• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.47-57
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• 1969

The Yeonhwa Lead and Zinc Mine is located in northern part of Kyeongsang-Buk-Do, Korea, and is economically most important mine because it produces most part of the output of lead and zinc minerals in the country. Ore deposits of the mine are localized in the Pungchon Formation and several limestone seams of upper Myobong Formation in Cambrian Age. Ore solution ascended along the fractures of N-S, NE-SW or NW-SE trends and along slate and limestone boundary, and then replaced selectively limestone to make ore bodies. Skarn minerals are consisted of hedenbergite, diopside, and main sulfide mineral orebodies are composed of galena, zincblende, pyrrhotite, pyrite and a minor amounts of arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite. Metal ratio, ${\rho}_{Pb}={\frac{Pb(%)}{Pb(%)+Zn(%)}}{\times}100$, illustrates the zona I arrangements of some ore bodies. It will be inferred the flow trending of ore solution and the process reaction with adjacent country rocks. The sub-divided formations of the Pungchon limestone and Myobong slate are very useful as a criteria for detecting probable ore location. Rhodochrosite veins are good evidence for searching of ore location, especially on Pb-rich ore bodies.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.177-186
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• 1970

Bupyong lead-silver mine is located at outskirt of Inchon, a harbor city on the Yellow Sea about 40 km due west of Seoul. The geology of the area is composed of gneisses of pre-Cambrian age, rhyolite of Jurassic to Cretaceous age which extruded over the gneisses and late Cretaceous granite. Small diabasic dike is observed only in the underground. The contact plane between overlying rhyolite and underlain gneiss is sinuous and generally pitches about $30^{\circ}{\sim}40^{\circ}$ toward east. Conjugate joints and fissures are well developed in the rhyolite striking generally north-southward. Three ore bodies are being exploited and three more are under prospecting. These ore bodies range from few tons of hundred thousand to million tons in reserve. These ore bodies occur exclusively in the rhyolite along joints as network and/or desseminated type. The lower limit of ore bodies is always delineated at about 20~30m above the gneiss which might be indicative of ore genesis that has not been clearly explained so far. Two hypothesis on ore genesis could, however, be considered: firstly lithologic difference in the rhyolite might be a manifestation of different flows along which ore solution ascended and replaced along joints; secondly diabasic dike has acted as ore bringer since the dike contains considerable amount of silver, lead and zine. Ore minerals are galena and native silver accompanied by pyrite, argentite, pyragyrite and magnetite. It is believed that pyritization took place in advance to main mineralization, and ore deposit is classified as meso- to epi-thermal type.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.159-170
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• 1996

The gold-silver deposits of the Nakcheon, Eunchi and Jungbong mine in the northern Taebagsan mining district are composed of fissure fil1ing veins emplaced in Precambrian meta-sediments and Jungbongsan granite. Based on the changes of ore texture and mineralogy, ore mineral chemistry, fluid inclusion and mineralizing condition, a regional zoning is recognized from the Nakcheon to the Eunchi and Jungbong ore deposits, and this trend of zoning is also recognized by stable isotope compositions. Stable isotope compositions show that the source of su1fur and carbon is mainly igneous origin, and the water of ore fluid in the Nakcheon ore deposits is mainly magmatic origin but much of meteoric water is involved in ore fluid of the Eunchi and Jungbong ore deposits. The ore deposits of study area is polymetallic meso to epithermal type genetically related to the acidic igneous pluton. Due to the differntial erosion level and mineralized depth, each ore deposits has a slightly different characteristic of mineralization; The Nakcheon ore deposits belong to meso-epithermal type, but the Eunchi and Jungbong ore deposits belong to epithermal type.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.325-344
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• 2014

The aim of this paper is to generalize the theory of Hopf-Ore extension on Hopf algebras to Hopf group coalgebras. First the concept of Hopf-Ore extension of Hopf group coalgebra is introduced. Then we will give the necessary and sufficient condition for the Ore extensions to become a Hopf group coalgebra, and certain isomorphism between Ore extensions of Hopf group coalgebras are discussed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.269-275
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• 2008

The ore minerals, mainly composed of sericite, talc, and halloysite, were investigated for their inhibitory effect on the allergic inflammation in mice by measuring the serum IgE level, inflammatory cytokine production, and histamine and ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase releases. When the mice were ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged prior to the ore mineral treatment, the IgE level in the serum decreased significantly. The ore minerals significantly reduced the productions of IL-4 and the tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid challenged with OVA. The inflammatory infiltrates, found in the lung of the OVA-challenged mouse, were also notably decreased following the ore mineral treatment. The ore minerals significantly reduced the release of histamine and ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase from the RBL-2H3 cells. These results suggest that the ore minerals may be useful as potent inhibitors of the allergic inflammation in mice.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1391-1398
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the suppressive effects of ore minerals on the allergic cell damages and oxidative cell damages. The ore minerals significantly reduced the productions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in rat basophilic leukemia cells challenged with 2,4-dinitrophenol-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA). Lipoxygenase activity was also reduced by the ore minerals. Moreover, the ore minerals showed weak protective effects on the oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in pig kidney cells and retinal ganglion cells. Photohemolysis of erythrocytes in the presence of rose-bengal as a sensitizer was also inhibited by ore minerals. These results suggest that the ore minerals may be useful as the protectant for allergic and oxidative cell damages.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2016

Nickel laterite ore is classified into two principal ore types: saprolite (silicate ore) and limonite (oxide ore). Saprolite-type ore characterized by high magnesia and silica contents is treated by pyrometallurgy process. On the other hand, limonite-type ore is subjected to hydrometallurgy process to produce nickel products. Hydrometallurgy process requires that a raw material to meet the demands that Si+Mg contents lower than 10% and Fe content over than 40%. It is therefore required that separation of saprilite-type ore to use nickel laterite ore as a raw material for hydrometallurgy process. In this study, separation of sparolite-type ore and limonite-type ore from nickel laterite ore from New Caledonia has been tried by dry classification. The results show that -5 mm size fraction and +5 mm size fraction of the nickel laterite ore contains mainly limonite-type ore and saprolite-type ore, respectively. To understand the moisture content of the raw ore on the dry classification, nickel laterite ore with different moisture contents of 23.0% and 9.1% were subjected to the dry classification. The results show that drying of the ore makes the separation more efficient as the amount of the fine product, that can be subjected to hydrometallurgy process without further separation or drying operations, was increased.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.114-125
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to clarify the geological occurrence, mineralogical, physico-chemical and thermal properties of the sericite ore which located in Chungha area, Kyungsangbuk-do. The geology of this area are composed mainly of hornfels and some felsite porphyry. The sericitic ore is classified into sericite, sericite-quartz and quartz-sericite ore according to mineral assemblages. Mineral components in sericite ore are mainly sericite with minor quartz, apatite, sphene, zircon, ilmenite, bismuthinite, iron oxide and etc. Sericite-quartz ore are mainly composed of sericite and quartz. Accessary minerals are muscovite, epidote, zircon, sphene, iron oxide and etc. The chemical compositions of K2O, Al2O3, & Ignition loss in sericite and sericite-quartz ore increase than that of the host rock, while the composition of SiO2, Na2O & Fe2O3 decrease. Sericite and sericite-quartz ore are characterized by the specific gravity of 2.35 and 2.44, the pH of 4.36 cP and 2.36 cP respectively. The result of size analyses of sericite ore is 11.3% in grain volume concentration between 12.9 $\mu\textrm{m}$ and 11.1$\mu\textrm{m}$, and 32.3% between 9.6$\mu\textrm{m}$ and 12.9$\mu\textrm{m}$. The thermal expansivity of sericite and sericite-quartz ore show the similar pattern. The sericite ore shows the thermal expansivity of 0.31% at 50$0^{\circ}C$, 0.39~0.75% at 600~1,00$0^{\circ}C$ and 0.74% at 1,10$0^{\circ}C$. The sericite-quartz ore show the thermal expansivity of 0.29% at 50$0^{\circ}C$, 0.36~0.72% at 600~1,000% and 0.71% at 1,10$0^{\circ}C$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1990

Gold-silver deposits of Deogheun and Beopjeon mines are composed of veins emplaced in Jurassic granite batholith. Based on ore structure and ore mineralogy, four distinct stages of mineral deposition are recognized in these ore deposits. Gold and silver minerals in Deogheun and Beopjeon-A ore deposits are precipitated in stage III and stage II, respectively. Mineral constituents of ores from these deposits are pyrite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, galena, tetrahedrite, electrum, quartz and rhodochrosite. Cubanite, argentite and pyrargyrite occur only in Deogheun ore deposits. Ag content of electrum range from 42 to 66 atomic % in both ore deposits. Filling temperature of fluid inclusion from both ore deposits are as follows; stage I, $211-289^{\circ}$ ; stage II, $205-290^{\circ}$ ; stage III, $190-260^{\circ}$ ; stage IV, $136-222^{\circ}$ in Deogheun ore deposits. In Beopjeon-A ore deposits, stage I, $255-305^{\circ}$ ; stage II, $135-222^{\circ}$ ; stage III, $148-256^{\circ}$ ; stage IV, $103-134^{\circ}$. Salinities of fluid inclusions range from 1.6-8.5 wt. % equivalent NaCl in both ore deposits. Sulfur fugacities through stage II and III in Deogheun ore deposits inferred from data of mineral assemblage and fluid inclusion range from $10^{-11.0}-10^{-16.1}$1bars. Fluid pressure estimated from fluid inclusions which reveal boiling evidence range from 30-190 bars during mineralization in Deogheun ore deposits.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.599-612
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• 1995

Some REE ore deposits are located in the middle part the of Korean peninsula. Geotectonically, the REE ore deposits situated on the Kyemyeongsan Formation of northern margin of the Okcheon geosynclinal belt and in the transitional zone between Kyeonggi massif and the Okcheon belt, with a deep-seated fracture separating the two tectonic units. The Kyemyeongsan Formation are different in lithology and metamorphic grade from the Gyeonggi massif and the Okcheon super group. The sequence of Kyemyeongsan Formation is dominantly composed of acidic metavolcanic and volcaniclastic rocks associated with alkaline igneous rocks which are related to volcano-plutonism. The REE ore deposits contain mainly Ce-La, Ta-Nb, Y, Y-Nd and Nd-Th group minerals. More than 15 RE and REE minerals have been found in the deposits, such as allanite, fergusonite, thorite bestnaesite, euxenite, polyclase, monazite, columbite, (Nb)-rutile, okanoganite, sphene, zircon, illmenite and some other unknown minerals. According to the characteristics of the mineral association, the REE ore deposits may be divided into 4 ore types; Zircon-REE, allanite-REE, feldspar-REE and fluorite-REE type. The Sm-Nd isochron age of the REE ore is 330 Ma, and the Sm-Nd model age is 1.11 Ga with ${\varepsilon}_{Nd(t)}$ being - 2.9. This data suggest that the REE ore deposit was formed in the early Carboniferous, and the ore-forming material came from the mantle. The REE ores show distinct light REE enrichment with strong negative Eu anomaly. The REE patterns of schistose rocks from Kyemyeongsan Formation are similar to felsic volcanics from rifts or back arc basins in or near continental crust. The genesis of the REE ore deposit is quite complicated. Different geologic processes are displayed in the studied area; sedimentation, volcanic activity, metamorphism and hydrothermal replacement. Alkali granite has suffered extensive post-magmatic metasomatism of a high temperature to produce alkali metasomatites. Geochemical charateristics show that metasomatism of alkaline fluid was probably the dominant ore-forming process in Chungju district.