• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book II
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• pp.139-144
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• 2003

Using GC/MS and GC/Olfactmetry analysis, we identified two vinyl ketones such as 1-Octen-3-one (OEO) and cis-1, 5-Octadien-3-one (ODO) as key materials in axillary odor. OEO and ODO showed a strong metallic odor and low odor threshold. These two materials were occurred from the reaction of unsaturated long fatty acids in lipids and the iron ion in our body's metabolism. Then, it was recognized that Morus alba (Japanese name, Kuwa) extract, one of the plant extract, showed a very good effect to control the generation of these vinyl ketones due to its remarkable anti-oxidization effects.

• 감성과학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.199-208
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• 2007

대부분의 후각 감성평가 연구에 있어서는 모든 피험자에게 동일한 농도의 냄새 시료를 제시하고 있다. 하지만 피험자의 후각 기능은 노화 등을 비롯한 여러 가지 요인으로 다를 수 있고 이러한 차이는 후각 감성에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 후각 감성평가 시 냄새 시료를 제공하는데 있어서, 모든 피험자에게 동일한 시료를 제공한 경우와 피험자 개개인의 후각 역치를 고려하여 냄새 시료의 농도를 조절한 후 제공한 경우에 있어서 후각 감성특성 및 감성구조에 차이를 보이는 지 알아보았다. 피험자는 만 19세 이상 대학생 남녀 30명(남자: 18명, 여자: 12명)이었고 사용된 냄새 시료는 T&T olfactometer의 다섯 가지 냄새 기준물질이었다. 동일한 피험자에게 두 가지(실험 1과 실험 2)의 실험을 수행하였는데, 실험 1에서는 피험자 개개인의 후각 역치를 기준으로 냄새 물질의 농도를 조절하여 제공함으로써 모든 피험자가 동일한 냄새 강도를 지각하도록 가였다. 실험2에서는 모든 피험자에게 동일한 농도(+1)의 냄새 시료를 제공하였다. 실험 수행 결과, 냄새 시료 제시 방법(후각 역치 고려 유무)에 따라 후각 감성특성에 있어서 유의적인 차이를 보였는데 냄새에 대한 선호도가 명확하지 않은 시료에 있어서 이러한 차이가 더 크게 나타났다. 이러한 차이는 후각 감성구조에도 영향을 미쳤는데, '심미성', '강도', 그리고 '활동성'은 공통요인이었고, '친화성'(실험 1)과 '중량감'(실험 2)은 후각 역치 고려 유무에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 볼 때, 피험자의 후각 역치 고려 유무에 따라 후각 감성특성 및 감성구조가 다르게 나타날 수 있다고 볼 수 있겠다. 따라서, 냄새 시료에 대한 후각 감성평가를 수행하고자 할 때, 피험자의 후각 역치 및 기능과 이에 따른 냄새 시료 제시법 또한 신중하게 고려해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.37-53
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• 2017

The effectiveness of four air fresher (AF) systems was evaluated with respect to their removal efficiencies against offensive odorants. For this purpose, malodorous species were generated by exposing freshly cooked foods emitting odorants with levels moderately above their respective threshold values in a confined room. The deodorization efficiency of the four AF systems was then tested for a period of 30 min by estimating the extent of reduction in odorant levels after the operation of each AF. The removal efficiency of the four AF units against each odorant was evaluated as follows: (1) between AF products from different manufacturers, (2) between odorants and ultrafine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$), and (3) between operation and natural degassing. The average sorptive removal of odorants was generally <80% and considered less effective or non-effective relative to $PM_{2.5}$. Further examination of odor reduction, if evaluated in terms of odor indices like odor intensity (OI) and odor activity value (OAV), recorded a mean of 33% and 87%, respectively. The overall results of this study confirmed that all tested AF units were not effective to resolve odor problems created under our testing conditions.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.455-460
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• 2008

Powered activated carbon(PAC) has been widely applied for controling odor causing compounds(OCCs) from water treatment plants. Because of their volatility, the OCCs can also be removed from water by air stripping methods. In this study, OCCs removal was tested with PAC adsorption, air stripping, and both PAC adsorption and air stripping from the Taecheong lake water. Removal efficiency of OCCs in terms of threshold odor number(TON) were 39.6% by both PAC (15mg/L) adsorption and aeration for 30 min, 33.6% by PAC(15mg/L) adsorption alone for 30 min, and 22.9% by aeration alone for 30 min, respectively. OCCs could be removed up to 50% by aeration for 120 min without PAC adsorption. At an extended aeration with 15mg/L of PAC, OCCs removal occurred mainly by PAC adsorption within 30 min aeration while it continued by air stripping afterward. At simulated jar tests with the raw water, removal efficiencies of geosmin and MIB were 48.3, 36.1% by coagulation and sedimentation without PAC addition. With 15mg/L of PAC on the same jar tests, the removal efficiencies were 83.1, 60.1%, respectively. Without PAC, OCCs could be possibly removed by stripping during the agitation processes.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2018

Objectives: The emission characteristics of aldehydes were investigated in five industries for the efficient management of aldehydes. Methods: Aldehydes and THC were measured from the stack and boundary of facilities. The relative concentrations and odor contribution of aldehydes were evaluated. Results: The concentrations of aldehydes in the asphalt manufacturing and printing industries were relatively high. Formaldehyde met emission limits for all facilities. According to the odor contribution analysis of aldehydes, i-valeraldehyde and butyraldehyde, which have a relatively low odor threshold value, were found to be the major odor-causing substances in the painting and textile processing industries. Conclusions: Among the aldehydes, the major emission compounds were formaldehyde in asphalt manufacturing, acetaldehyde in the paper manufacturing and textile processing industries, and butyraldehyde in the printing and painting industries. Therefore, to increase the effectiveness of aldehyde reduction, proper control devices need to be installed and operated according to the emission characteristics of aldehydes.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.457-466
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from sewerage facilities such as a sanitary sewers, outlets, and catch basins. In addition, the dominant malodorous VOCs among the compounds in this study were studied. Methods: Waste gas samples were collected at 27 points in a sanitary sewer in commercial and residental areas. The concentrations of seven volatile organic compounds, including benzene and toluene, in the samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS). Odor concentrations were estimated using the concentration data of the VOCs and each compound's threshold limit value. Results: As a result, it appeared that the average concentration of total observed data for acetaldehyde was 15.98 ppb and benzene 1.87 ppb, toluene 82.31 ppb, ethyl benzene 63.12 ppb, m+p-xylene 15.66 ppb, oxylene 18.73 ppb, and styrene 4.39 ppb. VOC concentrations in the commercial area were higher than those in the residential area. VOC concentrations of waste gas emitted from sewer lines was also higher than those at the outlet and in the catch basins. It was estimated that the main malodorous VOC among the seven VOCs was acetaldehyde. Conclusions: As there is little data on VOC concentrations inside sewer facilities in Korea, these data will be helpful for estimating impact assessment of VOCs and establishing a counter-plan for the abatement of VOCs from sewer facilities in the future.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2011

An electrolytic oxidation process was applied to remove odorous compounds from non-point odor sources including wastewater pipelines and manholes. In this study, a distance between the anode and the cathode of the electrolytic process was varied as a system operating parameters, and its effects on odor removal efficiencies and reaction characteristics were investigated. Odor precursors such as sediment organic matters and reduced sulfur/nitrogen compounds were effectively oxidized in the electrolytic process, and a change in oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) indicated that an stringent anaerobic condition shifted to a mild anoxic condition rapidly. At an electrode distance of 1 cm and an applied voltage of 30 V, a system current was maintained at 1 A, and the current density was 23.1 $mA/cm^{2}$. Under the condition, the removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfide in gas phase was found to be 100%, and 93% of ammonium ion was removed from the liquid phase during the 120 minute operating period. Moreover, the sulfate ion (${SO_4}^{2-}$) concentration increased about three times from its initial value due to the active oxidation. As the specific power consumption (i.e., the energy input normalized by the effective volume) increased, the oxidation progressed rapidly, however, the oxidation rate was varied depending on target compounds. Consequently, a threshold power consumption for each odorous compound needs to be experimentally determined for an effective application of the electrolytic oxidation.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.332-340
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal cooking time by considering the cooking loss, shear force, and off-odor reduction of pork large intestines. Commercial pork large intestines were purchased, quartered perpendicularly, and cooked in boiling water for 40, 120, 180, and 240 min. Cooking loss of the samples increased after 240 min of cooking (10.92, p<0.05) while shear force value was lower at 240 min (4.45) compared to that at other cooking times (p<0.001). The amount of major volatile organic compounds showed a decreasing trend with increasing cooking time. In particular, the amount of methyl pentanoate (17,528.71) and methyl isobutyrate (812.51), compounds with a relatively low odor threshold, decreased significantly after 120 min of cooking and no change was observed thereafter (p<0.05). In addition, the amount of 2-pentanol (3,785.65) and 1-propanol (622.26), possibly produced by lipid oxidation, significantly decreased at the same cooking time (p<0.001). In the principal component analysis, only the 40 min cooking time was significantly different from other cooking time by high amounts of 1-propanol, 2-pentanol, and methyl isobutyrate. In conclusion, in the present study, the optimal cooking time for pork large intestines was 120 min in terms of off-odor reduction, cooking loss, and shear force.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.598-602
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• 2008

The Daecheong Reservoir is the largest multi-purpose reservoir in the Keum River basin. This water supply is subject to some of the most serious taste and odor (T&O) problems in the region. The intensity of T&O events increased due to eutrophication during the 1990s. In this study, the temporal occurrence of T&O in raw water from the main Daecheong Reservoir and its regulating reservoir was compared using both an instrumental method (CLSA+GC/MS) and threshold odor number (TON) test from April to December 2006. In addition, biofilms on the submerged macrophytes and rocks were analyzed for two typical T&O causing compounds, Geosmin and 2-MIB. The maximum concentration of Geosmin in the main reservoir was almost two times higher than that in the regulating reservoir. Interestingly, 2-MIB was only detected in water samples from the main reservoir. In the case of T&O causing compounds present in the biofilm on the submerged macrophytes and rocks, the regulating reservoir had lower concentrations compared to those of the main reservoir. It was found that both Geosmin and 2-MIB were detected from the biofilms much earlier than from the water samples. This result suggests that the occurrence of T&O compounds in the biofilms could be used as an early warning indicator of an imminent T&O outbreak in the water body.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.161-162
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• 2003

악취현상은 더 이상 대기오염물질에 한 형태가 아니며 또다른 하나의 감각공해라는 개념이 점차 확산되면서 악취에 대한 관심이 점차 고조되고 있다. 그러나 악취현상의 규명이 국내는 물론 국외에서도 충분한 근거를 제공받지 못하는 데에는 첫째, 대기환경 중에 악취물질은 약 40만종 이상이며, 각 물질의 최소감지 농도(threshold:역치) 값 자체가 수ppm∼수ppb 이하 수준이므로 물질농도를 정확히 규명하는 데에는 물질 고유의 특성과 더불어 상당한 수준의 기술과 장비가 요구된다. (중략)