• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.224-228
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• 2001

DA-5018, a recently synthesized capsaicin analog, appears to possess potent analgesic activity when administered topically. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of the topical administration of this compound. Specifically, our goal was to identify vehicle system that permit a reasonable transdermal permeation of the compound in mice. Among the vehicles examined, isopropyl myristate (IPM) showed the largest in vitro permeability across the intact skin (83.6 ${\pm}$ 5.42${\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h ). However, due to the limited solubility of DA-5018 in IPM (0.53 mg/ml), the maximal flux from the IPM medium remained at only 44.3 ${\pm}2.87{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr. In order to increase the flux, addition of better solvents for DA-5018 was attempted, under the assumption that flux is the result of both solubility and permeability. Ethoxydiglycol (EG) and oleic acid (OA) were selected as examples of food solvents. The addition of IC or OA to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio resulted in a comparable increase in the solubility of the compound (i.e., to 61.1 and 50.2 mg/ml for EG and OA, respectively). However, the addition of EG at a 1:1 volume ratio, for example, increased the flux 6.3 fold (i.e., $279{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), while OA, at a 1:1 volume ratio, decreased the flux 5 fold (i.e., $9.26{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$//hr). The mechanism of this discrepancy between EG and OA was investigated by measuring the permeabilty of DA-5018 across the stratum corneum-removed skin of the mouse, under the hypothesis that the viable skin layer may serve as a barrier for the permeation of lipophilic substances such as DA 5018. The permeability of DA-5018, from the medium of EG or OA, across the viable skin differed greatly for EG ($0.41{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr) and OA ($0.086{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), suggesting that a higher permeability across the viable skin layer is needed for the second solvents. The maximum flux across the intact skin was achieved for DA-5018 when EG was added to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio. Thus, the use of a binary system appears to be the best approach for realizing the transdermal delivery of DA-5018 at a reasonable rate.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.84-87
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• 2008

In this research, we screened for glucosyltransferase (GTase) inhibitors that effectively prevent the dental caries from 420 kinds of boiled water extracts of herbs and wild plants and searched for GTase inhibitory activities. Among them, 13 kinds of hot water extracts had high GTase inhibitory activities and especially, we focused on Foeniculum vulgare which showed the highest inhibitory activity on GTase. The boiled water extract of F. vulgare was stable at high temperature and showed as a mixed type of competitive and uncompetitive inhibition kinetic behavior. It did not have antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans and had inhibitory activity on GTase. Specially, in the clinical trial, the group treated by boiled water extract of F. vulgare showed more decrease of plague index at 4.8 point than untreated group. These results suggested that boiled water extract of F. vulgare can effectively suppress the plague formation as it inhibits the GTase activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.803-809
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• 2004

Monoacylglycerol (MG) and diacylglycerol (DG), as the components of enzymatically synthesized functional oil, were produced by glycerolysis of rice bran oil and glycerol using IM60 (immobilized lipase) in a stirredbatch reactor at 6$0^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours. After glycerolysis, the contents of triacylglycerol (TG), DG and MG in the produced functional oil were 41.71%,46.19%, and 11.15%, respectively. The functional oil also contained Phytosterols (2.04$\pm$0.17 mg/g), ${\gamma}$ -oryzanol (1.06$\pm$0.04 mg/g) and $\alpha$ -tocopherol (0.13$\pm$0.04 mg/g). In animal experiment the dietary effects of functional oil on hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activities of the high cholesterol and high fat (HCHF)-fed mice were investigated. In functional oil-fed group, the liver ACAT activity was significantly lowered than in HCHF and corn oil-fed groups (p < 0.05). This results suggested that the synthesized functional oil may have an atheroproteetive effect by inhibiting ACAT activity.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1663-1673
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• 2021

Objective: Pork belly is considered as the most commercially important and preferable primal cut by consumers worldwide. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effects of fat levels on the meat quality characteristics of pork bellies. Methods: Seventy-eight growing-finishing pigs collected from different commercial pig farms were slaughtered and used in the present study. After slaughter 24 h, bellies were fabricated according to the Korean Pork Cutting Specification, and immediately sampled for analysis of their fat content. Based on the fat levels, the bellies were segregated into three different groups: low fat (LF, fat ≤20%, n = 15), medium fat (MF, fat 21% to 30%, n = 30), and high fat (HF, fat ≥31%, n = 33). The bellies were then analyzed for meat quality traits, fatty acids, flavor compounds and eating quality properties. Results: The HF group had lower moisture and cooking loss levels compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The LF group presented higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The LF group showed higher amounts of the Maillard reaction-derived flavor compounds (e.g., 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl, and 4-methylthiazole) associated with meaty and roasty flavors whereas, the HF group showed higher amounts of oleic acid- derived compounds (e.g., nonanal and octanal) associated with the fatty and oily flavors. Interestingly, significantly higher scores for all the eating quality attributes (flavor, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptance) were found in the HF group compared to those in the LF or MF group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The high-fat bellies (fat ≥31%) had a better technological quality and eating quality compared to the low-fat bellies (fat ≤20%). Thus, increasing the fat content may improve the technological quality and eating quality traits of pork bellies, however, this increase may also result in more trimmed loss due to excessively deposited body fat.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.943-952
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• 2023

Objective: For decades, LYD ([Landrace×Yorkshire] ♀×Duroc ♂) pigs are the most commonly-used commercial breed for meat production in Korea. Recently, due to the increasing demand for premium pork, the National Institute of Animal Science (Korea) has synthesized a novel pig breed named Woori Heukdon (WHD). This study aimed at comparing the carcass traits, meat yield and quality characteristics between the LYD and WHD pigs under identical rearing condition. Methods: The WHD and LYD pigs (n = 15 each) were reared under identical conditions and fed the same commercial diet until reaching recommended market weight (100 to 120 kg). After slaughter, the carcasses were evaluated for traits and meat yield, and the meat quality was assessed on shoulder butt and belly cuts. Results: Although no significant differences (p>0.05) occurred in slaughter weight between two pig types, WHD had a lower meat yield (by about 6 kg corresponding to approximately 7%) compared to the LYD pigs (p<0.05). The WHD had a higher fat content (by 4.26% and 13.52% in the shoulder butt and belly, respectively) compared to those of LYD pigs (p<0.05). The WHD meat showed a lower cooking loss and higher a* (redness) value (p<0.05). The WHD belly had a significantly (p<0.05) higher oleic acid content and concentrations of nonanal, octanal and decanal associated with fatty odor while, the LYD meat had a higher number of pyrazines associated with roasty odor. Regarding sensory quality, higher flavor, juiciness, and acceptability higher scores were given for the WHD meat than for the LYD meat (p<0.05). Conclusion: Under identical rearing conditions the WHD exhibited a better meat quality and sensory properties. However, the use of this diet resulted in a high fat level that may be associated with high trimming loss for the WHD.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.1B
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• pp.101-105
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• 2010

Sunflower (Sunking4505) and Rape (Sunmang) are oil-seeds containing high oleic acid, and these are used for the production materials of bio-diesel and applying for phytoremediation. The effect of cadmium on germination rate and the growth of the plants is evaluated. Object seeds were placed in Cd (0, 1.5, 4, 12, 30, 60, 100, 150, 300, 500 mg/L) solutions for seven days, and germination rate, root length, shoot length, seedling length, and dry weight were observed. $IC_{50}$, seedling vigor index, and tolerance indices were computed, and data were statistically analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Germination rate as well as root, shoot, and seedling length decreased as the cadmium concentration increased except dry weight. The $IC_{50}$ of sunflower and rape are 112 and 10 mg-Cd/L, respectively. Only one of the sunflower seeds is germinated at 500 mg-Cd/L whereas rape seeds are not germinated more than 150 mg-Cd/L solution. Root has higher cadmium sensitivity than shoot, and sunflower has higher germination rate, growth, and seedling vigor index than rape. In case of tolerance indices, sunflower has lower value than rape at relatively low concentration, but has higher value at high concentration.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.63-69
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• 2023

This study includes the transformation of genes such as ORE7, the increase of gene expression, and the use of the bar gene as a selectable marker that shows herbicide resistance with Agrobacterium tumefaciens using hypocotyls from the oilseed rape "Youngsan" cultivar. To establish an Agrobacterium transformation system for the production of oilseed rape with a high-yield trait, infection time and co-cultivation period with Agrobacterium were tested. Therefore, when hypocotyls from the oilseed rape "Youngsan" cultivar were infected with Agrobacterium for 20 min and co-cultivated for 3 days, approximately 32-36 putatively transformed hypocotyls with shoots including roots survived from 100 inoculated hypocotyls after 4 weeks of transformation on a selection medium containing 20 mg/L of phosphinothricin (PPT) as a selectable agent. Additionally, a PCR assay was performed to confirm the insertion of target genes and showed the presence of the ORE7 gene as a high-yielding trait and the bar gene as a selectable marker. Treatment with 0.5% (v/v) Basta solution as a selectable agent for 6 days with leaves from transformed oilseed rape expressed the bar gene. Therefore, this study can contribute to the development of special oilseed rapes containing agriculturally useful traits such as herbicide resistance, drought tolerance, high yielding traits, and high oleic acid content.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1985

Present experiment was undertaken to compare the effects of two dietary fats whose free fatty acid content was quite different on performances and on meat quality of broilers. Yellow grease or animal fat (trade name) containing 15 or 38.6% free fatty acid, respectively, was added to the broiler starter and finisher diets at levels of 3.0 and 5,0%, respectively. A total of 108, day old, male Maniker(Chunho) broiler chicks was alloted to 3 dietary treatments with 3 replications per treatment and 12 chicks per replication Though control diet was not supplemented with fat, the three dietary groups were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. All the chicks were ad libitum fed the test diets for 8 weeks. Feed intake and body weight were measured every other week. Shank color was measured at the end of feeding trial by Roche Color Fan. To evaluate meat quality, 7 chicks of mean body weight were selected from each treatment group after the trial. Measurements were made for abdominal fat content, organoleptic scores for thigh and breast, and for contents of total lipids, free fatty acids, iodine values and peroxide values of the breasts. During the period from 0 to 4 weeks of age, the broilers fed the diets added with fats performed the same as those fed the control diet. However, the body weight gam (25%), feed intake (10.8%) and feed efficiency (11.3%) of chicks fed the fat-supplemented diets, during the finisher period (5-8 weeks), appeared significantly improved compared to those of control group (p＜0.05). During overall period of 8 weeks, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency of chicks fed the diets added with fats were, on the average, 16.2. 8.8 and 6.8%, respectively, better than, those of control Monwhile the performance between the chicks fed diets added with the two different fat sources appeared to be of the same tendency. Though the shank pigmentation was not statistically different among the treatments, the chicks fed the fat-supple ented diets tended to have slightly less pigments than the control. Organoleptic scores of thigh or breast of chicks fed the animal fat diet were of the same range as those of the other two groups. The contents of total lipids, free fatty acids, iodine values and peroxide values of breasts from broilers fed the various diets appeared to be in the same ranges among the treatments. The values for control, yellow grease and animal fat groups were 7.77, 6.66 and 6.32% for total lipids, 9.23, 9.7 and 9.31mg oleic acid/g fat for free fatty acids, 65.36, 63.89 and 59.25g/ 100g fat for iodine values, and 9.62, 10.46 and 8.79 meq/kg fat for peroxide values, respect vely. Changes of free fatty acids contents of breast during a storage for 10 da s at 4$^{\circ}C$ were also not different among the dietary groups. From the observations n. this experiment, it seems possible to conclude that the animal fat containing 38.6% free fatty acid can be used as efficiently as yellow grease in broiler diets without any adverse effects on meat quality.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.327-340
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of domestic clay minerals on feed efficiency, meat quantity, meat quality and economic traits in 24 head of Hanwoo steers(166.1kg in body weight) for 540 days from six to 24 months in age. Feeding trial was conducted with 4 treatment(six heads/treatment) which were T1(Control), T2(Control+Kaolinite), T3(Control+Bentonite), T4(Control+Illite). The results obtained are summarized as follows; The range of average daily gains were 0.682 to 0.713, 0.669 to 0.714, 0.690 to 0.840 and 0.699 to 0.756kg in growing, fattening, finishing and over-all period, respectively, and the gains were high in T1 for growing and fattening period but in clay mineral groups for finishing and over-all period, especially it was high in Illite and Bentonite groups. Concentrates and TDN intakes per unit of kg gains were lower in clay mineral groups than in control and was lower especially in Bentonite groups. In carcass characteristics, dressed carcass and fresh meat and retailed cut percent were not apparently difference by treatments, and yield index was 69.3, 68.9, 68.8 and 68.6 in T3, T2, T4 and T1, respectively. Marbling scores were 5.1, 4.6, 4.4 and 3.3 in T3, T2, T4 and T1, respectively, and the range of shear force by treatment was from 3.51 to 6.02kg/cm2. and were improved with significant difference(P<0.05) in clay mineral groups than in control. Also in palatability traits, panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were improved in clay mineral feeding groups, especially the flavor was improved with highly significant difference(P<0.01) in clay mineral groups than in control. In total fatty acid contents, the rate of SFA(saturated fatty acid) in longissimus muscle of beef was higher in the order of T2, T3, T1 and T4 while the rate of MUFA(monounsaturated fatty acid) was high in the order of T4, T3, T1 and T2. The content of oleic acid which is major influential factor at the flavor of beef was higher in Illite groups than in any other groups. In composition of amino acids in longissimus muscles of beef, the rate of essential amino acids was high in the order of T1, T2, T3 and T4. and the rate of amino acids in clay mineral groups was smaller than in control.In chemical component in Gom-Tang(soup of bone) made by Hanwoo steer’s leg-bone, the ranges of crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash was 0.81 to 1.24, 0.17 to 0.35 and 0.07 to 0.09%, respectively. In mineral composition, the ranges of Ca, P, Na and Mg was 14.01 to 15.77, 11.45 to 16.40, 37.92 to 49.99 and 0.26 to 0.46ppm, respectively. Chemical composition were not apparently different but mineral composition was increased in clay mineral groups than in control. Income by treatments was 967,096 to 1,524,055 Won per head for 540 days and income of clay mineral groups in comparison with control’s increased by 23.7 to 57.6 percent, and especially it was higher in bentonite and(or) Illite groups than others. According to the above results it may be concluded that clay mineral to growing-fattening Hanwoo steers can be improved the meat quantity, meat quality and income. Especially the effect of bentonite and illite is large and can be recommended for usage to improve animal performance as feed additives of growing-fattening Hanwoo steers.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.234-249
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• 2002

The Miwon-Boeun area in the central and northern part of Okcheon metamorphic zone, Korea, is composed of Okcheon Supergroup and Mesozoic Cheongju and Boeun granitoids which intruded it. The Okcheon Supergroup consists mainly of quartzite (Midongsan Formation), meta-calcareous rocks (Daehyangsan Formation, Hwajeonri Formation), meta-psammitic rocks (Unkyori Formation), meta-politic rocks (Munjuri Formation), meta-conglomeratic rocks (Hwanggangni Formation) in the study area, showing a zonal distribution of NE trend. Its' general trend is locally changed into NS to EW trend in and around high-angle fault of NS or NW trend. This study focused on deformation history of the Okcheon Supergroup, suggesting that the geological structure was formed at least by four phases of deformation. (1) The first phase of deformation occurred under ductile shear deformation of top-to-the southeast movement, forming sheath fold or A-type fold, asymmetric isoclinal fold, NW-SE trending stretching lineation. (2) The second phase of deformation took place under compression of NW-SE direction, forming subhorizontal, tight upright fold of M trend in the earlier phase, and formed semi-brittle thrust fault (Guryongsan Thrust Fault) of top-to-the southeast movement and associated snake-head fold in the later phase. (3) The third phase of deformation formed subhorizontal, open recumbent fold through gravitational or extensional collapses which might be generated from crustal thickening and gravitational instability. (4) The fourth phase of deformation formed moderately plunging, steeply inclined kink fold related to high-angle faulting, being closely connected with the local change of NE-trending regional foliation into NS to EW direction of strike in the vicinity of the high-angle fault.