• 수면정신생리
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.77-81
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• 2020

수면 무호흡증은 상기도가 좁아지거나 막히게 되면서 반복적인 수면 중 각성과 동맥내 산소포화도의 저하를 유발하는 수면관련 호흡장애이다. 이 질환은 연골무형성증과 같이 유전 질환을 가진 어린아이들에게서 상대적으로 그렇지 않은 아이들에 비해 더 취약하다. 연골무형성증은 안면골과 두개저의 형성 저하와 함께 선천적으로 대후공의 협착이 동반되는 것을 특징으로 하는 유전 질환으로 높은 빈도의 폐쇄 수면무호흡증을 나타낸다. 저자들은 연골 무형성증 환아에서 편도절제술 이후에도 지속되는 증상에 대해 수면 다원검사를 시행하여 중증 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡증 진단 및 지속기도양압 치료를 하였던 1례를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• Journal of Sleep Medicine
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a predicting model for the optimal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patient with obesity by using a machine learning. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the medical records of 162 OSA patients who had obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25] and undertaken successful CPAP titration study. We divided the data to a training set (90%) and a test set (10%), randomly. We made a random forest model and a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) regression model to predict the optimal pressure by using the training set, and then applied our models and previous reported equations to the test set. To compare the fitness of each models, we used a correlation coefficient (CC) and a mean absolute error (MAE). Results: The random forest model showed the best performance {CC 0.78 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-0.93], MAE 1.20}. The lasso regression model also showed the improved result [CC 0.78 (95% CI 0.42-0.93), MAE 1.26] compared to the Hoffstein equation [CC 0.68 (95% CI 0.23-0.89), MAE 1.34] and the Choi's equation [CC 0.72 (95% CI 0.30-0.90), MAE 1.40]. Conclusions: Our random forest model and lasso model ($26.213+0.084{\times}BMI+0.004{\times}$apnea-hypopnea index+$0.004{\times}oxygen$ desaturation index-$0.215{\times}mean$ oxygen saturation) showed the improved performance compared to the previous reported equations. The further study for other subgroup or phenotype of OSA is required.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.205-209
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• 2012

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by obstruction of the upper airway. It is characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep despite the effort to breathe. Apnea is closely related to clinical findings and respiratory disturbance index (RDI). The total subjects were 42 (male 26, female 16) and examined by polysomography (PSG) in terms of RDI above 5 and below 5 at Mok-Dong Hospital in Ewha Womans University from January to June, 2012. The study revealed the followings: The comparison of clinical findings and RDI above 5 showed significant increase in age, BMI, and snoring sound although lowest $SpO_2$ level decreased. The correlation coefficient analysis between clinical findings and RDI showed statistically significant correlation in age, BMI, lowest $SpO_2$ although snoring sound and average $SpO_2$ showed statistically insignificant correlation.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2014

목 적: 폐쇄성무호흡증(Obstructive sleep apnea, OSA)과 단순코골이(simple snoring) 환자들의 성격적 특성에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정으로, 본 연구에서는 아이젱크 성격검사(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, EPQ)를 사용하여 OSA와 단순코골이 환자들의 성격적 특성과 차이를 연구하였다. 방 법: OSA나 단순코골이가 의심되는 237명의 피험자들이 연구에 포함되었다. 모든 피험자들은 EPQ 등의 설문 검사를 받았고, 수면다원검사실에서 야간수면다원검사를 시행하였다. 무호흡저호흡지수(Apnea-Hypopnea Index, AHI) 5 이상은 OSA, 5 미만은 단순코골이로 분류되었다. 결 과: OSA군은 단순코골이군에 비해 정신병적 경향성(Psychoticism)에서 유의하게 낮은 점수를 보였다(F=4.563, p=0.034). 기타 외향성-내향성(Extraversion, F=3.029, p=0.083), 허위성(Lie, F=0.398, p=0.529), 신경증적 경향성(Neuroticism, F=3.367, p=0.068)에서는 OSA군과 단순코골이 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. OSA군 내에서 시행한 상관분석결과 AHI가 높을수록 외향성(r=0.16, p=0.029)이 높았고, 허위성(r=-0.31, p<0.001)이 낮았다. OSA군에서 EPQ의 네 가지 척도를 종속변인으로 설정한 다중회귀분석 결과, 허위성은 나이가 많고(B=0.14, p<0.001), AHI가 낮을수록(B=-0.05, p<0.001) 증가하였다. 정신병적 경향성은 피츠버그 수면질 설문(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI)이 높을수록(B=0.14, p<0.001), 신경증적 경향성은 PSQI가 높고(B=0.34, p=0.001), 여성인 경우(B=3.15, p=0.003) 증가하였다. 외향성은 나이가 적고(B=-0.08, p=0.020), 체질량지수(body mass index)가 높을수록(B=0.26, p=0.023) 증가하였다. 결 론: 본 연구 결과는 OSA 환자들이 단순코골이 환자들에 비해 유의하게 정신병적 경향성이 낮음을 보여주었다. OSA군 내에서는 AHI가 높을수록, 허위성이 낮고 외향성이 높은 경향을 보였다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2006

폐쇄성 수면무호흡증 환자의 수면 구조는 정상인에 비해 서파수면과 렘수면이 줄어들고 1단계 수면, 각성, 수면 분절이 증가한다는 것은 잘 알려져 있으며 이는 각 수면 단계의 분율에 양적인 변화를 의미한다. 그러나 정상 수면 구조를 규정하는 중요한 요소인 야간 수면의 렘수면-비렘수면의 주기성과 비대칭성에 대한 비교 연구는 드물다. 이 연구는 수면전반부와 후반부의 비대칭성이 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증 환자에서 손상될 것이라는 가정을 검증해 보고자 하였다. 코골이를 주소로 을지병원 수면클리닉을 방문한 49명의 남자(평균 연령: $39.1{\pm}12.2$세)를 대상으로 야간 수면다원검사를 실시하여 수면무호흡-저호흡 지수(AHI) 15를 기준으로 나눈 단순 코골이(SSN) 군 13명과 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증(OSA) 군 34명의 수면 구조를 독립적 t 검정으로 비교하고 각 군 별로 수면 전반부 후반부의 수면 변인을 따로 구하여 짝지어진 t 검정을 하였다. 연령과 체질량 지수 등의 신체적 조건은 두 군간에 차이가 없었다. OSA 군에서 1단계 수면 비율이 유의하게 늘고, 2단계 수면 비율은 유의하게 감소하였고, 렘수면 비율은 유의하게 감소하였다. 또 전체각성지수와 호흡각성지수가 유의하게 증가하였고, 평균 심박수가 유의하게 더 높았다. 평균 동맥혈 산소포화도의 저하와 산소포화도저하지수(ODI)의 증가, 평균 무호흡시간과 최장 무호흡시간의 증가 등도 OSA 군에서 유의하게 관찰되었다. 총검사시간을 중심으로 수면을 전후반으로 나누어 각 수면 변인을 보았을 때 SSN 군에서 비대칭성(p<0.05)을 보인 변인은 2단계수면 비율, 서파수면 비율, 렘수면 비율, 자발적 각성지수, 총각성지수, 평균 동맥혈산소포화도, 심박수인 반면, OSA 군은 2단계수면 비율, 서파수면 비율, 렘수면 비율, 자발적 각성지수, 평균 무호흡시간, 최장 무호흡시간, 평균 동맥혈산소포화도, 심박수가 비대칭성(p<0.05)을 보였고, 총각성지수는 비대칭성을 보이지 않았다. 가정과 다르게 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증에서 단순 코골이에 비해 달라진 부분은 평균 수면무호흡 시간과 최장 수면무호흡 시간이 증가한 것 뿐이었고, 유일하게 총각성지수만이 비대칭성이 붕괴되어 전반부와 후반부의 차이가 없어졌다. 흥미로운 것은 알려진 수면단계의 비대칭성(전반부에 2단계수면과 서파수면의 비율이 높고, 후반부에 렘수면 비율이 높아지는 점) 이외에도 수면전반부에 총각성지수와 자발적 각성지수, 평균 심박수가 높고 후반부에 평균 동맥혈산소포화도가 높다는 사실이다. 정상 남녀 성인에서도 이러한 경향을 확인할 수 있는지 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.12-18
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• 2014

Objectives: This was a retrospective case series about the clinical effect of integrated approach with behavior therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: Medical records of twelve patients with OSA who were treated with behavior modification including nasal breathing with oral appliances and sleep in lateral position, oral administration of herbal medicines and acupuncture treatment between January and September of 2013 were reviewed. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), day time sleepiness, apneas and hypopneas counts during sleep, risk indicator (RI), oxygen desaturation index, average saturation during sleep, lowest desaturation, lowest saturation, snoring events ratio and number of desaturations (%) were assessed before and after treatments with the ApneaLink device, which is a portable diagnostic apparatus for monitoring airflows of the patient's breath at home. Results: After an average 62.67 (SD 37.16) days of treatment, AHI (from 17.67, 12.79 to 8.75, 8.25, p=0.007), RI (from 22.00, 13.26 to 12.09, 8.03, p=0.004), oxygen desaturation index (from 17.33, 12.17 to 8.17, 7.86, p=0.005), and number of desaturations (from 7.00 times, 9.79 to 0.92 times, 1.39, p=0.044) showed significant improvement. Daytime sleepiness improved from 6.5 (3.2) to 3.8 (1.8) but there was no significant difference after treatment (p=0.17). No adverse events related to treatment were observed during participation in the treatment. Conclusion: From this case series, we found that behavior modification with herbal medication and acupuncture may be effective for improving sleep apnea without serious adverse events. Future randomized controlled trials with larger sample size will be necessary for concrete evidence on the benefit of this integrated treatment for OSA.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was intended to perform a cephalometric comparison between the patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The factors influencing the OSA in the lateral cephalogram were also investigated. Methods: Fifty patients who had visited the Sleep Disorder Clinic at the Ajou University Hospital and evaluated with the polysomnograph (PSG) and cephalogram, were included in the study. The patients had the apnea-hypopnea episode over 5 times per hour (apnea-hypopnea index $[AHI]{\geq}5$) were diagnosed as OSA after the overnight PSG. To evaluate the hard and soft tissue profiles, the cephalometric radiograms were taken at the maximal intercuspation. The correlation between the patient's age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and AHI was inspected in the OSA and control group. The difference between the OSA and control group was evaluated (Mann-Whitney U Test). The cephalometric influencing factors to OSA were analyzed (Pearson's correlation coefficient) statistically using SPSS statistics. Results: The OSA Group had a significantly higher BMI than the control group. The mean lower facial height (ANS-Me) was longer in the OSA group; however, statistically significant difference was not detected in the anteroposterior craniofacial measurements. The distance between mandibular plane and hyoid bone of the OSA group was significantly longer than that of the control group. The hyoid position (MP-Hyoid) had a positive correlation between AHI (P<0.001). However, the measurements of oropharyngeal airway were not different between the two groups. The hypothesis, that the antero-posteriorly narrow oropharyngeal airway may aggravate the airway resistance and give rise to a higher AHI, was rejected in the study. Conclusion: We suggest that the lateral cephalogram may be utilized as a useful method to evaluate OSA. The patients with a lower hyoid position can be expected to have higher risks of OSA. However, a comprehensive intraoral inspection, including the soft palate and tonsilar hypertrophy, is emphasized, as the lateral cepahlogram cannot visualize the oropharyngeal status completely.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2017

Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is used to identify areas of upper airway obstruction, which occurs when patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) snore. DISE enables effective diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the obstruction site. Among surgical treatment methods for OSA, maxillomandibular advancement surgery (MMA) is performed to move a jaw forward; the surgery has a high success rate for OSA treatment. In DISE, anesthetics such as propofol and midazolam must be administered to induce snoring while the patient is deeply sedated for an accurate diagnosis to be made. When inducing deep sedation in a patient with OSA, airway obstruction may increase, causing oxygen saturation to drop; airway interventions are necessary in such cases. Effective DISE and MMA surgery can be performed by administering propofol through target-controlled infusion while monitoring the bispectral index (BIS).

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2007

Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS) is a disorder characterized by the repetitive collapse of the pharyngeal airway during sleep, which leads to oxygen desaturation, sleep fragmentation, daytime sleepiness, and increased risk for hypertension and stroke. We investigated the clinical factors related to the severity of OSAHS. Polysomnography was performed in three hundred and ninety five consecutive adult patients with clinical symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. All patients completed the sleep questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale before polysomnography. Patients were classified into four groups based on the severity of their polysomnographic data: Non-OSA group, characterized by Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) < 5; mild OSA group, by AHI 5-15; moderate OSA group, by AHI 16-30; and severe OSA group, by AHI > 30. Neck circumference was also measured at the cricothyroid level. A total of 395 patients (336 men and 59 women) were studied. In the non-OSA group, there were 55 patients; their mean neck circumference was $39.63{\pm}4.24cm$ and mean BMI was $24.48{\pm}3.53$. In the mild group, there were 101 patients; their mean neck circumference was $41.93{\pm}3.75cm$ and mean BMI was $25.33{\pm}2.94$. In the moderated group, there were 93 patients; their mean neck circumference was $43.27{\pm}3.50cm$ and BMI was $25.90{\pm}2.88$. In the severe group, there were 146 patients; their mean neck circumference was $44.94{\pm}3.93cm$ and mean BMI was $26.81{\pm}3.76$. Men had significantly larger neck circumference than women ($Mean{\pm}SD$, $43.72{\pm}3.83$ vs $39.17{\pm}4.30$, p < 0.001), and higher AHI than women ($29.12{\pm}22.65$ vs $14.63{\pm}14.11$, p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that neck circumference was the most significant predictor of AHI. Neck circumference and BMI were positively correlated with the severity of OSAHS. The severity of OSAHS was greater in men than in women.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.89-103
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• 2023

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders that can lead to serious consequences, including hypertension and/or cardiovascular diseases, if not treated promptly. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is widely recognized as the most effective treatment for OSA, which needs the proper titration of airway pressure to achieve the most effective treatment results. However, the process of CPAP titration can be time-consuming and cumbersome. There is a growing importance in predicting personalized CPAP pressure before CPAP treatment. The primary objective of this study was to optimize the CPAP titration process for obstructive sleep apnea patients through EEG feature engineering with machine learning techniques. We aimed to identify and utilize the most critical EEG features to forecast key OSA predictive indicators, ultimately facilitating more precise and personalized CPAP treatment strategies. Here, we analyzed 126 OSA patients' PSG datasets before and after the CPAP treatment. We extracted 29 EEG features to predict the features that have high importance on the OSA prediction index which are AHI and SpO2 by applying the Shapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) method. Through extracted EEG features, we confirmed the six EEG features that had high importance in predicting AHI and SpO2 using XGBoost, Support Vector Machine regression, and Random Forest Regression. By utilizing the predictive capabilities of EEG-derived features for AHI and SpO2, we can better understand and evaluate the condition of patients undergoing CPAP treatment. The ability to predict these key indicators accurately provides more immediate insight into the patient's sleep quality and potential disturbances. This not only ensures the efficiency of the diagnostic process but also provides more tailored and effective treatment approach. Consequently, the integration of EEG analysis into the sleep study protocol has the potential to revolutionize sleep diagnostics, offering a time-saving, and ultimately more effective evaluation for patients with sleep-related disorders.