• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.833-840
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• 1990

For the development of multi-functional materials which has water reducing power, air entraining power and waterproofing power as well as blending additive in cement mortar the coal ash was modified with asphalt-stearic acid or asphalt-boiled oil mixtures by mechanical treatment. And the physical properties of cement mortar blended with modified coal ashes were compared with those of the water-tightness-cement mortar and the ordinary-portland-cement mortar added with AE.water reducing agent. The mortar of coalash-blend-cement modified with asphalt-stearic mixture was increased acid about 20% in initial strengths and decreased about 20% in water absorption ratio than those of ordinary coalash-blend-cement. The mortar of coalash-blend-cement modified with asphalt-bolied oil mixture was similar to the cement mortar added with AE.water reducing agent in water reduction ratio, air entraining conents and the initial strengths, also was similar to the water-tightness-cement mortar in water absorption and water permeability ratios.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.91-107
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• 2014

Using the principle of damage mechanics, zero-thickness pore pressure cohesive elements (PPCE) are used to simulate the casing-cement interface (CCI) and cement-rock interface (CRI). The traction-separation law describes the emergence and propagation of the PPCE. Mohr-coulomb criteria determines the elastic and plastic condition of cement sheath and rock. The finite element model (FEM) of delamination fractures emergence and propagation along the casing-cement-rock (CCR) interfaces during hydraulic fracturing is established, and the emergence and propagation of fractures along the wellbore axial and circumferential direction are simulated. Regadless of the perforation angle (the angle between the perforation and the max. horizontal principle stress), mirco-annulus will be produced alonge the wellbore circumferential direction when the cementation strength of the CCI and the CRI is less than the rock tensile strength; the delamination fractures are hard to propagate along the horizontal wellbore axial direction; emergence and propagation of delamination fractures are most likely produced on the shallow formation when the in-situ stresses are lower; the failure mode of cement sheath in the deep well is mainly interfaces seperation and body damange caused by cement expansion and contraction, or pressure testing and well shut-in operations.

• Advances in materials Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-146
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• 2022

In the recent years, the use of agricultural waste in green cement mortar and concrete production has attracted considerable attention because of potential saving in the large areas of landfills and potential enhancement on the performance of mortar. In this research, microparticles of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) obtained from a multistage thermal and mechanical treatment processes of raw POFA originating from palm oil mill was utilized as a pozzolanic material to produce high-performance cement mortar (HPCM). POFA was used as a partial replacement material to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at replacement levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40% by volume. Sand with particle size smaller than 300 ㎛ was used to enhance the performance of the HPCM. The HPCM mixes were tested for workability, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), porosity and absorption. The results portray that the incorporation of micro POFA in HPCMs led to a slight reduction in the compressive strength. At 40% replacement level, the compressive strength was 87.4 MPa at 28 days which is suitable for many high strength applications. Although adding POFA to the cement mixtures harmed the absorption and porosity, those properties were very low at 3.4% and 11.5% respectively at a 40% POFA replacement ratio and after 28 days of curing. The HPCM mixtures containing POFA exhibited greater increase in strength and UPV as well as greater reduction in absorption and porosity than the control OPC mortar from 7 to 28 days of curing age, as a result of the pozzolanic reaction of POFA. Micro POFA with finely graded sand resulted in a dense and high strength cement mortar due to the pozzolanic reaction and increased packing effect. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the POFA could be used with high replacement ratios as a pozzolanic material to produce HPCM.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.391-401
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• 2009

This paper presents a study of the strength and chloride penetration of blended Portland cement mortar containing ground palm oil fuel ash (POA) and ground river sand (GS). Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was partially replaced with POA and GS. Compressive strength, rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) and chloride penetration depth of mortars were determined. The GS only asserted the packing effect and its incorporation reduced the strength and the resistance to chloride penetration of mortar. The POA asserted both packing and pozzolanic effects. The use of the blend of equal portion of POA and GS also produced high strength mortars, save cost and excellent resistance to chloride penetration owing to the synergic effect of the blend of POA and GS. For chloride depth, the mathematical model correlates well with the experimental results. The computer graphics of chloride depth of the ternary blended mortars are also constructed and can be used to aid the understanding and the proportioning of the blended system.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 2016

CO₂ injection well sealant is vulnerable to supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) exposure. To develop an alternative to the conventional sealant system (class G cement/class F fly ash), the performance of slag cement (SPC) systems containing class F fly ash (FFA) or class C fly ash (CFA) was evaluated and compared with the conventional sealant under scCO₂ conditions. All sealant systems showed an immediate increase in compressive strength upon scCO₂ exposure and, at 37.6 MPa, SPC/CFA showed the highest compressive strength after 14 days, which was much higher than the 29.8 MPa of the conventional sealant system. Substantial decreases in porosity were observed in all sealant systems, which were partly responsible for the increase in strength. Carbonation reactions led to pH decreases in the tested sealants from 12.5 to 10~11.6. In particular, the greatest decrease in pH in slag cement/class C fly ash probably supported relatively sustainable alkali activation reactions and the integrity of cement hydrates in this system. XRD revealed the presence of CaCO₃ and a decrease in the content of cement hydrates in the tested sealants upon scCO₂ exposure. TGA demonstrated a greater increase of CaCO₃ and calcium-silicate-hydrate phases in SPC/CFA than in the conventional sealant upon scCO₂ exposure.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.225-242
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• 2016

Rock physics serves as a useful tool for seismic reservoir characterization and monitoring by providing quantitative relationships between rock properties and seismic data. Rock physics models can predict effective moduli for reservoirs with different mineral components and pore fluids from well-log data. The distribution of reservoirs and fluids for the entire seismic volume can also be estimated from rock physics models. The first part of this report discusses the Voigt, Reuss, and Hashin-Shtrikman bounds for effective elastic moduli and the Gassmann fluid substitution. The second part reviews various contact models for moderate- to high-porosity sands. In the third part, constant-cement model, known to work well for the sand that gradually loses porosity with deteriorating sorting, was applied to the well-log data from an oil field in the North Sea. Lastly, the rock physics template constructed from the constant-cement model and the results from the prestack inversion of 2D seismic data were combined to predict the lithology and fluid types for the sand reservoir of this oil field.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.207-220
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• 2020

Clay soils have a big potential to become contaminated with the oil derivatives because they cover a vast area of the earth. The oil derivatives diffusion in the soil lead to soil contamination and changes the physical and mechanical properties of the soil specially clay soils. Soil stabilization by using new material is very important for geotechnical engineers in order to improve the engineering properties of the soil. The main subjects of this research are a- to investigate the effect of the cement and epoxy resin mixtures on the stabilization and on the mechanical parameters as well as the microstructural properties of clay soils contaminated with gasoline and kerosene, b- study on the phenomenon of clay concrete development. Practical engineering indexes such as Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), elastic modulus, toughness, elastic and plastic strains are all obtained during the course of experiments and are used to determine the optimum amount of additives (cement and epoxy resin) to reach a practical stabilization method. Microstructural tests were also conducted on the specimens to study the changes in the nature and texture of the soil. Results obtained indicated that by adding epoxy resin to the contaminated soil specimens, the strength and deformational properties are increased from 100 to 1500 times as that of original soils. Further, the UCS of some stabilized specimens reached 40 MPa which exceeded the strength of normal concrete. It is interesting to note that, in contrast to the normal concrete, the strength and deformational properties of such stabilized specimens (including UCS, toughness and strain at failure) are simultaneously increased which further indicate on suitability and applicability of the current stabilization method. It was also observed that increasing cement additive to the soil has negligible effect on the contaminated soils stabilized by epoxy resin. In addition, the epoxy resin showed a very good and satisfactory workability for the weakest and the most sensitive soils contaminated with oil derivatives.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.523-532
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• 2019

Based on the formation characteristics, wellbore parameters and insulated tubing (IT) parameters of the Shengli oilfield, Shandong, China, a geomechanical model is built to predict the temperature distributions of the wellbore and formation. The effects of the IT heat conductivity coefficient (HCC), well depth and IT joint on the temperature distribution of the IT, completion casing, cement sheath, and formation are investigated. Results show the temperature of the formation around the wellbore has an exponentially decreasing relation with the distance to the wellbore. The temperature of the formation around the wellbore has an inverse relation with the IT HCC when the temperatures of the steam and the formation are given. The temperature of the casing outer wall is mainly determined by the steam temperature and IT HCC rather than by the initial formation temperature. The temperature of the casing at the IT joint is much larger than that of the other location. Due to the IT joint having a small size, the effects of the IT joint on the casing temperature distribution are limited to a small area only.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

Oil well casing leak is caused by contact of casing outer surface with formation electrolyte. It is usually associated with an aquifer with a high salt content or absence of a cement ring behind the casing. The only way to reduce external casing corrosion is through cathodic protection. Through cathodic polarization of casing structure, electron content in crystal lattice and electron density will increase, leading to a potential shift towards the cathodic region. At Tatneft enterprises, cathodic protection is carried out according to cluster and individual schemes. The main criterion for cathodic protection is the size of protective current. For a casing, the protective current is considered sufficient if measurements with a two-contact probe show that the electric current directed to the casing has eliminated all anode sites. To determine the value of required protective current, all methods are considered in this work. In addition, an analysis of all methods used to determine the minimum protective current of the casing is provided. Results show that the method of measuring potential drop along casing is one of the most reliable methods for determining the value of protective current.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.153-172
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• 2014

In order to investigate the effect of different perforation angles (the angle between the perforation direction and the maximum horizontal principal stress) on the fracture initiation and propagation during hydraulic fracturing of highly deviated well in oil & gas saturated formation, laboratory experiments of the hydraulic fracturing had been carried out on the basis of non-dimensional similar criteria by using 400^3 $mm^3$ cement cubes. A plane fracture can be produced when the perforations are placed in the direction of the maximum horizontal principal stress. When the perforation angle is $45^{\circ}$, the fractures firstly initiate from the perforations at the upper side of the wellbore, and then turn to the maximum horizontal principal stress direction. When the well deviation angle and perforation angle are both between $45^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, the fractures hardly initiate from the perforations at the lower side of the wellbore. Well azimuth (the angle between the wellbore axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress) has a little influence on the fracture geometries; however it mainly increases the fracture roughness, fracture continuity and the number of secondary fractures, and also increases the fracture initiation and propagation pressure. Oriented perforating technology should be applied in highly deviated well to obtain a single plane fracture. If the well deviation angle is smaller, the fractures may link up.