• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.588-609
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• 2018

The objective of this study is to provide information for improving the domestic particulate matter (PM) management. To achieve the study goal, we reviewed the past and current practice of PM management in the United States (US). Our review includes the assessment about the philosophical foundation and effectiveness of PM management, systematic program implementation to reach desirable PM conditions, and steady development of analytical tools including photochemical air quality models. We noticed that the current US PM management approach has improved annual $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations 22-48% in various parts of the US in the last 16 years. In addition, we analyzed strengths and difficulties in the past US PM management implementation. Based on the results of our analyses, we propose key elements to establish more effective domestic PM management in the future than now: steady investment in technological innovations and close-communications between local governments and the central government at various stages of PM management.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.469-485
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• 2018

On September 26, 2017, South Korean government has established the Particulate Matter Comprehensive Plan to improve Korean air quality by 2022, which aims to reduce annual mean surface $PM_{2.5}$ concentration to $18{\mu}g/m^3$. This study demonstrates quantitative assessment of predicted $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations over 17 South Korean regions with the enforcement of the comprehensive plan. We utilize the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with CAPSS 2013 and CREATE 2015 emissions inventories. Simulations are conducted for 2015 with the base emissions and the planned emissions, and impacts from model biases are minimized using the RRF (Relative Response Factor). With effective emission reduction scenario suggested by the comprehensive plan, the model demonstrates that the surface $PM_{2.5}$ concentration may decrease by $6{\mu}g/m^3$ ($23{\mu}g/m^3{\rightarrow}17{\mu}g/m^3$) and $7{\mu}g/m^3$ ($25{\mu}g/m^3{\rightarrow}18{\mu}g/m^3$) for Seoul and South Korea, respectively. The number of high $PM_{2.5}$ days(daily mean>$25{\mu}g/m^3$) also decreases from 21 days to 4 days.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.517-533
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• 2018

We utilize the CAMx (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with eXtensions) system and the PSAT (Particulate Source Apportionment Technology) diagnostic tool to determine the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration and to perform its source apportionment in the southeastern region of South Korea. For a year-long simulation, eight local authorities in the region such as Pohang, Daegu, Gyeongju, Ulsan, Busan-Gimhae, Gosung-Changwon, Hadong, and all remaining areas in Gyeongsangnam-do, are selected as source areas based on the emission rates of $NO_x$, $SO_x$, VOC, and primary PM in CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) 2013 emissions inventory. The CAMx-PSAT simulation shows that Pohang has the highest $PM_{2.5}$ self-contribution rate (25%), followed by Hadong (15%) and Busan-Gimhae (14%). With the exception of Pohang, which has intense fugitive dust emissions, other authorities are strongly affected by emissions from their neighboring areas. This may be measured as much as 1 to 2 times higher than that of the self-contribution rate. Based on these estimations, we conclude that the efficiency of emission reduction measures to mitigate $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in the southeastern region of South Korea can be maximized when the efforts of local or regional emission controls are combined with those from neighboring regions. A comprehensive control policy planning based on the collaboration between neighboring jurisdictional boundaries is required.

• ALGAE
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.213-224
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• 2020

The freshwater red algal genus Sheathia contains species with heterocortication (both bulbous and cylindrical cells covering the main axis) and homocortication (only cylindrical cells). When the genus was proposed, the species with heterocortication were revised, but all specimens with homocortication were assigned to Sheathia arcuata with the caveat that it may represent a species complex. Recent studies have described new species with homocortication and S. arcuata has been rendered paraphyletic. In the current study, new sequences of the rbcL and 5′ region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I markers were combined with previously published data to construct a robust phylogeny and circumscribe new species. Four new species, S. abscondita, S. californica, S. plantuloides, and S. transpacifica are proposed. Examination of morphological characters among homocorticate species show no diagnostic characters to distinguish among species, whereas S. plantuloides is only known from sporophytes (chantransia) so it lacks the typical morphological characters derived from the gametophytes for comparison. Although DNA sequence data would be needed to make a positive species identification, geography could be employed to narrow the identification to one or two species. The genus is geographically widespread having been recorded from oceanic islands and five continents, whereas the individual species typically occur on a single continent. With this study, the number of species recognized in Sheathia is raised to 17; seven heterocorticate and 10 homocorticate, making this genus one of the most species rich in the Batrachospermales. As well, the resulting phylogeny provides insights into the evolution of heterocortication in Sheathia.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.294-305
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• 2018

Quantitative assessment on the impact from North Korean emissions to surface particulate matter(PM) concentration in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea is conducted using a 3-dimensional chemistry transport model. Transboundary transport of air pollutants and their precursors are important to understand regional air quality in East Asian countries. As North Korea locates in the middle of main transport pathways of Chinese pollutants, quantifiable estimation of its impact is essential for policy making in South Korean air quality management. In this study, the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System is utilized to simulate regional air quality and its sensitivity, using the Comprehensive Regional Emissions inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment 2015 and the Clean Air Policy Support System 2013 emissions inventories for North and South Korea, respectively. Contributions were estimated by a brute force method, perturbing 50% of North and South Korean emissions. Simulations demonstrate that North Korean emissions contribute $3.89{\mu}g/m^3$ of annual surface PM concentrations in the SMA, which accounts 14.7% of the region's average. Impacts are dominant in nitrate and organic carbon (OC) concentrations, attributing almost 40% of SMA OC concentration during January and February. Clear seasonal variations are also found in North Korean emissions contribution to South Korea (and vice versa) due to seasonal characteristics of synoptic weather, especially by the change of seasonal flow patterns.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.708-726
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• 2018

In this study, we examined the contribution of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds emitted from China and Japan to ozone concentrations over Gwangyang-bay, South Korea. We used a chemical transport model, Community Multi-scale Air Quality model, and its instrumented sensitivity tool, High-order Decoupled Direct Method. Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B 2006 for East Asia and Clean Air Policy Support System 2007 emissions inventories for South Korea were used for the ozone simulation. During the study period, May 2007, the modeled maximum daily 8-hr average ozone concentration among seven air quality monitors in Gwangyang-bay was 68.8 ppb. The contribution of $NO_x$ emissions from China was 19.5 ppb (28%). The highest modeled ozone concentrations and Chinese contributions appeared when air parcels were originated from Shanghai area. The observed 8-hr average ozone concentrations in Gwangyang Bay exceeded the national ambient air quality standard (60 ppb) 203 times by daytime and 56 times by nighttime during the period. It was noticed that many exeedances happened when contribution of Chinese emissions to ozone concentrations over the area increased. Sensitivity analysis shows that a reduction in Chinese $NO_x$ and VOC emissions by 15% could lessen the total exceedance hours by 24%. This result indicates that high ozone concentrations over Gwangyang-bay are strongly enhanced by Chinese emissions.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.537-545
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• 2005

제주도는 전통적으로 전년 내내 온화한 해양기후조건을 가지고 있으며 청정한 자연환경과 극적인 해안경관으로 세계적인 휴양지로 유명하다. 그러나 우리나라 곳곳의 해안지역에서처럼 제주도 역시 해안구조물 건설 및 항만 재개발에 자연환경의 변화에 따른 예측하지 못한 해안침식 문제가 심각하게 대두되고 있다. 이들 지역에서는 섬의 남쪽 해안선에서 침식으로 인한 해안선의 급격한 변화를 보이는 것은 물론 해안선 절벽까지도 무너져 내리는 현상까지 나타나고 있다. 이미 선진국에서는 여러 해안공학자 및 연구자들이 해안침식에 대한 연구를 오랫동안 심도 있게 다루어 왔으나 우리나라에서는 아직 이 방면에 연구 활동이 미약하고 기초연구자료도 미흡하여 대책공법의 수립에 어려움이 존재하며, 무분별한 대책공법의 시행으로 인해 청정해안 환경에 복잡하고 치명적인 영향을 초래할 우려가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 외국에서의 여러 사례를 조사하고 해안선 침식방지는 물론 환경친화적이고 친수기능을 겸비한 종합적인 방재 대책공법으로 인공리프, 부유식 방파제 그리고 이중원통 케이슨식 방파제를 찾아내어 제안하고자 하였다. 제안된 방법은 수치모델을 통해 대상해역에 적용하여 그 결과를 비교하여 그 타당성을 평가해 보았다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.497-514
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• 2017

This study quantitatively analyzes the effects of emission inventory choices on the simulated particulate matter (PM) concentrations and the domestic/foreign contributions in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) with an air quality forecasting system. The forecasting system is composed of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE)-Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ). Different domestic and foreign emission inventories were selectively adopted to set up four sets of emissions inputs for air quality simulations in this study. All modeling cases showed that model performance statistics satisfied the criteria levels (correlation coefficient >0.7, fractional error <50%) suggested by previous studies. Notwithstanding the apparently good model performance of total PM concentrations by all emission cases, annual average concentrations of simulated total PM concentrations varied up to $20{\mu}g/m^3$ (160%) depending on the combination of emission inventories. In detail, the difference in simulated annual average concentrations of the primary PM coarse (PMC) was up to $25.2{\mu}g/m^3$ (6.5 times) compared with other cases. Furthermore, model performance analyses on PM species showed that the difference in the simulated primary PMC led to gross model overestimation in general, which indicates that the primary PMC emissions need to be improved. The contribution analysis using model direct outputs indicated that the domestic contributions to the annual average PM concentrations in the SMA vary from 44% to 67%. To account for the uncertainty of the simulated concentration, the contribution correction factor method proposed by Bae et al. (2017) was applied, which resulted in converged contributions(from 48% to 57%). We believe this study shows that it is necessary to improve the simulated concentrations of PM components in order to enhance the accuracy of the forecasting model. It is deemed that these improvements will provide more accurate contribution results.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.480-496
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• 2017

CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality)-HDDM (High-order Direct Decoupled Method) simulations with MICS-Asia 2010 and INTEX-B 2006 emissions inventories were performed to investigate the impact of Chinese $NO_x$ and VOC emissions on 1-hr ozone concentrations over South Korea during May to July in 2014. Chinese $NO_x$ and VOC emissions in MICS-Asia 2010 were 60% higher and 100% lower than those in INTEX-B 2006 during the simulation period. It makes the ratio of Chinese VOC to $NO_x$ emissions in INTEX-B 2006 (Case 1) is 3.2 times higher than that in MICS-Asia 2010 (Case 2). When the observed period mean 1-hr ozone concentration averaged across 106 air monitoring sites in the SMA (Seoul Metropolitan Area) was 37.6 ppb, the modeled values were similar to each other; 37.3 ppb for Case 1, and 40.4 ppb for Case 2. Both cases show that daily maximum 1-hr ZOC (Zero-Out Contribution) of Chinese $NO_x$ and VOC emissions were as high as 55 ppb and 35 ppb for the episode respectively. Correlation coefficients between ZOC of Chinese $NO_x$ and VOC emissions and the SMA daily maximum 1-hr ozone were 0.49~0.69. It indicates that Chinese emissions occasionally affect the SMA daily ozone peaks. On the other hand, Case 2 predicted 7 ppb and 1 ppb higher ZOC of Chinese $NO_x$ and VOC emissions than Case 1, when simulated ozone in the SMA is over 80 ppb. It implies that upwind $NO_x$ emissions would be more important than upwind VOC emissions for the long-range transport of ozone in Northeast Asia.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.11-19
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• 2005

제주도는 전통적으로 전년 내내 온화한 해양기후조건을 가지고 있으며 청정한 자연환경과 극적인 해안경관으로 세계적인 휴양지로 유명하다. 그러나 우리나라 곳곳의 해안지역에서처럼 제주도 역시 해안구조물 건설 및 항만 재개발에 자연환경의 변화에 따른 예측하지 못한 해안침식문제가 심각하게 대두되고 있다. 이들 지역에서는 섬의 남쪽 해안선에서 침식으로 인한 해안선의 급격한 변화를 보이는 것은 물론 해안선 절벽까지도 무너져 내리는 현상까지 나타나고 있다. 이미 선진국에서는 여러 해안공학자 및 연구자들이 해안침식에 대한 연구를 오랫동안 심도 있게 다루어 왔으나 우리나라에서는 아직 이 방면에 연구 활동이 미약하고 기초연구자료도 미흡하여 대책공법의 수립에 어려움이 존재하며, 무분별한 대책공법의 시행으로 인해 청정해안 환경에 복잡하고 치명적인 영향을 초래할 우려가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 외국에서의 여러 사례를 조사하고 해안선 침식방지는 물론 환경친화적이고 친수기능을 겸비한 종합적인 방재 대책공법으로 인공리프, 부유식 방파제 그리고 이중원통 케이슨식 방파제를 찾아내어 제안하고자 하였다. 제안된 방법은 수치모델을 통해 대상해역에 적용하여 그 결과를 비교하여 그 타당성을 평가해 보았다.