• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2022

The current study examined the impact of fermented barley sprout extract prepared using lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus sp.) in decreasing odor and increasing livestock productivity and measured the difference in the polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the extract after fermentation. Furthermore, the effectiveness of fermented barley sprout extract was evaluated through order level and production index of livestock by supplying it to a broiler house. The results showed that with fermented barley sprout extract, the polyphenol and flavonoid contents were increased significantly by 174% and 562%, respectively. When the extract was applied as an additive to drinking water in the test farm, the productivity improved by about 10%, the mortality rate was reduced by about 66%, and there was a significant decrease in odor by about 80%. Compared with the control group, the production index increased by about 21%, the feed requirement decreased by about 8%, the odor showed a decrease in the NH₃ level, and no other gas was detected. It was observed that lactic acid bacteria settle in the intestine, suppress the proliferation of bacteria that cause diarrhea and enteritis, and help digestion. The lactic acid bacteria effectively remove bad odor gases such as NH₃, Amines, H₂S and CH₄S. Such odor reduction improves productivity. Our findings provide valuable information for quality water supply, production optimization and livestock management.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1592-1605
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to select an effective in vitro digestion-fermentation model to estimate the effect of decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) on odor emission during pig production and to suggest potential prediction markers through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methods: In the in vitro experiment, three diet formulations with different CP contents (170 g/kg, 150 g/kg, and 130 g/kg) but containing the same standardized ileal digestible essential amino acids (SID-EAA) were assessed. Each diet was evaluated by two different in vitro gastric-intestinal phase digestion methods (flask and dialysis), combined with fresh pig feces-ferment inoculation. Eighteen growing barrows (31.9±1.6 kg) were divided into three groups: control diet (180 g CP/kg, without SID-EAA adjustment), 170 g CP/kg diet, and 150 g CP/kg diet for 4 weeks. Results: The in vitro digestion results indicated that in vitro digestibility was affected by the gastric-intestinal phase digestion method and dietary CP level. According to the gas kinetic and digestibility results, the dialysis method showed greater distinguishability for dietary CP level adjustment. Nitrogen-related odor compounds (NH₃-N, indole, p-cresol, and skatole) were highly correlated with urease and protease activity. The feeding study indicated that both EAA-adjusted diets resulted in a lower odor emission especially in p-cresol and skatole. Both protease and urease activity in feces were also closely related to odor emissions from nitrogen metabolism compounds. Conclusion: Dialysis digestion in the gastric-intestinal phase followed by fresh fecal inoculation fermentation is suitable for in vitro diet evaluation. The enzyme activity in the fermentation and the fecal samples might provide a simple and effective estimation tool for nitrogen-related odor emission prediction in both in vitro and in vivo experiments.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.6-10
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• 1982

유기산에 의한 조개녹젓(염분 15.5%)의 비린내 억제효과를 연구하기 위하여 비린내의 변화와 트리메틸아민(TMA)의 잔존량을 관능검사와 가스 크로마토그래피에 의하여 측정하였다. 1. 관능검사 결과 식초 첨가량을 조개녹젓 100g당 0,2,5,8 및 10 ml 순으로 증가시킴에 따라 비린내 억제효과가 있었으며$({\alpha}=0.01)$, 저장기간과 산의 종류(acetic, malic 및 citric acid)의 변화에 대해서는 비린내를 느끼는 정도에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 조개녹젓 100g당 식초가 8 ml 첨가되었을 때 overall acceptability가 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 2. 가스 크로마토그래피로 분석한 결과 아세트산 첨가량이 증가함에 따라, 경과시간이 증가함에 따라 또한 산의 종류를 아세트산, 말산 및 시트르산 순으로 변화시킴에 따라 TMA잔존량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 $4\;{\mu}l/ml$ 아세트산(8 ml vinegar/100g clam pickle)를 첨가하였을 때에는 반응시간을 충분히 주어도 TMA잔존율이 95% 정도로 거의 변화가 없었다. 3. 관능검사와 가스 크로마토그래피 분석결과로부터 산은 TMA와 화학적으로 결합하여 불휘발성 염을 생성하여 억제효과를 가진다는 것과 평상시 사용하는 농도에서 유기산의 비린내 억제효과는 주로 가리움 효과에 기인한다는 것을 추정하였다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 축산농가의 사육규모에 따른 사육형태, 분뇨처리 방법, 악취저감 방법 등과 계절별 성장단계별 돈사 내 악취농도와 환기방식이 다른 두 농장의 부지경계 지점의 악취농도를 조사 연구하고자 하였다. 1. 돈사 내 암모니아 발생량을 조사한 결과 겨울철 육성비육돈사의 암모니아 농도가 가장 높았다. 그 이유는 돈사 보온을 위해 적정 환기 유지보다 밀폐 강화 등의 결과로 돈사 내 발생한 암모니아 배출이 적어 농도가 높아지는 것으로 보였다. 2. 돈사 내 악취농도 조사 결과 사육규모와 환기 방식이 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 환기방식이 다른 농장 두 곳의 부지경계 지점을 조사하고 악취농도를 측정한 결과 부지경계 인근까지 돈사시설이 활용되고 있었다. 암모니아($NH_3$)는 한곳의 농장에서 1.64 ppm으로 조금 높게 검출되었으며 $H_{2}S$, $CH_{3}SH$, $(CH_3)_2S$, $(CH_3)_2S_2$는 악취방지 법의 배출 허용기준 이하로 검출되었다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.194-198
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• 2023

With the recent development of industrial technology, the problem of odor due to leakage of toxic gas discharged from industrial complexes is gradually increasing. Among them, hydrogen sulfide is a colorless representative odorous substance that can cause pain through irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, and is a gas that can cause central nervous system paralysis and suffocation when exposed to high concentrations. Therefore, in order to improve the odor problem, research on a gas sensor capable of quickly and reliably detecting a leak of hydrogen sulfide is being actively conducted. A lot of research has been done on the existing metal oxide-based hydrogen sulfide gas sensor, but it has the disadvantage of requiring low selectivity and high temperature operating conditions. Therefore, in this study, a Pt/CNT-based electrochemical hydrogen sulfide gas sensor capable of detecting at low temperatures with high selectivity for hydrogen sulfide was developed. A working electrode capable of selectively detecting only hydrogen sulfide was fabricated by synthesizing Pt nanoparticles as a catalyst on functionalized CNT and applied to an electrochemical hydrogen sulfide gas sensor. It was confirmed that the manufactured Pt/CNT-based electrochemical hydrogen sulfide gas sensor has a current change of up to 100uA for hydrogen sulfide, and the both response time and recovery time were within 15 seconds.

• 농촌계획
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.7-11
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• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate the application possibility of environment-friendly rural toilet developed by NRLSI (National Rural Living Science Institute). The evaluation tests of rural toilet consist of composting efficiency, component analysis of odor, and economic efficiency. The test showed that the remaining quantity of wastes was only 14.7% during 10 months. The ammonium gas, main component of ill odor, was not measured, and the other components or odor were significantly detected less than those in pit toilet. The saved PVC (Present Value Cost) of the toilet management cost for thirty years is about 2,457,000 wons compared with flushing toilet supported by a single sanitation facility.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.554-566
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• 2018

The rice husk contains nutrients which can be easily utilized by microorganisms, and also has a water retaining ability, which played a crucial part in enabling it to become a biofilter media. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of rice husk pellet bio-scrubber as a microbiological carrier. The pelletization experiment of rice husk as a biological media was performed using PVA and EVA binder. Also, the feasibility tests of rice husk as a biological media for odor removal were carried out in order to know whether rice-husk contains useful components as a media for microbiological growth or not. Lastly, a combined test for odor gas absorption and biological oxidation was conducted using a lab scale bio-filter set-up packed with rice-husk pellets as wet-scrubber. The major components of the rice husk were carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, while carbon acted as the main ingredient which comprised up to 23.00%. The C : N : P ratio was calculated as 45 : 1 : 2. Oxygen uptake rate, yield and decay rate of the rice husk eluent was calculated to be $0.0049mgO_2/L/sec$, 0.24 mgSS/mgCOD and 0.004 respectively. The most stable form of rice husk pellets was produced when the weight of the rice husk, EVAc, PVAc, and distilled water was 10 : 2 : 0.2 : 10. The prepared rice husk pellets had an apparent density of 368 g/L and a porosity of 59.00% upon filling. Dry rice husks showed high adsorption capacity for ammonia gas but low adsorption capacity for hydrogen sulfide. The bio-filter odor removal column filled with rice husk pellets showed more than 99.50% removal efficiency for NH3 and H2S gas. Through the analysis of circulation water, the prime removal mechanism is assumed to be the dissolution by water, microbial nitrification, and sulfation. Finally, it was confirmed that the microorganisms could survive well on the rice husk pellets, which provided them a stable supply of nutrients for their activity in this long-term experiment. This adequate supply of nutrients from the rice husk enabled high removal efficiency by the microorganisms.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1263-1273
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of crude protein (CP) levels on the physiological response, reproductive performance, blood profiles, milk composition and odor emission in gestating sows. Methods: Seventy-two multiparous sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) of average body weight (BW), backfat thickness, and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 10 or 11 sows per treatment in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets with different CP levels were as follows: i) CP11, corn-soybean-based diet containing 11% CP; ii) CP12, corn-soybean-based diet containing 12% CP; iii) CP13, corn-soybean-based diet containing 13% CP; iv) CP14, corn-soybean-based diet containing 14% CP; v) CP15, corn-soybean-based diet containing 15% CP; and vi) CP16: corn-soybean-based diet containing 16% CP. Results: There was no significant difference in the performance of sow or piglet growth when sows were fed different dietary protein levels. Milk fat (linear, p = 0.05) and total solids (linear, p = 0.04) decreased as dietary CP levels increased. Increasing dietary CP levels in the gestation diet caused a significant increase in creatinine at days 35 and 110 of gestation (linear, p = 0.01; linear, p = 0.01). The total protein in sows also increased as dietary CP levels increased during the gestation period and 24 hours postpartum (linear, p = 0.01; linear, p = 0.01). During the whole experimental period, an increase in urea in sows was observed when sows were fed increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p = 0.01), and increasing blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were observed as well. In the blood parameters of piglets, there were linear improvements in creatinine (linear, p = 0.01), total protein (linear, p = 0.01), urea (linear, p = 0.01), and BUN (linear, p = 0.01) with increasing levels of dietary CP as measured 24 hours postpartum. At two measurement points (days 35 and 110) of gestation, the odor gas concentration, including amine, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide, increased linearly when sows fed diets with increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p = 0.01). Moreover, as dietary CP levels increased to 16%, the odor gas concentration was increased with a quadratic response (quadratic, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Reducing dietary CP levels from 16% to 11% in a gestating diet did not exert detrimental effects on sow body condition or piglet performance. Moreover, a low protein diet (11% CP) may improve dietary protein utilization and metabolism to reduce odor gas emissions in manure and urine in gestating sows.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.815-824
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• 2011

In this study, a non-thermal plasma system was employed to simultaneously remove odorous compounds and organic sludge. The system consisted of two reactors; the first one was the non-thermal plasma reactor where ozone was produced by the plasma reaction and the ozone oxidized hydrogen sulfide, the model odorous compound, and then the ozone-laden gas stream was introduced to the second reactor where wasted sludge was disintegrated and solubilized by ozone oxidation. In this study, the gas retention time (GRT) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) were changed in the two-reactor system, and the effects of GRT and HRT on reduction efficiencies of odor and sludge were determined. As the GRT increased, the ozone concentration increased resulting in an increasing efficiency of hydrogen sulfide removal. However, the overall ozone loading rate to the second sludge reactor was the same at any GRT, which resulted in an insignificant change in sludge reduction rate. When HRTs in the sludge reactor were 1, 2, 4 hours, the sludge reduction rates were approximately 30% during the four-hour operation, while the rate increased to 70% at the HRT of 6 hours. Nevertheless, at HRTs greater than 4 hours, the solubilization efficiency was not proportionally increased with increasing specific input energy, indicating that an appropriate sludge retention time needs to be applied to achieve effective solubilization efficiencies at a minimal power consumption for the non-thermal plasma reaction.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.719-728
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to explore the volatile compounds of hind leg, foreleg, abdomen and Longissimus dorsi in both male and female Hyla rabbit meat by solid phase microextraction tandem with gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and to seek out the key odorants via calculating the odor activity value and principal component analysis. Cluster analysis is used to study the flavor pattern differences in four edible parts. Sixty three volatile compounds were detected, including 23 aldehydes, 4 alcohols, 5 ketones, 11 esters, 5 aromatics, 8 acids and 7 hydrocarbons. Among them, 6 aldehydes and 3 acids were identified as the potential key odorants according to the ratio of concentration and threshold. The contents of volatile compounds in male Hyla rabbit meat were significantly higher than those in female one (p<0.05). The results of principal component analysis showed that the first two principal component cumulative variance contributions reach 87.69%; Hexanal, octanal, 2-nonenal, 2-decenal and decanal were regard as the key odorants of Hyla rabbit meat by combining odor activity value and principal component analysis. Therefore volatile compounds of rabbit meat can be effectively characterized. Cluster analysis indicated that volatile chemical compounds of Longissimus dorsi were significantly different from other three parts, which provide reliable information for rabbit processing industry and for possible future sale.