• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2012

This study analyzed the observation characteristics with the subject of observation data through defining the change of the observation degree as attention /conscious observation /visual understanding. Furthermore, by obtaining the formular with which to estimate the subjects' observation amount, this study suggests a potential method for easier analysis of observation characteristics. The conclusions from the study are as the followings. First, the observation frequency was being generated with wide deviation among subjects while there was a flow-on characteristics depending on the degree of observation. These characteristics enabled the study to obtain the formular with which to estimate the observation amount. Second, the study could establish the area frequency by grade from the entire observation data. The area I was at most 4% for the area frequency but accounted for 18.2% of the entire effective observation time, and the area II 16% and 38.7% respectively. Accordingly, only considering the observation area distribution of the area I or the areas I and II shows which position of the space the subjects were observing. Third, with the subject of the relatively higher observation time at at the subject's observation characteristics, as the observation phase was getting higher, the observation time decreased more. Forth, by obtaining the formular to estimate the observation amount for observation data according to the change of observation degree, the study could find the estimating observation characteristics of additional subjects. The formular shortens the analysis time and facilitates the analysis process.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.345-350
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify observation methods, observation targets and their changes in elementary school students' observing aquariums. Silurus microdorsalis, Orthrias nudus, Iksookimia rotundicaudata and Semisulcospira bensoni in two aquariums were observed for 40 minutes in every week during 10 weeks by elementary children. Students' observation methods and targets were analyzed with their observation diary. Also the change of observation methods and targets on each species were analysed based on the observation diary. This study found the facts which was change of observation methods and observation targets according to observable theme of each species as time goes by. The results also found children's various methods and targets in observing living objects and observation methods were changed variously during 10 week-observation. The results of this study may provide more various and systematic norm and assessment criteria for teaching observation.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2011

There occurs subtle shaking in our eyes while in looking at objects and this study sets up the standard of reconciliation from the property of observation and organizes the property of data reconciliation by the observation range to secure the feasibility of reconciliation range and method of the original data obtained from observation experiment and its analysis process. The results from above study can be concluded as in the followings: First, it made clear the process to exclude eye blink and data out of image range from the original data so to set up the range of available data. Second, on the basis of existing theory, it was possible to define the minimum attention time as 0.1 second (3 times of observation) and the visual understanding time of space as 0.3 second (9 times of observation) in the study on the property of observation, and this definition of observation time of sight fixation becomes an important indicator in the analysis of observation data. Third, based on the observation theory of continuity securing and attention, it was able to arrange the standard of reconciliation by carrying out reconciliation works only when fixed data with more than three times of observation showed consecutively before and behind the data with intermittent movements. Fourth, In the sector whether visual understanding occurred (more than 9 times), it increased by 12% for the frequency of observation and by 7.8% for the times of observation compared with the ones before the reconciliation. These results showed to have a constant change by subjects so that it was able to arrange a foundation to secure objective data in the analysis of the observation range and its extent.

• 아동학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.167-183
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable infant observation scale based on the national curriculum for childcare centers. The study was carried out using the final draft of the Infant Observation Scale for 1 year old infants. The scale consists of 42 items in 6 areas. Whereas the final draft of the Infant Observation Scale for 2 year old infants consists of 52 items in 6 areas. The subjects of this observation scale were 120 infants from the city of Busan. The results of the Infant Observation Scale for the 1 year old infant analysis for the purpose of test adequacy indecates that the internal consistency reliability is from .88 to .97. The results of the Infant Observation Scale for 2 year old infant analysis for test adequacy shows that the internal consistency reliability is from .76 to .97.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.593-615
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• 2022

본 연구는 야외 식물 관찰 학습에서 초등학생의 관찰 능력과 과학 창의성의 관계를 알아보고, 관찰능력과 과학 창의성에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해 알아보았다. 이를 위해 서울특별시 5학년 21명을 대상으로 야외 식물 관찰 학습을 시행했다. 관찰 과제를 통해 학생의 관찰 능력과 과학적 창의성을 평가하여 정량적 자료를 얻은 뒤, 식물 관찰에 대한 학생과의 면담을 통해 정성적 자료를 얻었다. 이외에도 연구자의 참여 관찰 기록, 학생의 활동 결과물 등 다양한 자료를 수집함으로써 연구의 타당성을 높이고자 했다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학생을 관찰 능력과 과학 창의성 상·하 수준에 따라 HH(고관찰-고창의)형, HL(고관찰-저창의)형, LH(저관찰-고창의)형, LL(저관찰-저창의)형의 4개 집단으로 유형화한 결과 전체 학생 21명 중 HH형과 LL형에 속한 학생이 15명으로 관찰 능력이 높을수록 과학적 창의성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 관찰 능력과 과학 창의성은 정적인 상관관계를 보였으며. 특히 과학 창의성 요소 중 독창성과도 관찰 능력과 약한 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 셋째, 야외 식물 관찰 학습에서 초등학생의 관찰 능력에 영향을 미치는 요인은 평상시 식물 관찰 빈도와 식물 관찰 학습에 대한 흥미, 식물 관찰 학습에서의 협력이었다. 넷째, 야외 식물 관찰 학습에서 과학 창의성에 영향을 미치는 요인은 관찰 능력과 식물 관련 지식의 양임을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 분석을 바탕으로, 본 연구는 관찰 능력과 과학 창의성을 향상시키기 위한 교육적 방법에 대해 논의하였다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.458-475
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze the responses of pre-service elementary teachers to the plant learning using plant-observation activities and observation journal writings. Thirty pre-service teachers participated in this study. Before and after practicing plant observation and observation journal writing for 11 weeks, pre-service teachers' interest to plants, attitude to plant-observation teaching, and plant-observation teaching efficacy were examined using a questionnaire. Also, the observation journals, reflective journal writings, and interviews were analyzed to investigate their qualitative change. In addition, the pre-service teachers were classified by multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis with respect to attitude to plant-observation teaching and observation journal writing, and teaching efficacy. While the pre-service teachers showed significant increase of the interest to plants and plant-observation teaching efficacy, and positive change of the attitude to plant-observation teaching, there was a little difference between gender with more positive effects on females. The positive attitude changes of pre-service teachers included positive recognition about plants and the diversity, increased interest and curiosity about plants, careful observation about nearby plants, and independent learning and positive inquiry with plants. In terms of teaching efficacy, they showed positive change such as enjoyment and satisfaction with plant-observation, confidence as elementary teachers in the future, and recognition about the importance of elementary teachers for plant education. However, the changes were different among the groups classified by attitude to plant-observation teaching and observation journal writings, and plant-observation teaching efficacy.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.174-182
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• 2013

This study divided the observation area in an indoor space for area setup to analyse the effect of the difference of design types on the characteristics of observation with the observed time of each area as objects. Though it is thought that the difference of design patterns may be influenced by the factors and material composing the space, no existing approaches have had any quantitatively measuring method. Eye-tracking could be efficiently utilized for observation analysis from the viewpoint of dating observation behavior. The followings are the results of analysing the observation characteristics depending on design pattern. First, 5 observing areas were set up according to concentration of observation time in order for the concentration by area to be examined and the factors of design having effect on the difference of observation patterns by design type could be analysed. Second, as a whole, the observation of modern types showed high observation characteristics. When the difference of observation characteristics by pattern was examined by difference at observation frequency, the observation frequency defined to be more than 50% was seen to be almost same from Area I to III and to get higher from Area IV, and that defined to be 30% was high at Areas III and IV. In Area V, it was very high at natural. Third, that of Area II is no more than 8.2% but had the most observation time. As for observation characteristics, the horizontal observation of the central part was the highest and had more observation frequency at modern type that at natural one. These observation characteristics by area enabled to analyse the observation tendency depending on design characters at relevant area. Fourth, the design factors composing natural type were found to bring more attention when the area showed higher concentration at natural type than at modern one. And the analysis of design factors could make it to be confirmed that the quality of material and background factors in addition to design factors in the area had more effect on sight concentration.

• 대기
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.441-456
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• 2023

The mobile observation method, in which a meteorological drone observes while ascending, can observe the vertical profile of wind at 1 m-interval. In addition, since continuous flights are possible at time intervals of less than 30 minutes, high-resolution observation data can be obtained both spatially and temporally. In this study, we verify the accuracy of mobile observation data from meteorological drone (drone) and fill the spatio-temporal observation gaps in the lower atmosphere. To verify the accuracy of mobile observation data observed by drone, it was compared with rawinsonde observation data. The correlation coefficients between two equipment for a wind speed and direction were 0.89 and 0.91, and the root mean square errors were 0.7 m s^-1 and 20.93°. Therefore, it was judged that the drone was suitable for observing vertical profile of the wind using mobile observation method. In addition, we attempted to resolve the observation gaps in the lower atmosphere. First, the vertical observation gaps of the wind profiler between the ground and the 150 m altitude could be resolved by wind observation data using the drone. Secondly, the temporal observation gaps between 3-hour interval in the rawinsonde was resolved through a drone observation case conducted in Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do on October 13, 2022. In this case, the drone mobile observation data every 30-minute intervals could observe the low-level jet more detail than the rawinsonde observation data. These results show that the mobile observation data of the drone can be used to fill the spatio-temporal observation gaps in the lower atmosphere.

• 대기
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

We need water equivalent unit data of snowfall for the purpose of forecast and hydrology related research area. This study developed new method of automatic recording snowfall as weight unit with circle type plate using stain-gauge loadcell. Field test of instrument carried out at Daegwallyeong Obs. Station from 20 to 23 Jan. 2008 during heavy snowfall. There is 74.2cm snow depth and 54.6mm precipitation by Daegwallyeong Obs. Station. But the instrument of this study recorded 71.0mm of precipitation amount. Because of different observation method can cause more 15.4mm than Daegwallyeong Obs. Station. But this study gives the possibility of observation of new snow fall measurement under freezing conditions of snow. From the observation data the density of snowfall calculated from 0.09 to $1015g/cm_3$ from the observation period. And have a good relations between manual observation and automatic observation data from this study instrument with slope of 1.35 to 1.39.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2011

Assuming that different spatial types involves the change of observation time to acquire the spatial information, this study intended to analyze the observation time by interior space types and derive the proper time for spatial evaluation. Coming to the study method, in order to analyze the characteristics of observation time in the image evaluation of interior space by types, it looked into the observation time chosen by the testees during evaluation. The findings of this study are as follows: First, the observation time differed by genders and spatial types: men's average time was longest for modern (93.3 sec.) and natural (89.4 sec.) spaces; women's average time was longest for classic space (110.7 sec.), which was the shortest for men. Second, the intensity of observation time zone differed by spatial types: this finding can imply that different design types require different establishment of observation time for evaluation even if the spatial elements are the same. Third, analyzing the distribution of time zones chosen by most testees showed that men's observation time zones were more intensely distributed than those of women. Fourthly, the observation lime for general space could be derived from the gender-based comparison that excluded the difference by types, but considering that different design types lead to different observation time, it could be seen as proper for evaluation of interior space to establish the difference of observation time by spatial types. Finally, Analysis showed the highest preference to the time '(3)'. However, obtaining information presented is the most highly effective time is '(6). Thus, the preferred time zone is different and effective, according to the results of the analysis.