• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.106-113
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare the growth development between age-matched 51 postmenarcheal girls (mean age 153.1$\pm$5.8 month) who were rapidly maturing and 51 premenarcheal girls (mean age 153.1$\pm$5.7 month) who were slowly maturing. Anthropometirc measurements were taken for height, body weight, body fat(%), waist and hip circumferences of subjects. These measurements of menarcheal girls were significantly higher than those of nonmenarcheal girls. There was no significant difference in BMI distribution between two groups. However, 43.2% and 20.0% respectively in the menarcheal and nonmenarcheal girls had body fat levels of 30% or above. There were significant differences in the anthropometric measurements during past 4 years from 3rd grade elementary school to present. The greatest difference between the two groups were the amount and the rate of increased height and body weight from age 9 to 10. Among menarcheal girls, height, body weight, BMI, and Röhrer index were positively related to the onset of menarche. Distinctively, there was a stronger relationship between age at menarche and anthropometric measurements when the girls were 5th grade elementary school children. These findings support that during childhood and puberty, obese girls grow faster and have earlier menarche. Furthermore, the importance of prevention of obesity was recognized in order to accelerate growth of height among the girls by delaying the age of menarche.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1994

The study was designed to investigate the relationship between dietary intakes and the obesity of 400 students who were the third grade in middle school in some areas of Seoul. The survey conducted from March 3 to 13 , 1993. The results obtained were summarized as follows :The average height and weight of surveyed subject were similar to that of standard ( the third grade students in middle school in Seoul, 1991) . Compared to the standard weight/height ratio, subject who belonged to overweight and obese group were 16.4% of male students, 16.1% of female students respectively. Female subjects showed higher ratio than male subjects in skipping meals, frequency of snack per day and concern about a dieting . In case of subjects who belonged to weight /height ratio was high, their speed of dining was fast and they have more concern about a dieting. Compared to the amount of the nutritional intakes of RDA, calcium intakes of male and female subjects were deficient. Especially iron intakes of female subjects were deficient. In takes of Calorie (p<0.01) protein(p<0.05) and fat 9p<0.01) of obese group were higher those of non-obese group. Obese group showed good appetite and overeating also . Correlation analysis showed that obese group seemed to the closely associated with relative body weight of parents, family income, frequency of meals per day, frequency of meals per day, frequency of snack per day, speed of dining and overeating .

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.475-485
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• 2001

This study was conducted to find the differences in the physical changes, eating habits and dietary intake by obseity index of sixth grade primary school students is Seoul.The subjests were classified into three groups, an underweight group(90% under, 12l Ug), normal group(between 90-110%, 153, NG), and obese group(110% over, 91, OG) according to WLI(Weight-Length Index)calculated with their present (6th grade) height and weight. The physical growth of the subjects was generally good, although problems of both underweight and obesity were existed together. The mean heigh growth velocity per year, weight growth velocity per year and WLI changes per year of OG were higher than those of the other groups(p〈0.01). The past physical status of the three groups were maintained from 1 st grade to sixth grade, As eating habits and lifestyles, they were not statistically significant but there were some differences among the three groups. More students of the UG disliked a certain food than those of the other groups. UG liked fried or roasted foods more(p〈0.001). NG tended to eat three meals more irregularly. OG tended to have meal times more regularly and do more regular exercise than the other groups. The dietary intakes of three groups were generally good. They were not statically significant among the three groups. With theses difference among the three groups, it is recommended to educate about unbalanced diet for the underweight group, regularity, of meals for the normal group, doing exercise for the obese for the obese group, and increasing Ca and vitamin A intake for most students, As the physical status for th lower grades have been maintained up to the sixth grade, nutrition education programs should be started at the lower grades in the elementary school.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2016

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to check the obesity of middle and high school students in the nation and identify factors influencing their obesity. Methods: The present study is a secondary analysis research that obtained permission to use the primitive data of 10th (2014) Online Survey on Adolescents' Health Behaviors by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and analyzed the primitive data according to the purposes. Results: The findings show that the BMI of middle and high school students in the nation was $20.7kg/m^2$ with the obesity and non-obesity group recording $27.0kg/m^2$ and $19.9kg/m^2$, respectively. Factors influencing the obesity of adolescents include gender, grade, educational background of parent, school grades for the last 12 months, satisfaction with sleep, fast food consumption, ramen consumption, intense and muscle exercise three times a week or more, subjective sense of health, stress, suicidal ideation, and hours of Internet usage per week. Conclusion: For the management of adolescent obesity, there is a need for obesity management programs taking the characteristics of male students into consideration. The possibilities of obesity grow according to the grades, which means that both the teachers and parents should offer more guidance on weight control in upper grades. The adjustment of adolescent obesity requires psychological health management including stress and suicidal ideation as well as diet control and exercise. It is also needed to apply a stepwise obesity management program according to the hours of internet usage and dependence on the internet

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with childhood obesity. Methods: In this descriptive study, the number of participants was 78 4-6th grade students in a primary school, and the subjects were overweight or obese. Data were collected for 10 days from June 1 to 10 in 2009. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-test, $X^2$-test, and multiple logistic regression. Results: Mother's occupation is a statistically significant factor in a bivariate analysis. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the statistically significant factors were mother's occupation (OR=0.17, 95% CI=0.04-0.70) and dietary attitudes (OR=0.08, 95% CI=0.01-0.66). Conclusion: For an effective obesity management program in childhood, it is necessary to consider a mother occupation and dietary attitudes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-108
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• 2000

This study researches an obesity index and the realities of physical activity of elementary school children and provide basic data to instruct correct physical activity for low weight and obese children. The subject was 813 Elementary School Children of grade 4-6 in Kyungju and data were collected with a Physical Activity Questionnaire from YHS, USA. The collected data were analyzed with real number, percentage, average and standard deviation techniques. The range was by SPSS WIN. Both of them were in the normal range, between -38.3 and 77.7, between low weight and obesity. The results are as follows : 1. An Obesity index according to grade and sex: the average obesity index of 423 boys was $7.56{\pm}15.7$, for girls it was $2.56{\pm}14.3$. Both of them were in the normal range, between -38.3 and 77.7. There were low weight($-38.85{\pm}0.9$) students as well as obese, including extremely low weight children ($-38.85{\pm}0.9$) and extremely obese children. 2. On the whole, in the Frequency of the 25 item physical activities breakdown, children reported to watch TV 1. ($2.7{\pm}0.6$), or do homework($2.1{\pm}0.9$), more than three-fourths of the week, male children, however, played more football($2.0{\pm}0.9$). As male obese children do less MET5, MET8(highly active activity) than male normal children, it was also discovered that low weight children do more severe activity in MET8(high activity). In female cases, it was revealed that neither do highly intense activity. 3. In physical activity, male children received higher points than female children with $92.94{\pm}37.95$ to $74.46{\pm}29.50$. On the whole, male and female obese children had lower score than normal children. 4. As for attitude toward physical activity, male children($31.96{\pm}4.37$) had a positive attitude than female children ($29.57{\pm}3.89$), but obese male children had a negative attitude regarding activity viewed as normal. Therefore, in preventing obesity in elementary school children the treating of under-weight children should be included in the obesity program so as to prevent mal-nutrition or deficiency. It is needed to instruct obese children to carry out intensive work-outs at least 3 times a week through systematic programs. It is also needed that parents and teachers educate elementary school children from an early age with information on the frequency and intensity of work-outs to prevent obesity. It is also desirable that children be educated to carry out physical activities that address their specific needs. As a result of this study, obesity management must be started from elementary school and children should be instructed to act in high-intensity actirities when they spend leisure time.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.70-70
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• 2000

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.199-218
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine obese children's self-efficiency feeling and health promotion behavior in order to provide basic information on prevention of children obesity. Data were collected in June, 2001 from 349 normal weight children and 351 obese children, who were fifth or sixth graders at 14 primary schools located in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Ansan, chungju, and Gumi. The data were analyzed through using Chronbach's $\alpha$, frequency analysis, $X^2-test$, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. The results of this study can be summarized as follow. 1. The factor of children obesity was significantly different in the variables of sex, parents obesity, brother or sister obesity, father's occupation, level of living, health condition, and satisfaction level with their bodies. On the other hand, it was not significantly different in the variables of father's education level, mother's education level, mother's occupation, level of father's concern about health, and level of the children's concern about health. 2. In the case of normal weight children, dietary efficiency feeling was significantly different in the variables of level of father's concern about health and level of children's concern about health. In th case of obese children, the dietary efficiency feeling was significantly different in the variables of mother obesity, parents' education level, father's occupation, and the children's satisfaction level with their bodies. In the case of normal weight children, exercise efficiency feeling was significantly different in the variables of sex, level of parents's concern about health, and level of the children's concern about health. In the case of obese children, the exercise efficiency feeling was significantly different in the variables of grade, brother and sister obesity, parents' education level, father's occupation, and the children's satisfaction level with their bodies. In the case of normal weight children, social efficiency feeling was significantly different in the variables of brother and sister obesity, parents' education level, level of parents' concern about health, and level of the children's concern about health. In the case of obese children, the social efficiency feeling was significantly different in the variables of parents' education level, father's occupation, level of living, the children's health condition, and the children's satisfaction level with their bodies. 3. In the case of normal weight children, personal hygiene was significantly different in the variables of sex, level of parents's concern about health, and level of the children's concern about health. In the case of obese children, the personal hygiene was significantly different in the variables of parents' education level, father's occupation, mother's occupation, level of living, and level of parents' concern about health. In the case of normal weight children, dietary habit was significantly different in the variables of sex, level of parents's concern about health, and level of the children's concern about health. In the case of obese children, the dietary habit was significantly different in the variables of father's education level, mother's education level, level of living, and the children's satisfaction level with their bodies. In the case of normal weight children, exercise habit was significantly different in the variables of grade, sex, father's education level, mother's education level, and level of children's concern about health. In the case of obese children, the exercise habit was significantly different in the variables of grade, mother obesity, parents' education level, father's occupation, level of parent' concern about health, the children's health condition, and the children's satisfaction level with their bodies. In the case of normal weight children, prevention of infectious diseases was significantly different in the variables of sex, father's occupation, level of parents' concern about health, and level of the children's concern about health. In the case of obese children, the prevention of infectious diseases was significantly different in the variables of mother's education level and father's occupation. In the case of normal weight children, prevention of accident was significantly different in the variables of mother's education level, level of parents' concern about health, and level of the children's concern about health. In the case of obese children, the prevention of accident was significantly different in the variables of brother and sister obesity and mother's occupation. In the case of normal weight children, mental health was significantly different in the variables of father obesity, brother and sister obesity, parents' education level, and level of the children's concern about health. In the case of obese children, the mental health was significantly different in the variables of parents' educational level, father's occupation, mother's occupation, level of living, and the children's health condition. 4. According to the correlation between self-efficiency feeling and health promotion behavior, the higher the self-efficiency feeling was, the higher the level of health promotion behavior was. 5. The children obesity was influenced by the factors of level of living, level of parents' concern about health, the children's health condition, level of the children's concern about health, the children's satisfaction level with their bodies, dietary efficiency feeling, exercise efficiency feeling, social efficiency feeling, personal hygiene, dietary habit, exercise habit, prevention of infectious diseases, prevention of accident, and mental health. From the results of this study, it is clear that obese children's self-efficiency feeling is closely related with health promotion behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen children's self-efficiency feeling in order to make children control efficiently obesity for themselves.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.155-164
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the differences in environmental and psychological factors in children with obesity and to offer useful information for obesity treatment and prevention. 123 children of 5-6th grade in elementary school and their mothers were included in this study and divided into either the obese group and normal group(obese group: 61, normal group: 62) according to the Weight-Length Index(WLI). Results showed that between the two groups there no significant differences in family income, mother's occupation status, educational level, and anthropometric measurement. Nutritional knowledge in the obese group was significantly higher than that of the normal group(p<0.05). The mothers of children with obesity had a higher level of nutritional knowledge than the mothers of normal children(p<0.05). There were no significant differences in food behavior between the obese and normal groups. There were no significant differences in maternal child-rearing practices and in maternal attitude on flood behavior of children. Considering psychological factors ; 72.1% of the children with obesity appraised their body image as obese(p<0.05), and 54.1% of the mothers in obese group perceived their child's body shape as obese(p<0.05). The level of self-esteem were not significantly different when compared between the obese and normal groups. From these results, it was suggested that effective measures for obesity treatment and prevention should include nutritional monitoring, and such efforts need to be maintained in order to help the obese children and their mothers.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 2015

The beneficial effects of probiotics on human health have been extensively studied. Strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have gained considerable attention, as they are major groups of probiotic bacteria that improve gastrointestinal health. Recently, probiotics have been found to have positive effects on obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) that go beyond the improvement of gut health. Probiotics can alter the secretion of substances such as leptin and adiponectin from white adipose tissue via certain mechanisms. Additionally, probiotics can modulate the adaptive immune system against low-grade inflammation caused by obesity. The potential role of probiotics in the treatment of T2D has garnered interest because of increasing evidence of the anti-diabetic effect of probiotics. In this review, we discuss the results of in vivo studies that have examined the use of probiotics to prevent obesity and T2D, while primarily focusing on the studies that explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of promising probiotic strains. The conclusions of this review could be of help to researchers who are investigating the effects of probiotics on obesity or T2D, and to patients with these diseases.