• 무역상무연구
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• 제53권
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• pp.101-133
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• 2012

The paper aims to analyse the obligations and Responsibilities of shipper in the Rotterdam Rules. The Rotterdam Rules, has underlying intention that it will provide uniform law for the international carriage of goods by sea. It is highly expected that the Rotterdam Rules will create the new international legal regime replacing Hague-Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules. Rotterdam Rules provide the obligations and responsibilities of shipper in express. The shippers obliged to provide, (a) duty as to the condition in which the cargo has to be delivered to the carrier, (b) cooperation of the shipper and the carrier in providing information and instruction, and (c) shipper's obligation to provide information, instructions and documents. The shipper is liable for loss or damage sustained by the carrier if the carrier proves that such loss or damages was caused by a breach of the shipper's obligations. However, the shipper is relieved of all or part of its liability if the cause or one of the causes of the loss or damage is not attributable to its fault or to the fault. But, the shipper shall indemnify the carrier against loss or damage resulting from the inaccuracy of such information. Rotterdam Rules is providing rather concrete as to the shipper's responsibilities and burden of proof in separate chapter. The question is whether such burden of proof of the fault should be imposed to the shipper.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.291-308
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• 2009

The implied obligation under the contract of affreightment not to carry dangerous goods without prior notice to the carrier applies to the contractual relationship between the charterer and the owner under charterparties. The charterers will be in breach of an implied undertaking under the common law if they load dangerous cargoes without making notice of dangerous nature of them to the owner. It is indicated to be necessary to change the term "shipper" to "charterer", with relation to such implied obligation, where the Hague/Hague-Visby Rules are incorporated into the charter, however, it is not so apparent where an actual shipper is involved. So long as an actual shipper could be identified, the shipper rather than the charterer shall be responsible for damages arising from the dangerous nature of the cargo itself. In this case, the actual shipper is interpreted to have an implied contractual relationship with the carrier just by the act of delivering the cargo to the carrier for loading. If the vessel were damaged by shipment of the dangerous cargo under charterparty, the carrier can claim against such damages based on the contractual obligations under charterparties: "implied and expressed duty not to ship dangerous cargo without notice to the carrier"; "Art.IV.6 of the Hague/Hague-Visby Rules"; "Indemnity Clause" and "Redelivery Clause". The carrier has the conventional right under the Hague/Hague-Visby Rules to land, destroy or render the goods innocuous where the dangerous cargo threatens the means of transport or other interests on board. When the carrier has not consented to make the shipment, the carrier's disposal right could be exercised without limitation. However, where the carrier has consented to make the shipment of the dangerous goods with the knowledge concerned, the right of disposal of such goods should be exercised with limitation.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제43권
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• pp.297-336
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• 2009

In modern industrial society carriage of dangerous goods by sea becomes more increasing than ever before. Dangerous goods are required for special care and handling in that shipment of dangerous goods could affect safety of the vessel and other cargoes. It is also true that dangerous goods could be used as a means of terrorism. his article investigates allocation of risk and liabilities between parties involved in the carriage of dangerous goods by sea. More specifically, this study examines principles of strict liability of the shipper in shipment of dangerous goods with some limitations based upon recent cases. Furthermore this article investigates the issues on identity of shipper who bears strict liability to the carrier where there exist actual or documentary shipper other than the contractual shipper. Lastly, whether it is reasonable that the transfer of strict liability to the transferee, who does not have opportunity to verify dangerous nature of the goods before shipment, by endorsing bills of lading will be discussed critically.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제71권
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• pp.147-170
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• 2016

International maritime law conventions concerned with cargo liabilities have sought to achieve solutions which will be acceptable to a wide range of states. The Rotterdam Rules was approved by the UN Assembly on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules are intended to replace The Hague and Hamburg Rules. This paper is comparing The Rotterdam Rules with The Hague and Hamburg Rules for the carrier' liabilities and exceptions in order to find carrier' liability System, the burden of proof and exceptions in the International maritime Rules. The purpose of this paper is considering the carrier's principal recourse for defending himself inmost cargo claims. The first area analyze the transfer of carrier's fundamental Liability system in the International Rules. The second is the matter on the appointment of proof in order to establish liability or to be relieve of liability. And the third is the change of the carrier's possible exclusions from liability in the International maritime Rules. From the result of the said analysis, my paper suggests differences of the exclusions in the Rotterdam Rules comparing with the Hague and Hamburg Rules, and features of the Rotterdam Rules appling exceptions on the basis of the Hague and Hamburg Rules with regard to carrier's liability and burden of proof. The former is the inclusion of three exclusions, the deleted natural fault, and The provision making the carrier responsible for the acts of its servants or agents in the 'fire on the ship' of the Rotterdam Rules. The latter is deleting the principle of overriding obligation related to carrier's obligation of seaworthiness in the Rotterdam Rules, the burden of proof being diverted from the carrier to the carrier and the shipper in the cargo damage caused by two factors(one for which the carrier was liable and the other for which it was excusable) in the new rules.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2020

IOPC펀드 총회에서 위험·유해물질(HNS)의 피해보상에 대한 국제협약이 2021년과 2022년 사이에 협약의 발효요건을 충족할 것으로 보고하는 등 각 국의 협약비준과 국제적인 관심이 증가하고 있다. 협약이 발효되면 HNS 운송선박은 책임제한액까지 보험가입이 강제화 되고, 동 물질을 수령하는 화주는 선박 책임보험 제한액을 초과하는 피해 보상을 위한 국제기금 보상금에 대하여 분담금을 납부하게 된다. 우리나라는 세계적인 주요 해운국가이며 화주국가로 동 협약이 관련 산업계에 미치는 영향을 분석할 필요성에 의해 이 연구를 착안하였다. 동 협약의 대상 선박과 분담금 납부 대상자의 조사는 해양수산부 자료를 통해 분석 하였고, 보험료 추계는 한국해운조합과 K P&I에 보험가입 선박으로 검토하였으며, HNS 화물량에 따른 분담금에 대한 검토는 화물별 국제적인 대표협회의 연차보고서를 통해 분석하였다. 우리나라 외항선박 및 내항선박 1,500여척이 협약 대상선박으로 파악되었고, 대부분의 선박은 협약에 따른 보험료 변동 영향은 미미하였으나, 내항 급유선박 150여척이 협약에 따른 보험료 상승이 예상되는 등 해운업계의 영향이 예상되는 것으로 분석된다. 화주 등 관련 산업계의 경우 화물터미널 52개사가 국제기금 분담금 납부 대상으로 파악되었으며, HNS 개별 회계별로 우리나라의 화물량 비중이 세계 3~4위권으로 분석되어 협약비준에 따른 분담금 납부의무도 상당부분 예상되었다. 우리나라의 HNS 운송선박의 입출항 실태와 화물량 등을 고려할 때 우리나라의 협약비준 타당성은 충분한 것으로 분석되었으며, 협약의 비준시기는 세계 주요 화주국가들과 조율하는 것이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.