• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.81-85
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of organic fertilizer(OM-1 : $300kgha^{-1}$, OM-2 : $600kgha^{-1}$), microorganism(ML : liquid form, MP : powder form) and seaweed extract ; ascophyllum nodosum(AF : foliar application, AI ; irrigation) on the growth and yield of the chinese cabbage. At the treatment of organic fertilizer OM-2 have appeared the best yield. According to the application of microorganism appeared certainly increasing yield of cabbage by application of powder form. The excess application of organic fertilizer OM-2 should not be occurred fertilizer damages and increased on the growth and yield by use of microorganism, In application of sewweed extract treatment, the cabbage yield increased by irrigation method.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 1994

Effect pf rape seed oil cake compast (OM) active carbon(C) compound fertilizer (NPK) and magnesium sulfate (Mg) application on Zoysia koreana growth by lysimeter of 50cm soil column filled with a low fertility loam. Effect on growth was in order of OM>OM . NPK interaction> NPK . active carbon and Mg were not effective OM . NPK interaction effect was negative on leaf width and root dry matter yield. OM and OM . NPK interaction were most effective on rhizome growth. Their effect did not change the ratio of growth rates between aerial part and rhizome but change that between aerial part and root. Leaf width was most sensitive to the treatments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.110-119
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• 1994

Measurements of hehage intake and milk yield were made on high yielding dairy cows, which were strip-grazed on Loliurn perenne sward at three levels of herbage allowance in three experimental periods. The contents of nitrogen, chrome and ash in the faeces slightly decreased with the progress of growth period of experimental sward, and the decrease of herbage allowance. There were small difference in herbage digestibility among periods or the levels of herbage allowance with falling from 82.7% to 79.1% from period 1 to period 3 and from 81.6% to79.9% from high to low level of herbage allowance. Daily herbage intake was 15.8 and 15.9 kg OMIcow at the high and medium levels of hecbage aljowance, but reduced significantly to 14.6 kg OM/cow at the low level. Herbage intakes in three periods were shown a slight decrease. Daily milk yield in terms of 4% FCM significantly decreased from 23.6 to 20.6 kg/cow from period 1 to period 3. Milk yield at the high and medium levels of herbage allowance were 23.5 and 22.2 kg/cow at the low level of herbage allowance. The highly significant (P<0.01) correlations between the level of herbage allowance and herbage intake (r=0.88), or milk yield (r=0.81) were obtained.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.221-237
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• 2005

For developing the site-specific fertilizer management strategies of crop, it is essential to know the spatial variability of soil factors and to assess their influence on the variability of crop growth and yield. In 2002 and 2003 cropping seasons within-field spatial variability of rice growth and yield was examined in relation to spatial variation of soil properties in the· two paddy fields having each area of ca. $6,600m^2$ in Suwon, Korea. The fields were managed without fertilizer or with uniform application of N, P, and K fertilizer under direct-seeded and transplanted rice. Stable soil properties such as content of clay (Clay), total nitrogen (TN), organic mater (OM), silica (Si), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and rice growth and yield were measured in each grid of $10\times10m$. The two fields showed quite similar spatial variation in soil properties, showing the smallest coefficient of variation (CV) in Clay $(7.6\%)$ and the largest in Si $(21.4\%)$. The CV of plant growth parameters measured at panicle initiation (PIS) and heading stage (HD) ranged from 6 to $38\%$, and that of rice yield ranged from 11 to $21\%$. CEC, OM, TN, and available Si showed significant correlations with rice growth and yield. Multiple linear regression model with stepwise procedure selected independent variables of N fertilizer level, climate condition and soil properties, explaining as much as $76\%$ of yield variability, of which $21.6\%$ is ascribed to soil properties. Among the soil properties, the most important soil factors causing yield spatial variability was OM, followed by Si, TN, and CEC. Boundary line response of rice yield to soil properties was represented well by Mitcherich equation (negative exponential equation) that was used to quantify the influence of soil properties on rice yield, and then the Law of the Minimum was used to identify the soil limiting factor for each grid. This boundary line approach using five stable soil properties as limiting factor explained an average of about $50\%$ of the spatial yield variability. Although the determination coefficient was not very high, an advantage of the method was that it identified clearly which soil parameter was yield limiting factor and where it was distributed in the field.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.230-233
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• 2011

We collected and examined germplasm resources of lettuces, edible chrysanthemums and mallows for organic farmers. We found that 3 genotypes (OL-51, OL-52, and OL-63) are suitable for organic cultivation. The main use of treatment for grey mold among eco-friendly pest control methods is helpful to increase efficiency of seed-gathering after collecting and evaluating a total of 64 kinds of lettuces-collected 43 South Korea local varieties, 8 kinds cultivated by the Highland Agriculture Research Center, 4 kinds of cultivated lettuces, and 9 kinds for sales- to choose appropriate kinds of lettuces for organic cultivation in South Korea. We chose those with more than 300 leaves (OC-18, OC-44, and OC-51) after evaluation of yield characteristics of a total of 62 edible chrysanthemums. We covered each genotype of seed of edible chrysanthemums when gathering the seeds by ourselves so as not to decrease the purity of each genotype. We chosed OM-38, OM-39, and OM-40 for their yield performance and germination rates among the total 41 genotypes of mallows. We selected 9 genotypes of lettuces, editable chrysanthemums and mallows with possibility of organic cultivation and found that they can be used permanently through self seed-gathering on organic farms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1303-1308
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• 2003

Samples of eleven brown midrib (ICSU 96031, ICSU 93046, ICSU 96082, ICSU 96078, ICSU 96075, ICSU 95101, ICSU 96034, ICSU 96063, ICSU 45116, ICSA 93-3 and ICSA 3845 X 3816) and nine white midrib genotypes (ICSU 96050, ICSU 96030, ISU 95082, SSG 59-3, FSHI 93-1, FSHI 2219A X 3211, HC 171, ICSA 93-2 and ICSA 93-1) based on their phenotypic appearance were collected at 50 per cent flowering from the sorghum germplasm grown at Research farm of IGFRI, Jhansi. These genotypes were evaluated with respect to crude protein, fiber composition, in-sacco dry matter, OM, cell wall components disappearance/digestibility besides the fodder yield, total phenolic and availability index values. Brown midrib genotypes were lower (p<0.05) in NDF, ADF, cellulose and acid detergent lignin concentration than white midrib genotypes. Mean NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin contents were 69.4, 42.1, 35.4 and 5.7% in brown mid rib vis-a vis 75.8, 47.5, 39.6 and 7.3% in white mid rib genotypes. Nonsignificant (p>0.05) differences were observed in dry matter, crude protein and organic matter contents between brown midrib and white midrib genotypes. Phenolic contents were significantly (p<0.05) lower in browm mid rib (0.2) than white mid rib (0.3%) sorghum. Brown midrib genotypes exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher in-sacco DM, OM and CP disappearance than normal (white midrib) genotypes. The mean degradability of DM, OM and CP was 64.1, 62.6 and 79.6% in brown mid rib and 53.1, 54.0 and 76.6% in white mid rib genotypes, respectively. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences between genotypes in extent of fiber fraction degradability though in-sacco NDF and ADF degradability was more by 5 and 4 units, respectively in brown midrib genotypes vis-a-vis white midrib genotypes. Average fodder yield (green and dry g/plant) and availability index (%) values were significantly (p<0.05) higher for brown midrib (474.2, 129.8 and 80.4) genotypes than white midrib (375.0, 104.8 and 69.2) genotypes. Lignin contents had significant negative correlation with DM, OM, NDF and ADF degradability. The results of the study revealed that brown midrib genotypes are superior not only with regard to chemical entities and disappearance of DM and fiber fractions but also better in respect of fodder yield and availability index values. Thus, brown midrib sorghum strains may be useful in increasing digestibility, intake, feed efficiency and animal performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.162-170
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• 1998

The dose response effects of different levels of wheat barn (WB) supplementation to a rice straw based diet has been studied in growing native (Bos indicus) bulls of Bangladesh. Twelve bulls of $266{\pm}29.6kg$ live weight and $32{\pm}9.5$ months old were given either of three diets of ad libitum untreated rice straw alone (T1) or straw supplemented with 2 (T2) or 3 (T3) kg WB. Besides, the experimental animals also received a mineral mixture. In 4 weeks, data were recorded on the intake, digestibility, microbial N (MN) yield, N balance (NB) and growth rate (GR). In the three diets, WB was 0 (T1), 29.6 (T2) and 42 (T3) percent of the total DM intake. With the increasing levels of WB supplementation, the total DM and OM intake increased, but the straw intake decreased linearly. WB supplementation increased the digestibilities of DM, OM and N but had no effect on ADF digestibility. The urinary purine derivative excretion and hence the MN yield increased with WB supplementation. The total MN yield were 7.26 and 35 g/d respectively for 0.2 and 3 kg WB supplementation. However, the efficiency of MN yield was highest (13 g/kg DOMR) at 2 kg WB level. Despite the increase DOM intake, the dietary ME content remain below 6 MJ/kg DM even at 3 kg WB supplementation. The NB were -84,467 and 1,620 mg/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ which were reflected on the GR of -186,346 and 554 g/d for 0, 2 and 3 kg WB supplementation respectively. Depending on the cost effectiveness, on an untreated rice straw diet, WB may be supplemented by up to 3 kg/d (42% of the diet) or more. However, if the maximum utilization of roughage is the main concern, the optimum WB level would probably be around 2 kg (30% of the diet) daily.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.431-438
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• 1983

Experiments were conducted to know the effects of 15 years successive application of fertilizers and organic matters on the soil properties, plant growth and yield of rice. Application of fertilizers and organic matters for 15 years in same plots were increased soil pH, OM, and CEC, but decreased $SiO_2$ and Ca content in paddy soil. Organic matter application for 15 years was increased OM about 0.5% compare to non-applied plot. Particulary lime application was increased soil pH, $SiO_2$, Ca and CEC in paddy soil. NPK+compost and NPK+straw application were increased number of panicles and number of spikelets per unit area, but decreased ripening ratio compare to NPK applied plot. Average grain yield for 15 years in the non-fertilized, -N, -P, -K, NPK+compost, NPK+straw and NPK+lime applied plot was 47, 51, 88, 95, 113, 117, and 106% of yield conpare to NPK applied plot, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.204-210
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• 2003

To see the effect of Beragfat T-300, a by pass fat, on the production and composition of milk, four primiparous crossbred cows in their early lactation were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square Design. Each period was of 30 days including 15 days of adjustment period. The diets were formulated to contain 0, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5% of Bergafat and were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. The intake of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, Cellulose and ADL were not affected, however, the EE intake was increased by the supplementation of Bergafat in the diet of cows. The digestibilities of NDF and EE remained unaffected, whereas the digestibilites of DM, OM and CP were reduced. Milk yield remained unaltered, while 4%FCM yield increased as a result of adding Bergafat in the daily ration. Bergafat upto 4.5% of the diet DM can be added in the diet of crossbred cows without any adverse effect on the DM intake and digestibilities of DM and NDF. Furthermore, Bergafat does not cause any butter fat depression in the milk of cows.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2000

This study was carried out to examine the effects of animal manure on efficiency of the nitrogen utilization of silage corn (Zea mays L.) and soil fertility. The experiment was conducted on the field plot at Gongiam, Kwangju, Kyunggi-Do for 3 years, from 1996 to 1998, and arranged in split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were two kinds of composts such as swine manure fermented with sawdust (SMFWS) and swine manure fermented without sawdust (SMF). Subplots were the nitrogen fertilization rate (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400kgNhalyear). The nitrogen (N) yield increased as the nitrogen fertilization rate increased up to a rate of 300 kg Nha, but decreased at rate of 400 kg Nlha. Nitrogen yield in SMF treatments was higher than that of SMFWS treatments. But there were no significant differences between SMFWS and SMF treatments. Organic matter (OM) content of the soils in SMFWS was higher than that of SMF, &d was not significantly different between SMFWS and SMF treatments. OM content increased with increasing the nitrogen fertilization rate. Total nitrogen (TN) content of the soils increased as the nitrogen fertilization rate increased. No difference of TN content was found between SMFWS and SMF treatments. (Key words : Swine manure, Compost, Corn, Sawdust, Nutritive value)