• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 2018

A new 80Ti-15Ta-5Zr wt% alloy surface was protected by anodic oxidation in phosphoric acid solution. The protective oxide layer (TiO2, ZrO2 and Ta suboxides and thickness of 15.5 nm) incorporated $PO{_4}^{3-}$ ions from the solution, according to high resolution XPS spectra. The AFM analysis determined a high roughness with SEM detected pores (20 - 50 nm). The electrochemical studies of bare and anodically oxidized Ti-15Ta-5Zr alloy in Carter-Brugirard saliva of different pH values and saliva with 0.05M NaF, pointed to a nobler surface for the protected alloy, with a thicker electrodeposited oxide layer acting as a barrier against aggressive ions. The oxidized alloy significantly decreased corrosion current densities and total quantity of ions released into the oral environment in comparison with the bare one, at higher polarisation resistance and protective capacity of the electrodeposited layer. The impedance data revealed a bi-layered oxidation film formed by: a dense, compact, barrier layer in contact with the metallic substrate, decreasing the potential gradient across the metal/oxide layer/solution interface, reducing the anodic dissolution and a more permissive, porous layer in contact with the electrolyte. The open circuit potential for protected alloy shifted to nobler values, with thickening of the oxidation film signifying long-term protection.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.442-449
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• 2021

Background: Panax ginseng is an important crop in Asian countries given its pharmaceutical uses. It is usually harvested after 4-6 years of cultivation. However, various abiotic stresses have led to its quality reduction. One of the stress causes is high content of heavy metal in ginseng cultivation area. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can play a role in healthy growth of plants. It has been considered as a new trend for supporting the growth of many crops in heavy metal occupied areas, such as Aluminum (Al). Methods: In vitro screening of the plant growth promoting activities of five tested strains were detected. Surface-disinfected 2-year-old ginseng seedlings were dipping in Rhizobium panacihumi DCY116^T suspensions for 15 min and cultured in pots for investigating Al resistance of P. ginseng. The harvesting was carried out 10 days after Al treatment. We then examined H₂O₂, proline, total soluble sugar, and total phenolic contents. We also checked the expressions of related genes (PgCAT, PgAPX, and PgP5CS) of reactive oxygen species scavenging response and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Results: Among five tested strains isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil, R. panacihumi DCY116^T was chosen as the potential PGPR candidate for further study. Ginseng seedlings treated with R. panacihumi DCY116^T produced higher biomass, proline, total phenolic, total soluble sugar contents, and related gene expressions but decreased H₂O₂ level than nonbacterized Al-stressed seedlings. Conclusion: R. panacihumi DCY116^T can be used as potential PGPR and "plant strengthener" for future cultivation of ginseng or other crops/plants that are grown in regions with heavy metal exposure.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.847-856
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary xanthophylls supplementation on pigmentation and antioxidant properties in the egg yolk. ISA Brown laying hens aged 50 weeks were fed five kinds of xanthophyll combination such as control(neither natural nor artificial xanthophylls in feed), T1(Commercial diet containing natural xanthopylls in grain + Lutein 10ppm + Capsantin 10ppm), T2(T1 + Capsanthin 65ppm), T3(T1 + Canthaxanthin 65ppm), T4(T1 + Capsanthin 10ppm + Canthaxanthin 65ppm), and T5(T1 + Capsanthin 65ppm + Canthaxanthin 10ppm). The pH values of all egg yolks were not significantly different during storage or feeding periods. CIE L$^{*}$(lightness) values of T2 ~ T5 egg yolks were lower than those of control and T1. Conversely, the CIE a$^{*}$(redness) value of T2 ~ T5 egg yolks showed significantly higher(P<0.05). Egg yolk from chicks fed xanthophylls increased CIE b$^{*}$ values. The CIE b$^{*}$(yellowness) values of T2 ~ T5 egg yolks were higher than control and T1 during storage at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours respectively. In the antioxidation experiment, dietary xanthophylls supplementation affected lipid antioxidation of egg yolk during storage. The TBARS(O.D.) of egg yolks from chicks fed xanthophylls were lower than that of control during incubation at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours. In conclusion, dietary xanthophylls supplementation influence to color difference and retardation of lipid oxidation in egg yolk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.531-540
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• 2012

Pigs from four sire lines were allocated to a series of low energy (LE, 3.15 to 3.21 Mcal ME/kg) corn-soybean meal-based diets with 16% wheat midds or high energy diets (HE, 3.41 to 3.45 Mcal ME/kg) with 4.5 to 4.95% choice white grease. All diets contained 6% DDGS. The HE and LE diets of each of the four phases were formulated to have equal lysine:Mcal ME ratios. Barrows (N = 2,178) and gilts (N = 2,274) were fed either high energy (HE) or low energy (LE) diets from 27 kg BW to target BWs of 118, 127, 131.5 and 140.6 kg. Carcass primal and subprimal cut weights were collected. The cut weights and carcass measurements were fitted to allometric functions (Y = A $CW^B$) of carcass weight. The significance of diet, sex or sire line with A and B was evaluated by linearizing the equations by log to log transformation. The effect of diet on A and B did not interact with sex or sire line. Thus, the final model was cut weight = (1+$b_D$(Diet)) A($CW^B$) where Diet = -0.5 for the LE and 0.5 for HE diets and A and B are sire line-sex specific parameters. Diet had no affect on loin, Boston butt, picnic, baby back rib, or sparerib weights (p>0.10, $b_D$ = -0.003, -0.0029, 0.0002, 0.0047, -0.0025, respectively). Diet affected ham weight (bD = -0.0046, p = 0.01), belly weight (bD = 0.0188, p = 0.001) three-muscle ham weight ($b_D$ = -0.014, p = 0.001), boneless loin weight (bD = -0.010, p = 0.001), tenderloin weight ($b_D$ = -0.023, p = 0.001), sirloin weight ($b_D$ = -0.009, p = 0.034), and fat-free lean mass ($b_D$ = -0.0145, p = 0.001). Overall, feeding the LE diets had little impact on primal cut weight except to decrease belly weight. Feeding LE diets increased the weight of lean trimmed cuts by 1 to 2 percent at the same carcass weight.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the efficiency of stcclmaldng slag and sludge in removing metals existing in wastewater or leachate. Laboratory experiments were performed as a function of initial concentration of metals. pH a and temperature of the background solution and the presence of che1ating agent, EDTA. The test conditions were temperatures r ranging from $25^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$; initial concentrations varying from 5mg/L to 50 mg/L; pH between 3 and 11; and Cu. Cd‘ and Pb a as adsorbates. The results of tests showed that overall rates of metals removal were 20~30% at pH 3 and greater than 90% at p pH 7 and 11. Metals were removed from the solution predominantly via adsorption in acidic conditions, and the combined e effects of adsorption and precipitation in neutral and alkaline conditions. In view of the test results and other engineering c characteristics of steelmaking slag and sludg$\xi$, these industrial by-products from steel industry have a high potential to be used l in wastewater treatment and are particularly beneficial when used as landfill liner additives due to thelJ ability to remove heavy m metals from leachate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1076-1081
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• 1998

The purpose of this research was to isolate an active component on immunoytes from 70% MeOH extract of Codonopsis lanceolatae Radix(CLE). CLE was fractionated successively with hexane, methylene chloride, n-butyl alcohol and water, and then the water fraction was separated with molecularporous membrane tubing(m.w. 3,500). Each fraction(50mg/kg) was administered p.o. once a day for 7 days in BALB/c mice respectively. None of these fractions affected the apoptosis and mitochondrial transmembrane potential in thymocyte. Hexane and methylene chloride fractions decreased CD4$^{[-10]}$ CD8$^{+}$ single-positive cells, and the water fraction enhanced CD4$^{+}$ CD8$^{[-10]}$ single-positive cells in thymocyte. The proliferation of thymocytes was decreased by the fraction hexane, but was enhanced by the water fraction. Hexane, methylene chloride and butyl alcohol fractions suppressed the production of nitric oxide, which was not affected by the water fraction. Hexane and butyl alcohol fraction suppressed the phagocytic activity, but water fraction enhanced it. The components(m.w. 3,500 above) separated from the water fraction enhanced the proliferation of thymocyte, the population of CD4$^{+}$ CDB$^{[-10]}$ single-positive cells, and phagocytic activity in macrophage. These results suggest that the stimulative components of proliferation, TH population and phagorytc activity is in the water fraction, and the molecular weight is 3,500 above. (Korean J Nutrition 31(6) : 1076~1081, 1998) 1998)

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.7-12
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• 2018

The effects of Ru deposition temperature and post-annealing conditions on the interfacial adhesion energies of atomic layer deposited (ALD) Ru diffusion barrier layer and Cu thin films for the advanced Cu interconnects applications were systematically investigated. The initial interfacial adhesion energies were 8.55, 9.37, $8.96J/m^2$ for the sample deposited at 225, 270, and $310^{\circ}C$, respectively, which are closely related to the similar microstructures and resistivities of Ru films for ALD Ru deposition temperature variations. And the interfacial adhesion energies showed the relatively stable high values over $7.59J/m^2$ until 250h during post-annealing at $200^{\circ}C$, while dramatically decreased to $1.40J/m^2$ after 500 h. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Cu 2p peak separation analysis showed that there exists good correlation between the interfacial adhesion energy and the interfacial CuO formation. Therefore, ALD Ru seems to be a promising diffusion barrier candidate with reliable interfacial reliability for advanced Cu interconnects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.263-268
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• 1978

To find out the possible variation in chemical composition among ginseng products, the amount of saponin, extract and other basic components in different age and portion of ginseng roots(Panax ginseng Meyer) were investigated and compared with. (1) Great difference in the amount of ash, crude protein, fiber, fat, total sugar and reducing sugar was observed among different portion of the root comparing with those of different age of the root. That of ash, crude fiber, saponin and extract produced was higher in epidermis, fiber roots and subterranean stems, while that of crude protein, total sugar, panaxadiol/panaxatriol was higher in central portion and branch of the root. (2) The amount of extract produced was affected by the solvent used. Higher amount was obtained when water was employed. It was decreased as the increase of the concentration of alcohol solvent. Futhermore, the composition and physical properties were greatly varied by the concentration of alcohol solvent. (3) The amount of total-N, $P_2O_5,\;K_2O$, and ash was higher in two to three years old roots, while those of crude $SiO_2,\;CaO,$ crude fiber, and total sugar was higher in order roots. No difference was found in amount of MgO, Fe, Zn, and Na among age of the root.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary single or mixed supplementation of plant extract, fermented medicinal plants and Lactobacillus on performance, nutrient availability, blood characteristics, cecal microflora and intestinal digestive enzymes activity in broiler chickens and to prove the possibility of plant derived compounds and Lactobacillus as an antibiotic growth promoter alternative. A total of eight hundred forty, 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross strain) were randomly divided into 7 groups with 4 replicates of 30 birds each. The treatments were NC (antibiotic-free diet), PC (basal diet with 0.05% antibiotics and 0.03% anticoccidials), PE (basal diet with 0.1% plant extract), FMP (basal diet with 0.1% fermented medicinal plants), LB (basal diet with 0.1% probiotics), PE+LB (basal diet with 0.1% plant extract and 0.1% probiotics) and FMP+LB (basal diet with 0.1% fermented medicinal plants and 0.1% probiotics). The final body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion rate in all treated groups tended to be improved or significantly improved as compared to those of NC (P<0.05). PE was significantly high in the final body weight, body weight gain of all treated groups (P<0.05). But the growth performance was significantly lower in all treated groups except PE than PC (P<0.05). No synergic effect in growth performance was found when plant extracts and Lactobacillus were mixed and fed to broilers. The ratio of albumin to globulin was significantly lower in all groups than NC (P<0.05). And the stress indicator (lymphocyte/heterophil ratio) of NC was significantly reduced than other treatments (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed on the numbers of cecal microbes and Lactobacillus. The number of cecal E. coli and Salmonella in FMP and LB were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The activity of intestinal digestive enzymes except to sucrase of treated groups significantly decreased compare to those of controls (P<0.05). These results suggest the possibility that plant extracts and Lactobacillus could be used as the alternative of antibiotic growth promoters by improving the performance of broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1978

A field experiment was conducted on a soil where habitual zinc deficiency has been observed, to investigate the effectiveness of two forms of zinc containing fertilizers: zinc enriched fused phosphate and zinc enriched compound fertilizer. The result of present study is summarized as following. 1. The sail used for the study contained relatively large amount of 1N $CH_2COONH_4$ extractable Ca and the pH was 7.03. Available Zn extracted by 0.1 HCl and available $SiO_2$ extracted by NaOAc were 3.35 ppm and 67.7 ppm respectively. 2. In control plots Zinc content of rice plant measured at 20 days after transplanting was 22-23 ppm, which was a little higher than the critical level (20ppm). But at harvesting stage it dropped to 15ppm. 3. The ratios of $P_2O_5/Zn$ and N/Zn tended to lower as the zinc applied to the soil increased. 4. Application of Zinc clearly increased the number of tillers and plant height as compared to the control. It was also observed that the plots received znic headed and matured earlier compared to the control plots by two weeks. 5. Application of zinc increased all of the yield components and the yield of rice. However, there were no statistical differences in yield and yield components among the forms and levels of zinc fertilizers.