• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.430-434
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• 1987

알칼리 수산화물이 용해되어 있는 에탄올을 사용하여 어유를 비누화시키고 이를 냉각 여과함으로써 ${\omega}-3$고도불포화지방산 특히, EPA와 DHA가 농축된 지방산 농축물을 얻을 수 있었다. 정어리유와 농축물의 지방산 비교 분석한 결과 지방산 분자의 이중결합 수 또는 탄소사슬 길이보다는 탄소사슬 길이에 대한 이중결합 수의 비율이 에탄올에 대한 지방산 나트륨염의 용해도를 결정짖는 보다 중요한 인자라는 점을 알수 있었다. 비누화 반응의 용매인 에탄올 내의 물함량은 분리효율에 커다란 영향을 끼쳤는데 물함량이 낮아질수록 농축물 내의 EPA 및 DHA 함량과 이들의 수율이 증가되는 경향이었다. 한편, 비누화된 용액을 결정화시킬 때의 냉각온도 및 냉각과정은 공정의 효율에 큰 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 무수 에탄올을 사용하고 비누화된 용액을 $10^{\circ}C$로 급속 냉각하였을때 EPA와 DHA함량이 원료 정어리유의 14.2%와 10.7%에서 각각 34.1%와 27.8%로 증가된 PUFA농축물을 84.5%의 수율로 얻을 수 있었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.496-502
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the association between the dietary intake of fish and shellfish, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the middle-aged Korean female patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed with 356 female patients (means age: 55.5 years), who were recruited from the Huh's Diabetes Clinic in Seoul, Korea between 2005 and 2011. The dietary intake was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis program (CAN-Pro) version 4.0 software. RESULTS: In a multiple regression analysis after the adjustment for confounding factors such as age, BMI, duration of diagnosed T2D, alcohol consumption, fiber intake, sodium intake, and total energy intake, fish and shellfish intake of the subjects was negatively associated with triglyceride and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Omega-3 PUFAs intake was negatively associated with triglyceride, systolic blood pressures, diastolic blood pressures, and PWV. The multiple logistic regression analysis with the covariates showed a significant inverse relationship between the omega-3 PUFAs consumption and prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia [OR (95% CI) for greater than the median compared to less than the median: 0.395 (0.207-0.753)]. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the consumption of fish and shellfish, good sources of omega-3 PUFAs, may reduce the risk factors for CVD in the middle-aged female patients with T2D.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

본 연구는 오메가-3 다가불포화지방산의 함량을 높인 육계의 생산을 위하여 n-3 지방산과 올리브유를 혼합한 사료[CON(5% 일반지방), FXO(2.5% 아마씨유+ 2.5% 올리브유), FEO(2.45% 아마씨유+ 0.05% EPA + 2.5% 올리브유), FDO(2.45% 아마씨유+ 0.05% DHA + 2.5% 올리브유) 그리고 FHO(2.5% 어유+ 2.5% 올리브유)]를 육계에게 4주 간 급이하였다. 4주간의 사양 후 도계를 통하여 닭의 간, 가슴살 그리고 다리살을 채취하였다. 채취한 간은 간 무게/생체중의 비율, 육색 그리고 지방산의 조성 분석을 위하여 사용되었으며, 닭 가슴살과 다리살은 지방산 함량 분석을 위하여 사용되었다. FHO 사료를 급이한 육계의 간은 EPA가 유의적으로 낮았으나 DPA와 DHA는 높았다(p<0.05). 가슴 근육은 n-6 지방산인 AA와 DPA 그리고 n-3 지방산에서 FDO 처리구가 이외의 처리구 대비 유의적으로 높았으며(p>0.05), 더욱이 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았으나 수치적으로 EPA와 DHA 함량 역시 높았다. LNA 함량은 FEO와 FDO 사료를 급이한 닭의 다리 근육에서 유의적으로 높았으며, AA 함량 또한 FHO와 유사하였다. FHO 사료를 급이한 닭의 다리 근육은 EPA, DHA 그리고 n-3 지방산에서 유의적으로 높은 함량을 나타낸 반면에 AA의 함량과 n-6/n-3 지방산의 비율은 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 따라서 본 실험은, n-3의 다가불포화지방산의 함량을 증가시킴과 동시에 n-6/n-3 비율의 향상을 위해서는 근섬유 조성에 따라 그 접근법이 달라야 된다는 사실이 조사되었으며, 가슴과 다리 근육 내 n-3 지방산의 함량을 증가시키기 위해서는 각각 FDO와 FHO 사료의 급이가 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1341-1350
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• 2009

Dietary lipids are rapidly hydrolysed and biohydrogenated in the rumen resulting in meat and milk characterised by a high content of saturated fatty acids and low polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which contributes to increases in the risk of diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. There has been considerable interest in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant products with the overall aim of improving the long-term health of consumers. Metabolism of dietary lipids in the rumen (lipolysis and biohydrogenation) is a major critical control point in determining the fatty acid composition of ruminant lipids. Our understanding of the pathways involved and metabolically important intermediates has advanced considerably in recent years. Advances in molecular microbial technology based on 16S rRNA genes have helped to further advance our knowledge of the key organisms responsible for ruminal lipid transformation. Attention has focused on ruminal biohydrogenation of lipids in forages, plant oils and oilseeds, fish oil, marine algae and fat supplements as important dietary strategies which impact on fatty acid composition of ruminant lipids. Forages, such as grass and legumes, are rich in omega-3 PUFA and are a useful natural strategy in improving nutritional value of ruminant products. Specifically this review targets two key areas in relation to forages: i) what is the fate of the lipid-rich plant chloroplast in the rumen and ii) the role of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase in red clover as a natural plant-based protection mechanism of dietary lipids in the rumen. The review also addresses major pathways and micro-organisms involved in lipolysis and biohydrogenation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.330-340
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• 1987

Young mae rats were fed fro 4 weeks on different experimental diets containing 8%(w/w) fat ; sardine oil, soybean oil and lard. In the sarine oil group, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations inplasma were significantly lower than in the soybean oil and lard group. The proportion of $\omega$-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids were significantly higher in the sarine oil-fed animals. by sardine oil ingestion, lipid peroxide levels inthe plasma and liver were elevated while $\alpha$tocopherol concentrations were lowered, compared to the other groups. However, erythrocyte osmotic fragility was unaffected by the different fat diets.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.487-492
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of supplementation of high linoleic ($C_{18:2}$) oil or high linolenic ($C_{18:3}$) oil to the diet on milking performance and content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in goat milk fat. Forty five dairy goats (Sumnen, 25 d post-partum, $62.5{\pm}1.2kg$) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with each group of 15 dairy goats. The goats were fed a basal diet (CON) consisting 1.2 kg concentrate and 1.2 kg chopped hay (0.6 chopped alfalfa and 0.6 kg hay) daily with 4% soybean oil (SO) or 4% linseed oil (LO). Daily feed intake was not influenced (p>0.05) but daily milk yield (p<0.001) and milk fat yield (p<0.001) were significantly increased by supplementation of oils. Supplementation of oils decreased the short chain fatty acid, medium-chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid in goat milk fat while increased trans vaccenic acid (trans-11-$C_{18:1}$, TVA), oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$), $C_{18:2}$, $C_{18:3}$, cis-9, trans-11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA), trans-10, cis- 12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10, c12-CLA), unsaturated fatty acids, mono unsaturated fatty acid and long-chain fatty acid in goat milk fat (p<0.001). Especially, c9, t11-CLA, t10, c12-CLA and ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid ($C_{18:3\;n-3}$) in milk fat were highest when goat fed LO diet. Based on the result, it is suggested that supplementation of linseed oil should be an effective method to increase CLA isomers and ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid in goat milk fat without negative effect on lactating performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.1310-1322
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• 2020

Objective: The current study was conducted to evaluate the quality and profile of fatty acid in the breast and thigh, and the performance of broilers fed diets containing seed or oil of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) as a replacement for soybean, in the rearing period from 29 to 42 days of age. Methods: On the 29th day of age, 120 broilers were distributed in four treatments evaluated in five replicates of six birds. The grain or oil of soybean was respectively replaced on a weight-to-weight basis in the formulation by the seed or oil of chia, constituting the experimental diets. The roasted whole soybean and chia seed were included in the feed at 16.4%, whereas the soybean and chia oils were included at 2.5%. Results: The dietary chia oil increased the lipid peroxidation in the thigh meat, and the dietary chia seed increased the cooking loss of the thigh. However, for the other physicochemical parameters evaluated and for the proximate composition of the breast and thigh, in general, the inclusion of chia seed or oil in the diet provided similar or better results than those observed when the diets contained soybean oil or roasted whole soybean. With regard to the fatty acid profile and associated parameters, dietary chia increased the concentrations of α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids and reduced the Σω-6:Σω-3 ratio and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices of the broiler meat. However, the dietary chia seed worsened the feed conversion ratio. Conclusion: Diet containing 2.5% chia oil supplied to broilers during the period from 29 to 42 days of age improves the feed conversion ratio, increases the deposition of the ω-3 fatty acids in the breast and thigh, in addition to reducing the Σω-6:Σω-3 ratio and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, thereby resulting in meat with higher nutritional quality.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.278-283
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• 2021

Our understanding of the differential effects between specific omega-3 fatty acids is incomplete. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell responses and identify the pathways associated with these responses. Naïve CD4⁺ T cells were co-cultured with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence or absence of palmitate (PA), DHA, or EPA. DHA or EPA treatment lowered the number of differentiated IFN-γ-positive cells and inhibited the secretion of IFN-γ, whereas only DHA increased IL-2 and reduced TNF-α secretion. There was reduced expression of MHC II on DCs after DHA or EPA treatment. In the DC-independent model, DHA and EPA reduced Th1 cell differentiation and lowered the cell number. DHA and EPA markedly inhibited IFN-γ secretion, while only EPA reduced TNF-α secretion. Microarray analysis identified pathways involved in inflammation, immunity, metabolism, and cell proliferation. Moreover, DHA and EPA inhibited Th1 cells through the regulation of diverse pathways and genes, including Igf1 and Cpt1a. Our results showed that DHA and EPA had largely comparable inhibitory effects on Th1 cell differentiation. However, each of the fatty acids also had distinct effects on specific cytokine secretion, particularly according to the presence of DCs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1171-1176
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• 2003

The effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid concentrations and fatty acid composition of various tissues were studied in young chicks. From 7 days of age, a total of 160 chicks were divided into 4 groups, placed into 4 pens per group (10 birds per pen) and fed one of four experimental diets containing 6% tallow (TO 6%), 4% tallow plus 2% CLA (TO 4%-CLA 2%), 2% tallow plus 4% CLA (TO 2%-CLA 4%) or 6% CLA (CLA 6%) for 3 weeks. There were no significant differences in growth performances and the relative weights of various organs, but relative liver weight of chicks fed dietary CLA at 4 and 6% levels was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of TO 6% group. The chemical compositions of leg muscle were not affected by CLA feeding. However, hepatic total lipid of chicks fed 6% CLA diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of TO 6% and TO 4%-CLA 2% groups. The concentrations of various lipid fractions in serum were not affected by CLA feeding. With the increase in dietary CLA levels, cis 9-trans 11 CLA, trans 10-cis 12 CLA and total CLA of leg muscle increased linearly. The relative proportions of C18:1 $\omega$ -9 and C20:4 $\omega$-6 fatty acids in the leg muscles of chicks fed the CLA containing diets were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of TO 6% group. These results indicate that the levels of CLA isomers were increased linearly in dose-dependent manner after feeding of synthetic CLA source. But it was also observed that excessive amount of dietary CLA resulted in the possible adversely effects, such as increase of liver weight, hepatic lipid accumulation and serum GOT level.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2010

The Arabidopsis ${\omega}$-3 fatty acid desaturase (AtFAD7) catalyzes the synthesis of trienoic fatty acids (TA). A transgenic tobacco line, T15, was produced by a sense AtFAD7 construct and showed a cosuppression-like phenotype, namely extremely low TA levels. The sequence similarity between AtFAD7 and a tobacco ortholog gene, NtFAD7, was moderate (about 69%) in the coding sequences. AtFAD7 siRNAs accumulated at a high level, and both AtFAD7 and NtFAD7 mRNAs are degraded in T15 plants. The low-TA phenotype in T15 was dependent on a tobacco RNA-dependent RNA polymerase6 (NtRDR6). We also produced tobacco RNAi plants targeting AtFAD7 gene sequences. The AtFAD7 siRNA level was trace, which was associated with a slight reduction in leaf TA level. Unexpectedly, this RNAi plant showed an increased NtFAD7 transcript level. To investigate the effect of translational inhibition on stability of the NtFAD7 mRNAs, leaves of the wild-type tobacco plants were treated with a translational inhibitor, cycloheximide. The level of NtFAD7 mRNAs significantly increased after cycloheximde treatment. These results suggest that the translational inhibition by low levels of AtFAD7 siRNAs or by cycloheximide increased stability of NtFAD7 mRNA. The degree of silencing by an RNAi construct targeting the AtFAD7 gene was increased by co-existence of the AtFAD7 transgene, where NtRDR6-dependent amplification of siRNAs occurred. These results indicate that NtRDR6 can emphasize silencing effects in both cosuppression and RNAi.