• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.309-318
• /
• 2001

The purposes of the study were (1) to evaluate the olfactory identification ability in those who have bad breath, (2) to determine the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan in normal subjects and those who have bad breath, and (3) to evaluate the effect of oral hygiene care on the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan. Sixteen male subjects with bad breath (male odor group), 9 male subjects without bad breath (male non-odor group), and 10 female subjects without bad breath (female non-odor group) were included for the study. Olfactory identification ability was assessed by administrating the Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT), and the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan was measured by two-alternative forced-choice single-staircase detection threshold procedure in a double-blinded condition. The geometric mean of the last four staircase reversal points of a total of seven reversals is used as the threshold. For the male odor group, after 1 month of intensive oral hygiene care for reducing oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) concentration, the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan was measured again and compared to the initial value. The ANOVA was used to test the group difference of olfactory threshold and olfactory identification ability and the paired t-test was used to test the difference of olfactory threshold between before and after reduction of oral VSC in male odor group. The results were as follows : 1. There was no significant difference in olfactory identification ability among those who have bad breath and normal male or female subjects. 2. The olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan was about 8.4 ppb in normal male and female. 3. There was a tendency that male subjects with bad breath showed a higher olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan when compared to those of no bad breath. 4. The olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan returned to a normal level after 1 month of intensive oral hygiene care for reducing oral VSC.

• Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
• /
• 제62권2호
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2019

The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature for application of intranasal sodium citrate in the patients with olfactory dysfunction to help determine the sodium citrate treatments for this condition. Two authors independently searched the data base (Medline, Scopus, and the Cochrane database) for relevant studies from inception to January 2018. Included studies were randomized controlled studies published in English comparing topical sodium citrate application (treatment group) with saline (control group) in patients who had olfactory dysfunction. Outcomes of interest included the change of olfactory identification and threshold during 2 hours post-treatment. Three studies were enrolled in the meta-analysis. Compared with control group, treatment group did not increase posttreatment score of olfactory identification [standardized mean difference (SMD)=-0.03; 95% confidence interval (CI)=-0.29-0.24; I²=0%] and olfactory threshold (SMD=0.18; 95% CI=-0.09-0.45; I²=0%) significantly. In the degree of pre-post improvement of two outcomes, although treatment group statistically showed the significant improvement in olfactory threshold (SMD=0.30; 95% CI=0.05-0.55; I²=17%), the clinical significance of this outcome was meaningless. Similarly, there was no significant difference in olfactory identification between two groups (SMD=0.17; 95% CI=-0.11-0.45; I²=22%). Unlike the recent favorable results, our summated results presented the uselessness for the local application of sodium citrate in improving patient's olfactory function. However, we also had some limitation such as small sample size and inconsistent application methods. Therefore, larger trials and standardized methodology are needed to reach more stronger and exact results.

• 감성과학
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.199-208
• /
• 2007

대부분의 후각 감성평가 연구에 있어서는 모든 피험자에게 동일한 농도의 냄새 시료를 제시하고 있다. 하지만 피험자의 후각 기능은 노화 등을 비롯한 여러 가지 요인으로 다를 수 있고 이러한 차이는 후각 감성에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 후각 감성평가 시 냄새 시료를 제공하는데 있어서, 모든 피험자에게 동일한 시료를 제공한 경우와 피험자 개개인의 후각 역치를 고려하여 냄새 시료의 농도를 조절한 후 제공한 경우에 있어서 후각 감성특성 및 감성구조에 차이를 보이는 지 알아보았다. 피험자는 만 19세 이상 대학생 남녀 30명(남자: 18명, 여자: 12명)이었고 사용된 냄새 시료는 T&T olfactometer의 다섯 가지 냄새 기준물질이었다. 동일한 피험자에게 두 가지(실험 1과 실험 2)의 실험을 수행하였는데, 실험 1에서는 피험자 개개인의 후각 역치를 기준으로 냄새 물질의 농도를 조절하여 제공함으로써 모든 피험자가 동일한 냄새 강도를 지각하도록 가였다. 실험2에서는 모든 피험자에게 동일한 농도(+1)의 냄새 시료를 제공하였다. 실험 수행 결과, 냄새 시료 제시 방법(후각 역치 고려 유무)에 따라 후각 감성특성에 있어서 유의적인 차이를 보였는데 냄새에 대한 선호도가 명확하지 않은 시료에 있어서 이러한 차이가 더 크게 나타났다. 이러한 차이는 후각 감성구조에도 영향을 미쳤는데, '심미성', '강도', 그리고 '활동성'은 공통요인이었고, '친화성'(실험 1)과 '중량감'(실험 2)은 후각 역치 고려 유무에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 볼 때, 피험자의 후각 역치 고려 유무에 따라 후각 감성특성 및 감성구조가 다르게 나타날 수 있다고 볼 수 있겠다. 따라서, 냄새 시료에 대한 후각 감성평가를 수행하고자 할 때, 피험자의 후각 역치 및 기능과 이에 따른 냄새 시료 제시법 또한 신중하게 고려해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.92-96
• /
• 2017

Background: All nasal bone fractures have the potential for worsening of olfactory function. However, few studies have studied the olfactory outcomes following reduction of nasal bone fractures. This study evaluates posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction in patients with nasal bone fracture before and after closed reduction. Methods: A prospective study was conducted for all patients presenting with nasal bone fracture (n=97). Each patient consenting to the study underwent the Korean version of Sniffin' Sticks test (KVSS II) before operation and at 6 month after closed reduction. The nasal fractures were divided according to the nasal bone fracture classification by Haug and Prather (Types I-IV). The olfactory scores were compared across fracture types and between preoperative and postoperative settings. Results: Olfactory dysfunction was frequent after nasal fracture (45/97, 46.4%). Our olfactory assessment using the KVSS II test revealed that fracture reduction was not associated with improvements in the mean test score in Type I or Type II fractures. More specifically, the mean posttraumatic Threshold, discrimination and identification score decreased from 28.8 points prior to operation to 23.1 point at 6 months for Type II fracture with septal fracture. Conclusion: Our study has revealed two alarming trends regarding post-nasal fracture olfactory dysfunction. First, our study demonstrated that almost half (46.4%) of nasal fracture patients experience posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction. Second, closed reduction of these fractures does not lead to improvements olfaction at 6 months, which suggest that olfactory dysfunction is probably due to factors other than the fracture itself. The association should be further explored between injuries that lead to nasal fracture and the mechanism behind posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.678-689
• /
• 1995

Chromium is one of the representative toxic substance by occupational exposure which damage the mucosa of respiratory tract including nasal septal perforation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of chromium exposure on olfactory function and to obtain the fundamental information about chromium exposure. The authors performed olfactory function test, laboratory tests and questionnaire interview on the subject of three groups, that is, two exposed groups and one nonexposed group from May 1 to June 30, 1994. Exposed group 1 was 15 male workers without nasal septal perforation, exposed group 2 was 15 male workers with nasal septal perforation among 103 workers in 22 chromium plating factories, and nonexposed group was 15 male medical students. The gathered informations were histories of chromium exposure, habits of smoking and alcohol drinking, the concentrations of chromium in serum and urine, and asparate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase, etc. Olfactory function was checked by T and T olfectometer using phenyl ethyl alcohol(material A), methyl cyclopentenolone(material B), iso-valeric acid(material C), $\gamma$-undecalactone(material D), skatole(material E) and the results were expressed by detection threshold(DT) and recognition threshold(RT). There was a significant difference between exposed groups and nonexposed group in A, B, C, D, E substances by DT and in A, B, C, D substances by RT(P<0.01). The degree of olfactory dysfunction was highest in the exposed group 2 and lowest in the nonexposed group in all five substances by DT and it was same in A B, D substances RT and the difference of RT and DT. As summary, olfactory dysfunction by chromium exposure was recognized and the degree of olfactory dysfunction was higher in the exposed group with nasal septal perforation. Therefore, it would be helpful to apply olfactory function test for the early detection of olfactory dysfunction, and this test would be considered as the basic tool within workers' compensation system.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.118-125
• /
• 2017

Objectives : The aim of this study was to report the effect of Dangguijakyak-san and acupuncture on postviral olfactory disorder. Methods : Dangguijakyak-san extract granule was administered three times a day. Acupuncture was applied to 11 acupoints(EX-HN3, GV20, GV23 and both side of LI04. LR03, LI20, EX-HN8) for 15 minutes once a week. Results : The score of olfactory threshold test and TDI(Threshold-Discrimination-Identification) score increased by 3 points. The subjective sense of smell was improved for the substances that could not previoulsy be smelled. Conclusions : This study shows the possibility of using Dangguijakyak-san and acupuncture to treat postviral olfactory disorder.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.154-157
• /
• 2007

Background: Anosmia can be frustrating for both the patient and physician, with no clear treatment. We prospectively investigated the effects of stellate ganglion block (SGB) in anosmic patients who were unresponsive to conventional steroid therapy. Methods: Thirteen patients with anosmia were treated with SGB. To evaluate the improvement in olfactory function, we evaluated both changes in subjective symptoms and the butanol threshold test. The number of SGB required for improvement in olfactory function was counted. Results: Seven patients (54%) showed improvement of olfactory function with SGB. The average number of SGB for the first response was $7.4{\pm}5.9times$. Conclusions: These results suggest that SGB may be a good treatment modality for patients with anosmia unresponsive to steroid therapy.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.355-364
• /
• 2011

Objectives: Though sulfur dioxide (SO2) is used widely at workplaces, itseffects on humans are not known. Thresholds are reportedwithout reference to gender or age and occupational exposure limits are basedon effects on lung functioning, although localized effects in the upper airways can be expected. This study's aim is to determine thresholds with respect to age and gender and suggests a new approach to risk assessment using breathing reflexes presumably triggered by trigeminal receptors in the upper airways. Methods: Odor thresholds were determined by the ascending method of limits in groups stratified by age and gender. Subjects rated intensities of different olfactory and trigeminal perceptions at different concentrations of $SO_2$. During the presentation of the concentrations, breathing movements were measured by respiratory inductive plethysmography. Results: Neither age nor gender effects were observed for odor threshold. Only ratings of nasal irritation were influenced bygender. A benchmark dose analysis on relative respiratory depth revealed a 10%-deviation from baseline at about 25.27 mg/$m^3$. Conclusion: The proposed new approach to risk assessment appearsto be sustainable. We discuss whether a 10%-deviation of breathingdepth is relevant.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.183-192
• /
• 2010

흡연과 미각간의 상관관계를 알아보고자 조선대학교 치과대학 및 치의학전문대학원에 재학 중이거나 조선대학교 치과병원에 근무 중인 건강한 한국인 청년기 남성들을 대상으로 28명의 흡연자와 29명의 비흡연자를 선발하여, 설문조사 및 전기미각검사를 시행한 결과, 1. 흡연 후 주관적 미각변화가 있는 사람 10 명(36%), 없는 사람 18 명(64%)으로 나타났다. 2. 흡연자의 혀끝, 혀측방, 유곽유두, 연구개에서 흡연 전 전기미각역치는 비흡연자보다 높았다(p < 0.05). 3. 흡연 전과 흡연 직후의 전기미각역치는 혀끝, 혀측방, 유곽유두 및 연구개에서 흡연 전보다 높았고(p < 0.05), 시간경과에 따른 수치는 불규칙했다. 4. 흡연자의 흡연량과 중독정도에 따른 전기미각역치의 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때, 흡연자와 비흡연자의 전기미각역치간에 있어서 차이가 나타나며, 흡연자는 흡연 직후 흡연으로 인한 미각변화가 발생함을 확인하였다. 그러나 그 영향은 일시적이며, 흡연자의 흡연량과 중독정도에 따른 미각기능의 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 앞으로의 연구에서는 화학미각검사법(chemical taste test)을 통한 흡연 전, 후의 미각기능의 차이에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료되며, 더불어 흡연의 후각기능에 대한 영향도 함께 고려되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제30권10호
• /
• pp.1006-1012
• /
• 2008

중소규모 조선소 주변지역의 입자상 물질, 악취, 소음과 같은 주요 민원 유발성 환경오염 특성을 평가하였다. 측정지점별 미세먼지 농도는 조선소와 근접해있는 측정지점이 조선소로부터 일정한 거리가 떨어진 지점보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 조선소와 인접한 측정지점에서는 조선소의 조업이 이루어질 때의 평균농도가 휴가기간의 농도보다 높은 농도를 가지는 것으로 관찰되었다. 건성침착량은 조선 사업장에서 이루어지는 작업의 종류에 영향을 받으며 사업장과 가까울수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 공기희석관능법에 의한 악취도는 여름철에 높은 것으로 나타나 기온의 영향을 크게 받는 것으로 관찰되었다. 지정악취물질은 모든 측정지점에서 배출허용기준보다 높은 농도를 가지는 악취성분이 존재하였다. 배출허용기준치보다 높은 값을 가지는 화합물은 암모니아, 황화합물, 메틸아민이었으며 알데히드류와 스티렌의 농도는 최소감지값보다 적은 미량인 것으로 나타났다. 측정지점별 주간 소음도는 조선소로부터 일정한 거리가 떨어진 지점은 환경기준치보다 낮은 것으로 나타났으나 조선소와 인접한 지점들에서는 모든 조사기간의 소음도가 환경기준치를 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 야간 소음도는 3차 조사기간을 제외하면 모든 측정지점에서 환경기준치보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과들은 조선소 조업이 사업장 주변지역의 민원유발 환경오염에 영향을 미치며 적절한 대책을 수립할 필요가 있음을 보여준다.