• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.41-47
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• 1992

Cheju Island has an optimal environment for herviborous animal production. However, the infrastructure has been degraded under the pressure from the development of tourism and thus the technological development for livestock production has not been great. This is the time to re-evaluate and re-direct the system of livestock production on the island. My suggestions on the development of grassland agriculture on the island are as follows : 1. Grassland area of Cheju, 65,695 ha should be maintained and the local government should try to improve more grasslands which can hold 3 or more cattle per ha on pasture. including enterpriseowned lands. 2. For better management of co-operatives village. the local government should evaluate the conditions of the grasslands yearly after being grazed and suggest a new management method accordingly. 3. In order to strengthen grassland research. it is recommended that Cheju Experiment Station be reorganized as a Grassland Research Institute or Department of Grassland Science be added. 4. [mport of good forage varieties. especially legumes, from foreign countries and distribution to farmers after adaption studies, are required to improve nutritive values of forage produced. 5. Methods for production of good quality forage seeds at rcasonablc prices should be established.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.238-241
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• 1986

To clarify the effect of silicate application on the reduction of summer drought damage of orchardgrass, a pot experiment treated with 3 levels of available SiO$_2$ 100(control), 150, and 200 ppm was carried out in the phytotron, and field experiment in the medium textured hilly soils also was carried out. The plant height and weight of orchardgrass grown in the pots were increased with increasing of SiO$_2$ application, and the higher content of SiO$_2$ in plant became erect types of leaves with low ethylene evolution. With application of SiO$_2$ in the hilly soils, the reduction of summer drought phenomenon was recognized by the increasing 9% in yield with decreased ethylene evolution at summer drought stage but the nutritive values of the plant were not deteriorated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1483-1489
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• 2016

Most of amino acid (AA) digestibility values for feed ingredients are obtained using pigs cannulated in the distal ileum. The ileal-cannulated pig model uses pigs older than six weeks due to difficulties related to implanting the T-cannula in distal ileum of younger pigs and complications during the post-surgical recovery. However, to properly formulate the diet of weaned pigs, the nutritive value of feed ingredients should be determined with younger pigs. Thus, 25 weaned pigs were used to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, energy, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) ileal AA digestibility of broken rice (BR), with or without multicarbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) supplementation. Piglets were weaned at 23 d of age and individually housed in digestibility cages until 45 d of age. The trial consisted of 7 d of adaptation to the experimental diets and 3 d of excreta (feces and urine) collection. Ileal digesta was collected at slaughter (about 6 weeks of age). A completely randomized experimental design was used to determine the effects of MC and Phy. Reference diets (RD, 5% casein) was replaced by 30% of BR with or without MC, Phy, or MC+Phy. The RD was used to quantify endogenous AA losses. BR with Phy supplied had increased the ATTD of dry matter (p<0.05) and SID of histidine (p = 0.05), arginine, leucine, lysine, valine, alanine, and proline (p<0.05). BR with MC had been increased digestible energy and protein and SID for histidine (p<0.05). There was no interaction between Phy and MC on the BR nutrient digestibilities. Standardized amino acid digestibilities of BR, without enzymes, were lower than those values reported in the literature. The MC and Phy improved the digestibility of some nutrients and energy of BR in post-weaned piglet diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1243-1248
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of vegetable wastes as silage for ruminants. Varying amounts of wheat straw (WS), wheat bran (WB) and salt (S) were combined with minced vegetable wastes (VW) during ensilage. Seven different ingredient combinations were investigated viz: 100% VW (Group I, control), 90% VW+9% WS+1% S (Group II), 80% VW+15% WS+4% WB+1% S (Group III), 70% VW+20% WS+9% WB+1% S (Group IV), 90% VW+9% WB+1% S (Group V), 80% VW+15% WB+4% WS+1% S (Group VI) and 70% VW+20% WB+9% WS+1% S (Group VII). The inclusion of straw and bran increased (p<0.01) the DM content of silage. The highest contents of the pure silage were CP (p<0.001), EE (p<0.01) and NFE (p<0.05). NDF contents of VW silage and group V were significantly lower and especially the VW silage was found to have the lowest ADL content (p<0.01). The in vitro ME values of VW silage and bran added silage were higher than other groups (p<0.01). pH, lactic acid and acetic acid values of silage groups were changed between 4.09-4.20, 2.43-3.46% and 0.60-0.86%, respectively. In conclusion, different mixtures of VW have a high ensilage capacity and can serve as an alternative roughage source for ruminants. The addition of 9% bran significantly improved the silage in view of both dry matter content and nutritive value.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1542-1547
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• 2000

To standardize proper formulation of urea and molasses, the former to increase crude protein content of tropical grass and the latter for improving its silage quality, we examined the fermentation quality of silage of fresh and wilted napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) with different levels of urea and molasses with or without lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Silage was made of napiergrass with conditions of fresh young (Exp. 1),young wilted for half day (Exp. 2) and fresh mature (Exp. 3). Chopped plant materials of about 1cm length were ensiled into a laboratory silo and incubated for one month at $25^{\circ}C$. The treatments were the combination of 0, 0.2 and 0.6% of urea and 0, 2 and 5% of molasses (fresh material basis) with or without LAB inoculation. After opening the silo, pH, organic acids, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and total nitrogen (TN) were determined. Addition of molasses significantly (p<0.01) lowered pH values in three experiments. Though molasses addition increased lactic acid production even at a higher level of urea, pH values at 0 and 2% molasses were significantly increased by urea in fresh and wilted young silages, but in fresh mature silage it occurred only when molasses was not added. VBN/TN at 0.6% urea were decreased significantly by the highest molasses in three experiments. Significant increases in TN by the increasing of urea addition were observed at all levels of molasses in wilted young and fresh mature silages. In conclusion, a combination of 5% molasses and 0.6% urea could improve the nutritive and fermentation qualities of napiergrass silage under young, wilting and mature conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.481-495
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of socio-demographic and health-related perceptions and twenty dietary behaviors on the superiority and preference, convenient use of and purchase motives of vegetables among 370 women(mean age 43.9) in Seoul and metropolitan and Gangwon area. Data was collected using a questionnaire developed in advanced studies. Almost all subjects rated vegetables more predominantly than grains or meats on the basis of health, diversity, and convenience to purchase. Recognition of healthly funcions of diet, purpose of diet and some dietary behaviors had influence on preference for vegetables. Those who recognized that diet had the function of disease control and prevention, knew the healthy options vegetables provide us, such as, preventing us from geriatric diseases, good sources of vitamins and minerals and considered other motives aside from health issues. From Pearsons's correlation analysis, it was revealed that sufficient time for meal preparation and pleasant eating and desirable life style and dietary attitudes, and a better understanding of nutrition were positively correlated with consumption of more vegetables and convenient use of vegetables. The subjects who recognized the ability of food to help prevent diseases, had a preference for vegetables and attitude to use nutritional knowledge and also considered the nutrition values of vegetables and environment friendliness. Everyday use of vegetables such as consuming a variety of different vegetables, a families favorite vegetables and variation of cooking methods had correlated positively with purchase motives. Therefore to encourage consumption of vegetables, it is important to notice three points continuously; first, practical information of nutritive values of vegetables, the contribution of vegetables in current animal protein foods centered diet and healthful functionalities. Second, the importance of regular diet and steadfast attitude and lifestyle. Finally, the quality of the market where the products are bought such as, quality control of freshness, sanitation, expression of producer and a pleasant environment to shop in.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of the amino acids contained in peanut meal using the regression technique and then applying the values obtained, in a growth trial, using growing-finishing pigs. For the digestibility trial, four 20 kg crossbred (Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Beijing Black) barrows were fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum. After recovery, the barrows were fed one of four experimental diets according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75% peanut meal. For the growth trial, 200 crossbred (Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Beijing Black) growing pigs (20.9 kg) were fed corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 15 or 20% peanut meal. Five pens (4 gilts and 4 castrates) were assigned to each treatment. With the exception of arginine, histidine and phenylalanine, the digestibility coefficients for the indispensible amino acids declined as the level of peanut meal in the diet increased. There was a good agreement between the amino acid digestibilities for lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan determined using the regression technique and amino acid digestibilities previously published for peanut meal. During both the growing (21-54 kg) and finishing (54-99 kg) periods, the addition of peanut meal decreased average daily gain (p=0.01) and feed conversion in a linear manner (p<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly different among treatments. The overall results suggest that peanut meal can be used at levels up to 15% in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs provided that the diet has been balanced for digestible amino acids.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.140-149
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• 2010

We determined the seasonal gonad maturation in Strongylocentrotus nudus sea urchins inhabiting an artificially enhanced seaweed forest along the Samchuk Coast of Korea from April 2006 to March 2007. A total of 30 sea urchins per month were collected from the study area, and gonadosomatic index (GSI), gonad index (GI), egg diameter, and RNA/DNA variation were measured for each specimen. GSI values of female and male urchins achieved maximums of 17.6 and 17.0, respectively, in June. Based on histological studies, maximum GI values occurred in July (4.6 for females and 4.8 for males). A mean ovarian egg diameter of $73.7\;\pm\;14.2\;{\mu}m$ was measured in August; during the main spawning period in September, mean egg diameter reached a maximum of $74.2\;\pm\;17.8\;{\mu}m$. The RNA/DNA ratio and RNA content for both males and females showed a distinct peak during the ripe stage in July, but another peak occurred in the spring season from March to April, when urchins deposit protein into the nutritive phagocytes of immature gonads prior to gametogenesis. The reproductive cycle of S. nudus is divided into five stages: early active (December-May), late active (March-July), ripe (July-September), spent and degenerative (August-November), and inactive (October-February). Our continuous removal of sea urchins from the study area did not influence the reproductive cycle, as populations quickly recovered, and achieved normal gonad development cycle in the site.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2006

Defatted rice polishings (DRP) was subjected to chemical treatments i.e., 0.4 N HCl, and 6% $H_2O_2$, with or without physical treatment i.e. extrusion cooking. The treated DRP was evaluated chemically and biologically using male broiler chicks (108) of approximately uniform weight, selected out of 220 chicks, previously fed on commercial diets for 7 days as a settlement period. The chicks were then divided into 36 experimental units of 3 chicks each. Each experimental diet was randomly allotted to three experimental units and fed for 10 days to broiler chicks. The experimental diets were designated as A (Commercial), B (10% HCl treated DRP), C (20% HCl treated DRP), D (10% HCl plus extruded DRP), E (20% HCl plus extruded DRP), F (10% $H_2O_2$ DRP) and G (20% $H_2O_2$ DRP), H (10% $H_2O_2$ plus extrusion DRP) and I (20% $H_2O_2$ plus extrusion DRP), J (10% untreated DRP), K (20% untreated DRP) and L (Protein free). The birds fed on diet L were used to measure the endogenous nitrogen loss. The biological evaluations of diets containing differently treated DRP were compared with a commercial feed and feeds containing untreated defatted rice polishings. It was observed that these treatments liberated bound nutrients, making them more accessible to the normal digestive enzymes and increased their apparent nutrient availability. This process probably also detoxified the anti-nutritive factors i.e. phytates, lectin, trypsin inhibitor present in DRP. The results of the feeding trials revealed that diets containing 6% $H_2O_2$ treated DRP showed better weight gain, feed consumption and utilization, protein efficiency and digestibility, biological value and net protein utilization than all other treatments.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.723-729
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• 2012

On 3 February 2011, a mass mortality of finless porpoises Neophocaena asiaeorientalis occurred at a dike of the Saemangeum Sea dike. A total of 249 carcasses were collected; these had been stranded by a sea dike and had floated into the lake formed by the dike. Eight bodies were measured, and four of these were dissected to analyze stomach contents. The blubber thicknesses of five bodies were compared with those of caught finless porpoises in the Yellow Sea from 2010. Finless porpoises at the Saemangeum Sea dike exhibited better nutritive conditions than finless porpoises in the Yellow Sea. Air temperature in January 2011 was lower than the prior 5-year average (P<0.05). Water temperature when the mass mortality occurred was lower than values observed in 2009 and 2010: values below $0^{\circ}C$ had been recorded, and the majority of the dike lake had frozen over. The mass mortality of finless porpoises may have been caused by these unusually low temperatures.