• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.253-264
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate implications of self-directed learning experiments in elementary science education through understanding elementary school students' awareness of their experiences in self-directed learning experiments. Twenty students joined the school science club voluntarily and conducted self-directed learning experiments. We collected data through observation of the experiments, interviews, and questionnaires. The students who participated in the club showed high satisfaction with self-directed learning experiments. The participants were aware that their scientific interest and knowledge, and the confidence in conducting experiments were increased. The students felt positive about the inquiry process of conducting self-directed learning experiments with their own subjects. They also felt a sense of achievement in attempting their experiments in defiance of several failures. The participants realized that the self-directed inquires led to increased declarative and procedural knowledge of science. The students stated that they had some difficulties in coping with the different results contrary to expectations and preparing laboratory materials and instruments. Nonetheless, they showed the promotion of their scientific literacy during overcoming those difficulties. We suggest that self-directed learning experiments can be a more effective way in science learning to make students experience the nature of science than existing school experiments. This can be implemented through a creative experience activities such as science clubs.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.45 no.4 s.115
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• pp.439-457
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• 2006

This research was to understand the features of mathematization and didactical phenomenology, in a way that was not a routine calculation of equation, rather a complete comprehension by the reinventing historical principles of the equation. To achieve the purpose of this study, one-mate middle school student participated in the study. Interview and observation were used for collecting data during the student's performance. The results of research were: First, the student understood the mathematical concepts from a real life and developed the abstract concepts from it, which were very intimately related with his life. Second, the skill and formula definition were accomplished with the accompanying predicted and consequently derived mathematical concepts. Third, through the approach of using the history of mathematics, he became more interested in what he was doing and took lessons with confidence. Forth, the student performed his learning based on the historical reinventing principle under the proper guidance of a teacher.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1909-1918
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• 2016

This paper presents a unified framework for joint Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based vehicle detection by leveraging multi-spectral image pairs. With the observation that under challenging environments such as night vision and limited light source, vehicle detection in a single color image can be more tractable by using additional far-infrared (FIR) image, we design joint CNN architecture for both RGB and FIR image pairs. We assume that a score map from joint CNN applied to overall image can be considered as confidence of vehicle existence. To deal with various scale ratios of vehicle candidates, multi-scale images are first generated scaling an image according to possible scale ratio of vehicles. The vehicle candidates are then detected on local maximal on each score maps. The generation of overlapped candidates is prevented with non-maximal suppression on multi-scale score maps. The experimental results show that our framework have superior performance than conventional methods with a joint framework of multi-spectral image pairs reducing false positive generated by conventional vehicle detection framework using only single color image.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.439-457
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• 1999

In this paper, we tried to find out what makes the students feel anxious to mathematics and the ways to decrease their anxiety by comparing two learning types, self-directed-learning and learning in a body, by means of continuous observation and interviews. To perform this study, two classes of self-directed-learning and other two classes of learning-in a body were chosen from the third year-students in Wando Middle School in Chollanamdo. In this study, we obtained the following results: 1. In high group in math grade, students in self-directed-learning are less anxious than students in learning-in a body. 2. In average group in math grade, students in self-directed-learning are much more anxious than students in learning-in a body. 3. In low group in math grade, both students in self-directed-learning and students in teaming-in a body feel anxious about math and there is no difference between them. 4. Anxiety about math hove positive influence on high group in math grade. 5. Anxiety about math have negative influence on average and low groups in math grade. Especially, low group students had no interests about mathematics because of their math anxiety. We observed that some students got over the math anxiety to some meaningful extent by means of interviews or appropriate advices, and became to have confidence and interests in mathematics.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6973-6976
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the one-year survival rate of patients with primary malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors after surgical treatment in Kazakhstan. Retrospective data of patients undergoing operations in the Department of Central Nervous System Pathology in the JSC National Centre for Neurosurgery in the period from 2009 to 2011 were used as the research material. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed with the following information: gender, date of birth, place of residence, diagnosis according to ICD-10, the date of the operation, the morphological type of tumor, clinical stage, state at the end of the first year of observation, and the date of death. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the JSC National Centre for Neurosurgery. The overall one-year overall survival rate (n=152) was 56.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 50.2-62.7), and 79.5% (95% CI 72.2-86.8) and 33.1% (95% CI: 21.0-42.3) for Grades I-II (n=76) and Grades III-IV (n=76), respectively. Significant prognostic factors which affected the survival rate were age and higher tumor grade (Grades III-IV), corresponding with results described elsewhere in the world.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a breastfeeding support program (BSP) on the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and growth in late-preterm infants. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted. The participants were 40 late preterm infants (LPIs), of whom 20 were assigned to the experimental group and 20 to the control group. For the mothers in the experimental group, a BSP was provided prior to the LPIs' discharge and reinforced once a week for 4 weeks. Information on the feeding type was collected by observation and the LPIs' body weight was measured. Results: There were significant differences in feeding type by group and time. Exclusive breastfeeding was 5.18 times more common in the experimental group than in the control group (odds ratio=5.18, 95% confidence interval=1.11~16.70). However, weekly weight gain did not show a significant relationship with group and time (F=0.40, p=.712). Conclusion: The BSP was helpful for increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in LPIs. Furthermore, the LPIs in the experimental group, which had a higher likelihood of being exclusively breastfed, showed an equivalent amount of weight gain as the LPIs in the control group, in which infants were more likely to be formula-fed.

• Atmosphere
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.485-492
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• 2008

This study confirms that a decadal variation of the SST (Sea Surface Temperature) in the WNP (Western North Pacific) has an influence on the genesis and passage ofa Tropical Cyclone. The decadal mode was obtained by calculating the SST anomaly on the domain $150^{\circ}E-190^{\circ}E$, and $5^{\circ}S-5^{\circ}N$. Such decadal variation was subsequently analyzed to confirm that it is a dominant mode in central Pacific region. Next, after classifying the years into relatively positive years and relatively negative years, the characteristics of Tropical Cyclone in each year, such as a genesis and passage frequency, were investigated. Compared to the relatively negative years, during the relatively positive years, the location of Tropical Cyclone genesis was biased toward South-Eastern region, while the characteristics of the cyclone were more distinct during late season of the year trom September to December than in mid season from June to August. Examining the movement passage through the observation of passage fiequency, there was a significant difference between positive year and negative year in their passages at a 90% confidence level. Moreover, the number of Tropical Cyclone, maximum wind, and life time also showed higher values in positive years than in negative years. These features were confirmed by examining the 850hPa cyclonic flow field, vorticity field, and vertical wind shear field, all of which contribute to the genesis of a Tropical Cyclone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2000

This study was carried out to evaluate the uncertainty in the analysis of menthol content from the mentholated cigarette. Menthol in the sample cigarette was extracted with methanol containing an anethole as an internal standard, and then analyzed by gas chromatography. As the sources of uncertainty associated with the analysis of menthol, were the following points tested, such as the weighing of sample, the preparation of extracting solution, the pipetting of extracting solution into the sample, the preparation of standard solution, the precision of GC injections for standard & sample solution, the GC response factor of standard solution, the reproducibility of menthol analysis, and the determination of water content in tobacco, etc. For calculating the uncertainties, type A of uncertainty was evaluated by the statistical analysis of a series of observation, and type B by the information based on supplier's catalogue and/or certificated of calibration. Sources of uncertainty were subsequently included and mathematically combined with the uncertainty arising from the assessment of accuracy to provide the overall uncertainty. It was shown that the main source of uncertainty came from the errors in the reproducibility of menthol and water determination, the purity of menthol reference material in the preparation of standard solution, and the precision of GC injections for sample solution. The errors in sample weighing and volume measurement contributed relatively little to the overall uncertainty. The expanded uncertainty in the mentholated cigarettes, Korean and American brand, at 0.95 level of statistical confidence was $\pm$0.06 and $\pm$0.07 mg/g for a menthol content of 1.89 and 2.32 mg/g, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.76-86
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to take advantage of the smart teaching - learning programs about the unit of 'Earth and Moon' and find out how to apply the effect appears. Teaching-Learning program was conducted over eight lessons. And we analyzed the effect of the program at any time through the evaluation and interview. The results are as follows. First, this study proposed a method to assist in the teaching and learning of spatial ability for students' movement of the Earth and the Moon. The program takes advantage of N-Screen Applications were configured to allow both Earth observation insider perspective and the external multilateral perspective. This improves students' understanding qualitatively. Second, we applied the teaching and learning programs utilizing smart smart devices, and the result was a lot of low rank students' average score rises. In addition, we were able to see that many students' understanding and interest, self-confidence are improved.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.713-723
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on the incidence of colon cancer in adults with metabolic syndrome. Methods: This study employed a longitudinal study design and utilized secondary data drawn from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). The data of a sample of 2,327 adults with metabolic syndrome tracked every two years from 2001 to 2014 were used in this study. Statistical data analyses of the frequency, number of cases per 100,000 person-years, log-rank test, Kaplan-Meier curve, and Cox's proportional hazards regression were performed using IBM SPSS statistics version 24. Results: During the observation period, the number of colon cancer cases was 46, and the total person-years were 252,444. The incidence of colon cancer was higher in current, over 10 pack-year smokers when compared to non-smokers (hazard ratio=3.38, 95% confidence interval=1.09~8.42). Conclusion: Excessive and long-term smoking should be avoided to prevent colon cancer, especially in adults with metabolic syndrome, since it might exacerbate the risk factors of colon cancer. Particularly, health professionals need to provide individualized smoking cessation interventions to those at high risk of colon cancer.