• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2015

Eye is a highly vascularised organ. There are chances that a foreign substance can enter the systemic circulation through the eye and cause oxidative stress and evoke immune response. Here the eyes of rabbits were exposed, for a period of 7 days, to 5 known ocular irritants: Cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC), sodium salicylate (SS), imidazole (IMI), acetaminophen (ACT) and nicotinamide (NIC). The eyes were scored according to the draize scoring. Blood collected from the treated rabbit were analyzed for haematological and biochemical parameters. After sacrifice, histological analysis of the eye and analysis of pro-inflammatory biomarkers ($IL-1{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-8 and $TNF-{\alpha}$) in the cornea using ELISA was carried out. Spleen was collected and the proliferation capacities of spleenocytes were analyzed. Liver and brain were collected and assessed for oxidative stress. The eye irritation potential of the chemicals was evident from the redness and swelling of the conjunctiva and cornea. Histopathological analysis and ELISA assay showed signs of inflammation in the eye. However, the haematological and biochemical parameters showed no change. Spleenocyte proliferations showed only slight alterations which were not significant. Also oxidative stress in the brain and liver were negligible. In conclusion, chemicals which cause ocular irritation and inflammation did not show any systemic side-effects in the present scenario.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.250-250
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• 1996

Eye irritation, primary skin irritation and skin sensitization tests for Aloewhite were tested in New Zealand White rabbits and Hartley guinea pig. In primary skin irritation test of male New Zealand White rabbits, body weights were not significantly changed and primary Irritation Index(PII) was 0.47, indicating Aloewhite as mildly irritating material, In ocular irritation test, any injury on iris, conjunctival membrane, and cornea in New Zealand White rabbits was not observed. No injuries of the ocular mucous membrane were also recorded. Skin sensitization was tested in guinea Peg after intradermal and epicutaneous induction and graded I with zero % sensitization rate. These results indicate that Aloewhite was not considered to be irritant in test organs of animals.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권1_2호
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• pp.149-152
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• 1997

This test was performed to evaluate the ocular and skin irritation of EPO (Erythropoietin). The results as follows: 1. Ocular irritation test There were no observed clinical signs, body weght changes by EPO during experimental period. The acute ocular irritation index(A.O.I.), mean ocular irritation index(M.O.I.) and Day-7 individual ocular irritation index(I.O.I.) of EPO at dose of 1000U and 10, 000U were 0, respectively. Therefore we evaluated that EPO was non-toxic to eyes. 2. Skin irritation test There were no observed clinical signs, body weght changes and gross pathologic findings by EPO during experimental period. There were no observed erythema, eschar formation and edema formation on intact and abraded skin treated by EPO. The primary irritation index(P.I.I.) of EPO at dose of 1000U and 10, 000U were 0, respectively and were evaluated none irritating product about skin irritation.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.35-38
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• 2022

Many commonly used household chemicals and medical eye drops look alike, resulting in a worldwide increase in incidences of accidents caused by confusion between similar-looking agents. In this case report, we present two patients who visited the emergency department following inadvertent instillation of tinea pedis treatment solution instead of eye drops. Both patients developed corneal chemical burns following the accidental application. Notably, the visual acuity and symptoms eventually recovered for both patients after hospitalization. However, complete recovery occurred only after several weeks. Both patients were relatively old and had been prescribed eye drops after previous ophthalmic surgery. Since the eye is a sensory organ that receives visual information, ocular injuries significantly affect the quality of life and social functioning of the patient. Incidences of accidental misidentification of eye drops are steadily increasing in South Korea; unfortunately, regulatory policies are unavailable to avoid such hazards. Therefore, physicians should be mindful of the potential risks associated with misidentification of everyday household products and must spend time educating patients when prescribing eye drops. Policy regulations are warranted for products with containers that resemble eye drop bottles. Such items need to be clearly labeled with additional warnings to prevent misidentification and accidental ocular instillation.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2001

Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers to impart softness and flexibility to normally rigid polyvinylchloride products. However, there are not much studies jar dermal and ocular irritation toxicity of phthalates. So we investigated the skin or eye irritation effect of some phthalates which was not reported. The primary skin irritation of diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), dipropyl phthalate (DPP) and dipropyl phthalate (DPrP) was studied. The ocular irritation of dibutyl phthalate(DBP), DIDP, DINP, DPP and DPrP was also studied. DEP, DIDP, DINP, DPP, and DPrP were found to be non-irritating to the skin of the test animals. DBP, DIDP, DINP and DPP were found to be non-irritating to the eye of the rabbits. DPrP caused the slight irritations to the eye in 1 or 2 days after treatment but irritation of the animals was soon recovered.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권1_2호
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• pp.157-160
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• 1997

The primary skin and eye irritancy of the combined vaccine (KGCC-95VI) for the prophylaxis against Japanese encephalitis and Hantaan virus infection recently developed by Korea Green Cross Corporation was investigated. The KGCC-95VI was applied to the back skins of the New Zealand White rabbits. The rabbits were observed for 72 hours and did not exhibit erythema, eschar and edema. The eyes of the rabbits were exposed to the KGCC-95VI. The rabbits were observed for 7 days and did not exhibit any ocular findings on cornea, iris and conjuntivae. The KGCC-95VI is considered not to have the primary skin and eye toxicity in rabbits.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2000

본 연구는 안경원이나 안과에 내원한 환자의 문진에서 반드시 알아두어야 할 알코올과 약물이 눈과 콘택트렌즈에 미치는 영향을 이해하기 위해 수행하였다. 전신질환이나 국소 이상으로 복용하는 약물, 연고, 점안액 등이 눈의 건강 특히 시력에 미치는 영향과 콘택트렌즈 착용에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 점안약을 제외한 경구투여 약물은 대부분 동공에 변화를 일으키며 누액생산의 감소, 황반이나 망막이상, 시신경 이상 등을 유발하고 점안약은 주로 각막과 결막에 영향을 마치는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 가장 많이 사용되는 안과용 약물은 스테로이드인데 상대적으로 부작용이 많으므로 신중을 기해야한다. 알코올을 섭취하면 탈수 현상과 영양부족 그리고 산동제로서 역할을 하여 나안 시력과 교정시력 저하, 복시, 암순응 불량, 글레어 Glare 회복시간 지연, 입체감 감소, 파랑-노랑 또는 적-녹색 손상, 시력의 환상 상태 등이 나타난다. 정상적인 순목과 누액 구성 성분이 적당하면 콘택트렌즈 착용을 성공적으로 할 수 있으나 빈번한 약물투여가 정상적인 기능을 방해하므로 정확히 문진하여 약물과 콘택트렌즈 관계를 고려해야 한다. 전신 또는 국소 투약이 소프트렌즈 착용과 변색에 미치는 영향 그리고 소프트렌즈는 약물의 저장소 역할을 하므로 방부제의 독성 및 알레르기 반응도 고려해야 성공적으로 콘택트렌즈를 착용할 수 있다. 또한 콘택트렌즈로 인한 염증성 반응을 치료하기 위해 Corticosteroid 와 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)가 이용되는데 스테로이드는 효과가 뛰어나지만 부작용이 많으므로 단기간 투여해야 한다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 1996

Eye irritation, primary skin irritation and skin sensitization tests for Aloewhite were tested in New Zealand White rabbits and Hartley guinea pig. In primary skin irritation test of male New Zealand White rabbits, body weights were not significantly changed and Primary Irritation Index (PII) was O.47, indicating Aloewhite as mildly irritating material. In ocular irritation test, any injury on iris, conjunctival membrane, and cornea in New Zealand White rabbits was not observed. No injuries of the ocular mucous membrane were also recorded. Skin sensitization was tested in guinea pig after intradermal and epicutaneous induction and graded 1 with zero % sensitization rate. These results indicate that Aloewhite was not considered to be irritant in test organs of animals.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2002년도 Current Trends in Toxicological Sciences
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• pp.138-138
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• 2002

In recent years, the safety of sunscreens has been challenged based on the reports of its adverse effect on users; dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, photoallergic contact dermatitis. To investigate a correlation between sun protection factor (SPF) and the safety of sunscreens, we measured in vitro SPF index using homosalate as a standard and examined the toxicity tests on cosmetics; primary and cumulative skin irritation tests, ocular irritation test, and skin sensitization test.(omitted)

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2002년도 Molecular and Cellular Response to Toxic Substances
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• pp.195-195
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• 2002

In recent years, the safety of sunscreens has been challenged based on the reports of its adverse effect on users; dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, photoallergic contact dermatitis. To investigate a correlation between sun protection factor (SPF) and the safety of sunscreens, we measured in vitro SPF index using homosalate as a standard and examined the toxicity tests on cosmetics; primary skin irritation tests, ocular irritation test, and skin sensitization test.(omitted)