• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1643-1651
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• 2016

It is important to understand consumer attitudes associated with their eco-friendly behavior on account of not only environmental reasons, but also corporate aspects. In this study, we examine the relations between variables influencing eco-friendly attitudes and eco-friendly behavioral intentions, namely, recycling, reusing, and reducing (3R). We first, performed a theoretical consideration through reviews of literature on ethical identity, ethical obligation, altruism, and eco-friendly attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Based on the literature review, we designed a study model and drew hypotheses. Further, we collected data using a survey and processed them statistically in order to verify the hypotheses. A total of 265 samples were collected and the data were analyzed using a structural equation model (-LISREL 8.70). The results suggest that ethical identity and altruism significantly influence environmental attitudes. However, the effects of ethical obligations on eco-friendly attitudes are insignificant. The environmental attitudes have a significant effects on the consumer behavioral intention for recycling, reusing, and reducing. Although this study has some limitations, it is expected that it will positively trigger follow-up research.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.3-29
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• 2014

The Supreme Court made a decision that the doctor cannot be punished for not taking a blood transfusion to the patient, depending on the patient's will to refuse the blood transfusion on June 24, 2014. The reason is that, in a special situation of conflict between the right of patients to self-determination and the duty of care, and when it was impossible to compare whether which has the superior value, if the doctor made a medical practice to respect either of those two values according to the professional sense, he cannot be punished. In principle, the doctor should make medical practices according to the patient's will. However, if the patient's life was at stake, I think, the doctor is obliged to try his best to save the life of patient. Yet to entrust the patient's life to the doctors professional sense, is to give up the obligation of the country to protect lives. In this regard, I think that the Supreme Court Decision should be reviewed, and that an ongoing research is needed.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.138-143
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• 2011

Until now, measures for energy saving in buildings have been tried. Because particularly the role of buildings area is very important for implementing national greenhouse gas reduction targets and Green growth. But, lack of business linkages between each sector or the interest and participation of private sector are not enough. In addition, relevant personnel to do had not been systematized. It is expected that certification services will be increased according to the activation of Building Energy Efficiency Rating System and expansion of the target buildings so Government must be prepared to expand of certification system by training Professional staff. In this study, the basic data for the introduction of obligation of Building Energy Efficiency Rating System is suggested through analysis of the operating and laws system of Building Energy Efficiency Rating System along with efforts of Government for diffusion low energy buildings.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

XML is the most common tool for data processing and data transmission in web applications. Policies are extensively used in all online business solutions and it is recognized that abinary decision such as 'yes/no' for access requests is not enough. In this paper, a method is developed to convert policy rules with provisions and obligations in logic formula formats into XML formats. The primary purpose is to enable security policy programmers to write flexible authorization policies in XML and to implement them easily. General syntaxes are defined to specify information for users, objects and actions in XML formats and an XML DTD is developed to specify authorization rules with these three components. To support various security features such as data transcoding and non-repudiation depending on data in addition to access control based on authorization policies, studies for specifying them in XML policy rules will be performed in the future.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Architectural Sustainable Environment and Building Systems
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.557-566
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• 2018

The ZEB certification system has come into effect since 2018 according to the ZEB road map. From 2020, the public buildings with the total floor area smaller than $3000m^2$ are the target of the certification, and it will be extended to the buildings with up to $5000m^2$ floor area in 2025. However, current mandatory regulations for public office buildings seem already to meet the ZEB certification system planned for 2025. In this work, two buildings belong to $3,000{\sim}5,000m^2$ in total floor area were selected to analyze the possibility of meeting the ZEB certification only by following current obligation regulations. Results showed that the test buildings satisfied the minimum building energy efficiency and energy self-sufficiency rates for the ZEB certification when the mandatory insulation and installation ratio of renewable energy are applied. This can be useful for revising the road map or extending the target buildings of the ZEB certification.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.33-51
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• 2022

According to the CISG, there are no special regulations for a reasonable period of time among the obligations to notify the contractual suitability of the goods. As a result, many disputes arise in 'notification within a reasonable period' despite being the most important treaty in practice in defining the obligation to notify nonconformities according to the suitability of goods for each case. Regarding the interpretation of Article 39 of the CISG, various judgments and arbitration decisions are being made in each country for a reasonable period to notify that the goods are not suitable for the contract.There are criticisms that these various views are too harsh on the buyer in the buyer's obligation to notify.It is important to create a unified principle because courts or arbitration agencies of the Contracting States of this Convention interpret in various ways the reasonable period of violation of the contract of goods stipulated in the Convention. Since most of the international commodity trading transactions around the world are regulated by the CISG, it is necessary to analyze and interpret cases in which this Convention is applied in court or arbitral tribunal of each country to derive a unified principle.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.115-121
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to deal with disputes between the seller and the buyer in connection with the Letter of Credit (LC) in a sales contract. The Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) provides the rules on the fundamental breaches which can lead to termination of the sales contract but the CISG is not enough to govern issues arising from the LC disputes when the sales contract is not clear about the payment terms. This paper tried to find some solutions to the disputes by considering international rules, such as the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL). Research design, data and methodology: The methodology applied in this study was an analysis of some court decisions and extended literature review. Results: The study revealed that in contracts for the sale of international goods, the buyer was obliged to open an LC as manner of payment. If the buyer failed to open an LC or amend the terms of the LC, the seller could avoid the contract because this could deprive the seller's expected interest. Conclusions: Few studies in Korea have been comprehensively analyzed in terms of the obligations of regarding the LC with respect to the CISG in court cases. This study suggests safeguarding the buyer and seller when the LC is considered absolute or conditional.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.403-410
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• 2023

Objectives: To confirm the awareness of child abuse and attitudes toward mandatory reporting among dental hygiene students in the Gwangju and Jeonnam regions. Methods: The level of awareness of child abuse according to general characteristics, attitudes toward reporting obligation, and awareness of the mandatory reporting system were analyzed using t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis, and correlation was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Awareness of child abuse was 3.76, 3.68, 3.67, and 3.18 points for neglect, sexual abuse, physical, and emotional abuse, respectively. The attitude toward reporting obligation were 3.60 and 2.62 points for positive and negative reporting attitudes, respectively. Regarding awareness of child abuse, a significant positive correlation was observed between positive reporting attitude (r=0.326, p<0.01) and awareness of mandatory reporting system (r=0.272, p<0.01). Conclusions: To increase the reporting rate among dental hygienists, awareness should be improved starting from the undergraduate level, perceptions of prospective dental hygienists should be reflected in the development and direction of educational programs, and it is necessary to increase accessibility to educational opportunities and continuously seek institutional and policy measures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Disaster Information Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.209-210
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• 2022

사회적 문제로 떠오르고 있는 건설산업에서 늘 만연한 산업재해 발생을 막기 위해서는 다양한 이해관계자들의 노력을 투자해야 한다. 특히, 이해 관계자들 사이에서 주문자는 프로젝트의 의사 결정 구조의 최상위에 있다. 따라서 주문자의 안전과 건강에 대한 인식은 전체 건설 현장의 안전을 확보하는 과정에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구는 최근에 도입된 고객에 대한 의무적인 안전 및 건강 조치에 관한 각 이해 관계자의 인식 차이를 확인하는 것을 목표로 한다. 또한 한국적 맥락에서 구체적인 이행 계획을 제시한다. 분석에 사용된 데이터는 주문자, 안전 관리자, 현장 관리자와 같은 이해 관계자를 대상으로 한 설문 조사를 통해 수집되었으며, 수집된 데이터는 분산 분석과 같은 다변량 분석 방법을 사용하여 정량적으로 검토되었다. 분석 결과, 소유자에 대한 안전 및 건강 의무의 도입이 필요한 것으로 판명되었으며, 안전 및 건강 전문가를 행동 계획으로 지정하고 운영하는 것이 합리적이라고 간주되었다. 저자들은 이번 연구 결과가 한국의 관련 규제 개정을 위한 기본 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대하고 있다. 또한, 추가 연구로서, 규제 개선 후 효과에 대한 검토는 도메인에 크게 기여할 것이다.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.127-139
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• 2017

In recent 10 years the attention to social entrepreneurship has raised increasing among scholars, public sector, and community development. However less research has been conducted on how social entrepreneurship intention create a social enterprise and what factors can be affected to the social entrepreneurial intentions. This paper aims at contributing to identify the antecedents of entrepreneurial behavior and intentions. Especially, we have had a strong interests in compassion factors which haven't been used as important variables to encourage for people to do social entrepreneurial activities. Also, we try to find the moral obligation and perceived social support as antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions. Finding show that compassion and moral obligation affect to the social entrepreneurial intention. Especially this study identify the external factor of society with the variable, perceived social support. Once individuals recognize that the infrastructure and societal positive mood on social entrepreneurship is friendly to social entrepreneurship, people have a tendency to try to do some social entrepreneurial activities. Only few empirical studies exist in this research domain. A study of more than 271 Korean college students has studied which personal traits predict certain characteristics of social entrepreneurs (such as having social vision or looking for social innovational opportunities). In addition to those antecedents, students experience is the critical factor that enabled continued expansion of the social entrepreneurial activities. The results of this research show how we can nurture social entrepreneurs and how we can develop the social environment to promote social entrepreneurship.