikhe, sujunggwa, fruits, and seju on Seollal. The festival foods for Jeongwol Daeboreum consist of 3 main dishes, 27 side dishes, 5 kinds of tteok lyou, 3 kinds of hangwa lyou, 4 kinds of emchung lyou, and 3 kinds classified as others; this includes ogokbap, mugeunnamul, yaksik, yumilkwa, wonsobyung, guibalgisul, and burum on Jeongwol Daeboreum. The festival foods for Sambok consist of 6 main dishes, 18 side dishes, 4 kinds of tteok lyou, 3 kinds of eumchung lyou, and 2 kinds classified as others; this includes yukgaejang, imjasutang, youngyejjim, tteoksudan, santtalgihwaschae, and subak on Sambok. Chuseok's festival foods consist of 4 main dishes, 22 side dishes, 18 kinds of tteok lyou, 6 kinds of hangwa lyou, 4 kinds of eumchung lyou, and 3 kinds classified as others; this includes oryeosongpyeon, toranatang, garijjim, dakjjim, namuls, tteok lyou, baehwachae, and fruits on Chuseok. The festival foods for Dongji consist of 6 main dishes, 6 side dishes, 7 kinds of tteok lyou, 1 kind of hangwa lyou, 2 kinds of eumchung lyou, and 1 kind classified as others; this includes patjug, jeonyak, and dongchimi on Dongji. Based on these data, it is recommended that knowledge of traditional Korean festival foods be handed down, preserving and develop their excellence and to further scientific studys.

Korean Media's News Coverage of Japan's position on Her Past History Problems Under Abe Shinzo's Cabinet Dynamic Process of News Framing (아베 내각의 일본 과거사 인식 문제에 대한 한국 언론의 시각 보수신문과 진보신문에 나타난 보도 프레임의 역동적 과정)

  • Lee, Wan Soo;Bae, Jae Young;Park, Kyung Woo
    • Korean journal of communication and information
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    • v.79
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    • pp.104-139
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    • 2016
  • This study investigated how Korean media covered Japan's position on her past history issues proposed by Abe' Shinzo's cabinet. The researchers adopted Entman's analytical tools for frame analysis and the concept of "frame changing" proposed by Chi and McCombs. The analysis rendered several propositions. First of all, the Korean media's coverage on Japan's past history issues focused heavily on the current conflict among two nations rather than constructing a futuristic viewpoint based on a thorough discussion on the historical background of the topic. In addition, it emphasized that the conflict should be resolved by political negotiations between the two governments. Secondly, the news coverages depicted "comfort women" issues as the prime element of the conflict, describing Abe's cabinet as the major inducer of the conflict. Ideological and political divisions among Korean media did not significantly influence on how they frame Japan's past history issues. In general, Korean media took the stance of ethnocentric "patriotic journalism," advocating Korean government's position and covering the emotional reactions from Korean public instead of providing through and through objective news coverage on Japan's past history issues.

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A Study on Hybrid Expressed in Modern Fashion - Focusing on the End of 1990s - (현대패션에 표현된 하이브리드 경향 연구 - 1990년대 후반을 중심으로 -)

  • 임영자;한윤숙
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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    • v.51 no.5
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    • pp.113-134
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    • 2001
  • This study was carried out with an objective to prepare the framework of conformity for the 21st century modern fashion, which is interactive with mankind, based on a position that the 21st century contemporary fashion with its amalgamating trend of diversified artistic forms may not be elucidated on a standpoint centering on one certain modality. The hybrid fashion trend of historical modality which provides freedom and satisfaction in creation of an individuals expressive power in expressing true desire of mans inside through man-centered thought of the times has made multifarious motives of the past and present fragmentary. It thus extracts inner divisions and the concept of consolidation through three-dimensional form. Modern fashion is newly interpreted by the material and details of high technologies. and is harmonized by mix and match with various expressions. By having it, it is being expressed together with many types of dresses and ornaments. Modern fashion is being expressed together with many types of dresses and ornaments by new interpretations with the material and details of high technologies and by being harmonized with mix and match with various expressions. The hybrid fashion design trend of regional elements formed by stimuli and contacts of diverse local culture by globalization of network that was achieved by scientific technologies of the contemporary information society has disintegrated varied boundaries in the conventional culture by the latest communication technology-new media on the basis of newly created culture. The fact that regional elements could be expressed as if they were interrelated without each being deprived of originality may be explained with an interpretation on pluralism. The hybrid fashion design trend of cultural aspect, which manifests in the background of scientific technological culture as it transcends the societal-cultural boundaries based on the de-centralization theory of Frederic Jameson, has supplemented the imperfect meanings through conversional correlation with other forms and internal program changes. The middle stratal and polyhedral characteristics are seen as each cultural element is dismantled and reassembled by application of 'multiple-time point expression'. Design forming method is not to bring destruction from outside, but to embrace instability and chaos through radical dismantling of the inside. and to pursue diversity and openness. Thus. it is implemented by an approach that takes the role of design process. In communication of discontinuity, continuity was dismantled through forms of mixing, overlap, perversion, insertion and coincidence.

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