• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.728-734
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• 2009

In this work, a simple, inexpensive and reproducible technique of flotation density gradient centrifugation was developed to isolate monocytes with high purity and yield from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using Histopaque solution, density and osmolarity of which were modified to 1.072 g/ml and 335 mOsm with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, respectively. The average purity of monocytes was 74.75${\pm}$3.84%, with the individual purity ranging from 71.44% to 82.38%. The average yield of monocytes was 32.62${\pm}$11.16%, with the individual yields ranging from 21.02 to 53.63%. The monocytes isolated by floatation density gradient centrifugation could be successfully cultured into morphologically, phenotypically and functionally dendritic cells in vitro. In conclusion, the entire procedure seemed to be faster and more convenient, simple and cost-effective than other monocyte isolation methods, including plastic adherence and density gradient methods, and has the potential to be developed as a closed system for clinical scale generation of dendritic cells.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 2016

This study was evaluated individual growth and hematological changes of young starry flounder, using hyperpigmentation marks on the blind side of body after feeding extruded pellet (EP) and moisture pellet (MP) for 45 days. As a result, the fish grew up to $220.1{\pm}47.8g$ in the EP treatment and $224.7{\pm}42.4g$ in the MP treatment, so the weight gain was significantly higher in the MP treatment ($74.6{\pm}17.3%$) than in the EP treatment ($63.7{\pm}16.9%$) (P<0.05). Osmolalities of flounder after 45 days culture were similar between the treatments (P>0.05), showing values of $359.8{\pm}4.2mOsm\;kg^{-1}$ in the EP treatment and $358.5{\pm}6.2mOsm\;kg^{-1}$ in the MP treatment. Similarly, other blood chemistry indicators such as sodium, chloride, total protein, albumin, glucose, total cholesterol, BUN, creatinine, ammonia, triglyceride, cortisol, GOT, GPT and hematocrit showed no differences between the treatments. However, the free fatty acid concentration was significantly higher in the MP treatment than in the EP treatment (P<0.05).

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.221-228
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• 2018

The osmolarity of a medium that is commonly used for in vitro culture (IVC) of oocytes and embryos is lower than that of oviductal fluid in pigs. In vivo oocytes and embryos can resist high osmolarities to some extent due to the presence of organic osmolytes such as glycine and alanine. These amino acids act as a protective shield to maintain the shape and viability in high osmotic environments. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of glycine or/and alanine in medium with two different osmolarities (280 and 320 mOsm) during IVC on embryonic development after parthenogenesis (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs. To this end, IVC was divided into two stages; the 0-2 and 3-7 days of IVC. In each stage, embryos were cultured in medium with 280, 320, or 360 mOsm and their combinations with or without glycine or/and alanine according to the experimental design. Treatment groups were termed as, for example, "T(osmolarity of a medium used in 0-2 days of IVC)-(osmolarity of a medium used in 3-7 days of IVC)" T280-280 was served as control. When PA embryos were cultured in medium with various osmolarities, T320-280 showed a significantly higher blastocyst formation (29.0%) than control (22.2%) and T360-360 groups (6.9%). Glycine treatment in T320-280 significantly increased blastocyst formation (50.4%) compared to T320-280 only (36.5%) while no synergistic was observed after treatment with glycine and alanine together in T320-280 (45.7%). In contrast to PA embryonic development, the stimulating effect by the culture in T320-280 was not observed in SCNT blastocyst development (27.6% and 23.7% in T280-280 and T320-280, respectively) whereas the number of inner cell mass cells was significantly increased in T320-280 (6.1 cells vs. 9.6 cells). Glycine treatment significantly improved blastocyst formation of SCNT embryos in both T280-280 (27.6% vs. 38.0%) and T320-280 (23.7% vs. 35.3%). Our results demonstrate that IVC in T320-280 and treatment with glycine improves blastocyst formation of PA and SCNT embryos in pigs.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2002

The physico-chemical properties of fresh milt of marbled sole, Limanda yokohamae, brown sole, Limanda herzensteini, starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus and olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus among flatfishes, and the fine structure of their cryopresserved spermatozoa were investigated. The highest concentration of sperm among these four species was $3.60\pm1.35\times10^{10}/mL$ in marbled sole. Osmolality and pH of seminal plasma in four flatfish species were approximately 330 mOsm/kg and 7.6-8.1, respectively. Seminal plasma compositions showed interspecific differences. The sperm heads of marbled sole, brown sole and starry flounder were ellipsoidal and that of olive flounder was round. The numbers of mitochondria of these four species were eight in marbled sole, seven in brown sole and starry flounder, and six in olive flounder. Cross-sectional view of flagellum showed typical 9+ 2 structure in all species. Most of sperms cryopreserved with a proper method had no visible ultrastructural changes after freeze-thawing, compared with the fresh sperm, but in a few cases, swelling of their heads and midpiece regions were observed.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2001

This study was investigated about the effect of glibenclamide (GLY) which is $K^{+}$ channel blocker on renal function in rabbit, GLY, when given into the vein, produced the diuretic action accompanied with the increases of amounts of N $a^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ excreted into urine ( $E_{Na}$ , $E^{K}$), and then osmolar and negative free water clearances ( $C_{osm}$, $T^{C}$$_{H2O}$), fraction excretory rates of filtered N $a^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ ( $F_{Na}$ , $F_{K}$) and ratios of $E_{K}$ against $E_{Na}$ were augmented. Filtration fraction (FF) were reduced because renal plasma flow (RPF) were not changed but glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were diminished. GLY administered into a renal artery exhibited significant reduction of urine volume along with the decreases of GFR and RPF in only experimented kidney whereas changes of renal function was not observed in control kidney. GLY given intracerebroventricularly exhibited diuretic action along with the increase of $E_{Na}$ , $E_{K}$ and $F_{Na}$ , $F_{K}$ by small dose which was not affect on renal function when it given into the vein. Above results suggest that GLY given into the vein in rabbit produce the diuretic action by inhibition of electrolytes reabsorption in renal tubules through central function. function.n. function.ion.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.513-523
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• 2010

Cytokines that bind to and signal through the gp130 co-receptor subunit include interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, oncostatin M (OSM), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), and ciliary neutrophic factor (CNTF). Apart from contributing to inflammation, gp130 signalling cytokines also function in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Expression of each of these cytokines and their ligand-specific receptors is observed in bone and joint cells, and bone-active hormones and inflammatory cytokines regulate their expression. gp130 signalling cytokines have been shown to regulate the differentiation and activity of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes. Furthermore, cytokine and receptor specific gene-knockout mouse models have identified distinct roles for each of these cytokines in regulating bone resorption, bone formation and bone growth. This review will discuss the current models of paracrine and endocrine actions of gp130-signalling cytokines in bone remodelling and growth, as well as their impact in pathologic bone remodelling evident in periodontal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, spondylarthropathies and osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2020

Sphacelaria is a filamentous brown algal genus that can be epibiotic on macroalgae, marine plants, and sea turtles. Its important role in benthic ecosystems, exposure to different stressors (e.g., grazing), and use as a model organism make Sphacelaria ideal for assessing physiological responses of organisms to environmental inputs. Single-cell RNA sequencing is a powerful new probe for understanding environmental responses of organisms at the molecular (transcriptome) level, capable of delineating gene regulation in different cell types. In the case of plants, this technique requires protoplasts ("naked" plant cells). The existing protoplast isolation protocols for Sphacelaria use non-commercial enzymes and are low-yielding. This study is the first to report the production of protoplasts from Sphacelaria fusca (Hudson) S.F. Gray, using a combination of commercial enzymes, chelation, and osmolarity treatment. A simple combination of commercial enzymes (cellulase Onozuka RS, alginate lyase, and driselase) with chelation pretreatment and an increased osmolarity (2512 mOsm/L H₂O) gave a protoplast yield of 15.08 ± 5.31 × 10⁴ protoplasts/g fresh weight, with all the Sphacelaria cell types represented. Driselase had no crucial effect on the protoplast isolation. However, the increased osmolarity had a highly significant and positive effect on the protoplast isolation, and chelation pretreatment was essential for optimal protoplast yield. The protocol represents a significant step forward for studies on Sphacelaria by efficiently generating protoplasts suitable for cellular studies, including single-cell RNA sequencing and expression profiling.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.74-79
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• 2012

Citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in industry, consumer products and medical appliances. However, information on the toxicity, environmental fate and toxicokinetics are not enough. In this study, stability of citrate-capped AgNPs was investigated using different types of isotonic solution, which is important in the toxicokinetic study by the exposure route of intravenous injection. Size, morphology, zeta potential and ion formation were investigated in isotonic solutions for the physico-chemical characterization of AgNPs. Aggregation and precipitation of AgNPs were observed in saline or phosphate-buffered saline while they were stable without precipitation in 2% glycerol of isotonic solution. The average size of AgNPs in 2% glycerol was 6~10 nm, which was almost same as that in water-based suspension of AgNPs. Zeta potential was ranged from -30 mV to -60 mV, which was in the range of original stock AgNPs. The stability was maintained during the whole experimental period of 48 hours. Furthermore, the stability was not changed in different temperature (10~36$^{\circ}C$) and at different concentrations (10~1,000 ppm). The osmolarity of the AgNPs suspension was $299{\pm}1$ mOsm/kg which was in isotonic range. These data suggest that AgNPs in 2% glycerol solution can be used for the preparations of intravenous injection for toxicokinetic study without undesired disturbance of blood isotonicity.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.199-211
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• 1992

Blasting vibrations of 3 quarries and 5 construction sites were measured and investigated with two reference data. Square and cubic root scaled distance were similar in fitness to peak particle velocity of individual blasting site, but the former is better fitted in total. It was suggested that the limit scaled distance for domestic surface blasting be 40kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 10mm/s level and 60kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 5mm/s level, which were lower than the OSM's regulation. Prevailing vibration components were in the order of radial, vertical and transverse directions. Prevailing vibration components were in the order of radial, vertical and transverse directons. Site factors K and m were 242 and -1.283 for all studied area, 357 and -1.348 for construction sites, 118 and -1.160 for quarries. Most prevailing frequency was in the range of 10~2Hz. Overlapping effect of delayed blasting vibrations were insignificant. Vibration history of delayed blasting was longer than simultaneous blasting, and it became longer as measuring distance increased. Wave form and predominant frequencies were more complicated for delayed blasting than instantaneous blasting. The influence of blasting scale and measuring distance were not significant to determine peak particle velocity equation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.85-98
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• 1991

Verapamil, $Ca^{2+}$-channel blocker, when given into vein or into carotid artery, produced the decrease of urine flow accompanied with the decreased amounts of Na$^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ excreted in urine ($E_{Na}, E_{K}$) and with the decreased clearances of free water (C$_{H_2O}$) and osmolar substance (C$_{osm}$), and then increased reabsorption of Na$^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ in renal tubules (R$_{Na}$, R$_{N}$), glomeruler filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were inhibited when verapamil was given into carotid artery, but were only tendency of reduction when given intravenously. Verapamil, when infused into a renal artery, exhibited diuresis accompanied with the increased GER, RPF, E$_{Na}$ and E$_{K}$, with the decreased filtration fraction (FF) in only infused kidney. At the same time, $C_{H_2O}$ was not changed, R$_{Na}$ and R$_{K}$ were reduced. Antidiuretic action by verapamil administered into vein or into carotid artery in normal kidney was reversed to diuretic action in denervated kidney. At this time, parameters of renal function exhibited the opposite phenomena compared to that elicited by verapamil in normal kidney, wherease renal denervation did not influence the action of verapamil infused into a renal artery. Above results suggest that verapamil produce both antidiuresis through nervous system centrally, not endogenous substances and diuresis by direct action in the kidney. Diurectic action are caused by hemodynamic improvement through dilatioon of vas efferense and by greatly inhibited reabsorption of electrolytes in distal tubules.