• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.245-251
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• 1973

세 Alfalfa 품종(品種)(Medicago sativa L. var. Moapoa, Washoe, Lahontan)의 건물생산량(乾物生産量)과 양분흡수(養分吸收)에 미치는 석회(石灰)와 근류균접종효과(根瘤菌接種效果)를 적황색(赤黃色) 사양토(砂壤土)(여기(麗岐) 산토양 pH 4.9)를 사용(使用) Pot시험(試驗)으로 조사(調査)하였다. 1. 무석회구(無石灰區)에서는 발아율이 낮고 그후 생육(生育)이 되지 아니하였으며 Moapa가 가장 강하였다. 2. 무접종구(無接種區)의 건물수량(乾物收量)은 Moapa>Washoe>Lahontan의 순(順)이고 접종효과(接種效果)는 이와 반대였으며 근류균(根瘤菌) 착생에는 큰 차이(差異)가 없었다. 3. 예취시기가 경과함에 따라 무접종구(無接種區)의 수량(收量)이 증가(增加)하고 접종효과(接種效果)가 감소하였으며 질소농도(窒素濃度)에 있어서도 같은 경향이었다. 4. Moapa는 다른 두 품종(品種)에 비(比)하여 N, Ca, Mg의 농도(濃度)가 높은 반면 P, K의 농도(濃度)는 낮았다. 5. Washoe는 Lahontan에 비(比)하여 K가 높고 Ca가 낮으며, Lahontan은 Washoe에 비(比)하여 P가 높고 Mg가 낮다. 6. 접종(接種)에 의(依)해 예취시기가 경과함에 따라 P, K가 감소하였다. 7. Moapa의 다수성(多收性)은 N, Ca, Mg 흡수력(吸收力)이 강한 반면 P, K의 요구도가 적은데 기인하는 것으로 보였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.284-289
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• 1994

본(本) 실험(實驗)은 1994년(年) 5월(月) 23일(日) 부터 7월(月) 11일(日)까지 경희대학교(慶熙大學校) 수원(水原)캠퍼스 온실(溫室)에서 옥수수의 광안옥과 횡성옥 두 품종(品種)을 공시재료(供試材料)로 하여 인산시비수준(燐酸施肥水準)을 달리한 양액재배(養液栽培)로 7주(週) 동안 실시(實施) 하였다. 파종후(播種後) 매주(每週)마다 조사(調査)한 초장(草長), 엽면적(葉面積) 및 건물중(乾物重)에 대한 결과(結果)는 아래와 같다. 광안옥과 횡성옥 두 품종(品種) 모두 무인산구(無燐酸區)(-P구(區))에서는 7주간(週間)의 전실험기간(全實驗期間)을 통하여 생육(生育)이 매우 저조(低調)하였다. 초장(草長), 엽면적(葉面積), 건물중(乾物重)에 있어서 두 품종(品種) 공히 적정인산시용구(適定燐酸施用區)(C)가 다른 인산처리구(燐酸處理區)에서 보다 증가(增加)하였다. 그리고 두 품종(品種)의 7주간(週間)의 총(總) 초장(草長), 엽면적(葉面積), 건물중(乾物重)은 C>2P>3P>-P구(區) 순(順)으로 나타났다. 작물생장율(作物生長率)은 모든 처리구(處理區)에서 파종후(播種後) 4주(週)까지는 완만한 생장(生長)을 하였으며, 광안옥의 2P 및 3P구(區)와 횡성옥의 C구(區)에서는 파종후(播種後) 5주(週)째와 6주간(週間)에서 작물생장율(作物生長率)이 최고치에 달하였고 그 이후는 저조함을 보였고, 그리고 광안옥의 C구(區)와 횡성옥의 2P구(區)는 전실험기간(全實驗期間)동안 계속적으로 증가(增加)하였다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.813-827
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 신규 개간 유기농경지에서 가축분 퇴비와 녹비작물을 3년간 연속으로 시용하였을 때 유기물 처리에 따른 밭 토양내의 이화학성과 물리성 변화를 관찰하고자 수행하였다. 가축분 퇴비와 녹비작물을 연속으로 3년간 처리한 시험구는 무처리구, 화학비료 처리구와 비교하여 유기물 함량, 유효인산, 치환성 양이온 등 대부분의 무기성분 농도가 증가하였으며, 밭 토양 최적범위에 근접하는 결과를 나타내었다. 하지만, 유기물 함량 증가의 경우, 보다 정확한 결과를 도출하기 위해서는 중 장기적으로 유기물 함량의 변화에 주목하여 조사할 필요가 있다고 생각되며, 치환성 양이온의 경우에는 그 농도가 지속적으로 증가하여 약 2년 이내에 밭 토양 화학성분의 최적범위에 적합한 수치에 도달하였으나 이를 3년간 연작할 경우 오히려 과잉 공급의 우려가 될 것으로 판단된다. 가축분 퇴비와 녹비작물의 연용은 토양내의 용적밀도 감소와 공극율 증가 등의 물리성 개선에도 다소 효과를 보였다. 따라서, 가축분 퇴비와 녹비작물을 함께 활용하여 연용하게 된다면 비옥도가 낮은 척박한 신규 개간 유기농경지에서 토양의 양분을 확보하고 빠른 시일 내에 토양의 비옥도를 개선하는 조기숙전화 기술 개발에 긍정적인 효과를 가져 올 것으로 판단되며, 본 연구결과는 신규 개간 유기농 밭에서 가축분 퇴비와 녹비작물을 반복적으로 시용함에 따른 시기별 토양내의 양분성분 변화를 제시하는 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2004

Hisardale male lambs (n=24, 4-5 month of age) were maintained on a conventional ration for a month, to equilibrate the body mineral status. Six lambs were sacrificed after one month of feeding; the samples of organs were analyzed to ascertain mineral status. The remaining 18 lambs were divided into 3 groups of 6 each on body weight basis. Three dietary treatments containing 100 ($T_1$), 110 ($T_2$) and 120% ($T_3$) of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) as specified by NRC (1985) were formulated and each treatment was alloted ad libitum to a group for 120 days. Blood and wool samples were collected at monthly intervals. At the end of the experiment a balance trial of 5 days duration was conducted to study the balance of mineral elements. The effective intake of minerals was Ca, 111 and 120, P, 110 and 122; S, 112 and 129; Zn, 112 and 126 and Mn, 109 and 123 percent in $T_2$ and $T_3$, respectively, in comparison to $T_1$ (100). The additional mineral supplementation had no significant effect on dry matter intake. The average daily weight gain was higher (p<0.01) in $T_2$ and $T_3$ than the control ($T_1$). The lambs under treatments $T_2$ (8.72) and $T_3$ (8.47 kg) consumed apparently lesser amount of dry matter per unit gain as compared to $T_1$ (10.81 kg). Significantly higher (p<0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility (%) were observed in $T_2$ and $T_3$ than in $T_1$. The mean balances for different elements were Ca, 1.14, 1.68 and 1.67 g; P, 1.70, 1.95 and 2.18 g; S, 0.54, 0.92 and 1.11 g; Zn, 22.56, 25.30 and 28.71 mg; Cu, 7.94, 5.71 and 5.53 mg; Fe, 33.19, 32.94 and 31.03 mg and Mn, 8.24, 14.40 and 16.07 mg/lamb/day. The retention of supplemental minerals increased (p<0.01) while that of Cu decreased (p<0.01) due to supplementation of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn). Retention as per cent of intake increased statistically for S and Mn while that of Cu decreased. It can be concluded that supplementation of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) higher than the recommended level improved body weight gain and feed to gain ratio. The retention of minerals increased due to supplementation. Therefore, an additional supplementation of deficient minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) by 10% was beneficial for Hisardale male lambs under tropical condition in India.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.147-154
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• 1996

Rye(Secale cereale L.) shows lower dry matter yield and nutrient content when it was harvested before wintering. This study was conducted to investigate how effect forage rape(Brassicu napus Subsp oleifera), which carries early maturity and can be harvested before wintering, on the increase of the forage yield and nutrient content when rye was sown mixed with the rape. Optimum sowing rate of the rye/rape mixture was also pursued in this study. The five treatment of rye single, rape single, ryel20+rape 1Okg/ha, rye84+rape 7kg/ha and rye60+rape 5kg/ha were sown on 2 September 1989. Rape single plot was cut one time(l9 November 1989) and the other plots were cuted two times(19 November 1989 and 20 May 1990). In botanical composition of the mixtures, rape recorded dominant ratio with 64~69% at the autumn cut. The rye84+rape 7kg/ha mixture plot marked the highest dry matter yield with 4.46t/ha among all the experimental plot at the autumn cut(P<0.05). In year total yield of dry matter(t/ha), rye single, rape single, rye120+rape IOkg/ha, rye84+rape 7kg/ha and rye60+rape 5kg/ha marked 13.6, 4.1, 12.7, 12.9 and 11.8, respectively. In crude protein content, the rye single plot was 17.2% at the autumn cut on the other hand the mixture plots showed increasing tendency with 18.0~19.9%. In crude fiber content, the mixture plots were remarkably lower than rye single plot. In year total yield of crude protein, rye84+rape 7kg/ha mixture plot showed the highest yield with 1.6lt/ha among all the experimental plots. Ratio of crude protein yield to crude fiber yield, rye84+rape 7kg/ha tended to be higher than the other mixture plots. It is confirmed that the rye/rape mixture can produce more forage than the rye single cropping when they are harvested in late autumn, besides the mixture forage contains higher crude protein than that rye single forage. It can be said that the rydrape mixture is more useful than the rye single cropping, and optimum sowing rate of the mixture is 84kg/ha of rye+7kg/ha of rape.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.357-368
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• 2012

탄질비가 다른 유기자재 시용이 토양중 무기태질소의 시기별 변화와 수수${\times}$수단그라스 교잡종의 질소이용률에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해서 2009년부터 2011년까지 수행되었다. 처리구는 질소함량 210kg/ha 수준으로 축분퇴비, 알팔파, 유박, 포함하였다. 유박은 가장 낮은 탄질비를 나타내었고, 축분퇴비는 3년 동안 가장 낮은 질소의 무기화가 관찰되었다. 토양 무기성분과 수수${\times}$수단그라스 교잡종의 건물중은 처리에 따라 일관성 있게 영향을 받지 않았고, 건물중은 재배기간인 5월부터 9월까지의 강수량과 부의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 화학비료는 2009년과 2010년에 질소이용률을 크게 증가시켰고, 축분퇴비는 3년간 가장 낮은 질소이용률을 보였다. 6월부터 8월까지의 강수량 증가는 퇴비로 처리된 수수${\times}$수단그라스 교잡종의 질소이용률을 다소 증가시켰으나 양분의 무기화가 빠른 화학비료는 반대의 양상이 관찰되었다. 본 시험에서는 유기자재의 탄질비 보다는 강수량의 변동이 클 때 작물의 건물중과 질소이용률에 영향을 끼치므로 이를 고려하여 밭토양에 시비를 해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.411-419
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• 2003

마산만에 연한 가포지역은 1990년에서 1994년 사이에 이루어진 마산만 준설공사 시 오염퇴적물이 투기된 지역으로서, 인공갯벌 조성에 따른 자연정화능력과 저서생태계의 반응을 살필 수 있는 이상적인 연구 장소이다. 이곳의 유기물과 영양염의 유동량을 추정하기 위하여, 2001년 말부터 2002년 초까지 4차례에 걸쳐서 1-조석 주기 동안 l시간 간격으로 해수를 채취하였다. 3차원 해저지형도에서 시각별 해수 유동량을 추정하고 각 물질의 농도를 측정하여, 각 시간동안 물질의 유입과 유출을 구하였다. 1-조석주기 동안 총유입량과 총유출량을 비교하여, 순유입, 유출을 추정하였다. 유기물의 양을 대표하는 화학적산소요구량은 2001년 10월과 12월 그리고 2002년 4월에 2.2∼3.9 g m$^{-2}$ h$^{-1}$로 순 유출 되었고 2002년 3월에만 1.4 g m$^{-2}$ h$^{-1}$의 순유입이 있었다. 암모니움 이온은 모든 계절에서 0.1∼118 mg m$^{-2}$ h$^{-1}$의 순유출을 나타냈다. 본 조사 기간 중 가포지역의 인공갯벌은 유기물이 분해 되기보다는 생성되는 곳이었다. 그러나 유동량은 조사 시기별로 큰 차이를 보여, 가포지역이 유기물 분해에 기여하는 정도를 알기 위해서는 장기간의 조사가 필요하다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1610-1610
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• 2001

Microbiological examination of silage is of little value in gauging the outcome of silage, and so chemical analysis is more reliable and meaningful indicator of quality. On the other hand chemical assessments of the principal fermentation products provide an unequivocal basis on which to judge quality. Livestock require energy, protein, minerals and vitamins from their food. While fresh forages provide these essential items, conserved forages on the other hand may be deficient in one or more of them. The aim of the conservation process is to preserve as many of the original nutrients as possible, particularly energy and protein components (Woolford, 1984). Silage fermentation is important to preservation of forage with respect of feeding value and animal performance. Chemical and bacteriological changes in the silo during the fermentation process can affect adversely nutrient yield and quality (Moe and Carr, 1984). Many of the important chemical components of silage must be assayed in fresh or by extraction of the fresh material, since drying either by heat or lyophilisation, volatilises components such as acids or nitrogenous components, or effects conversion to other compounds (Abrams et al., 1987). Maize silage dorms the basis of winter rations for the vast majority of dairy and beef cattle production in Uruguay. Since nutrient intake, particularly energy, from forages is influenced by both voluntary dry matter intake and digestibility; there is a need for a rapid technique for predicting these parameters in farm advisory systems. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) is increasingly used as a rapid, accurate method of evaluating chemical constituents in cereals and dried forages. For many years NIRS was applied to assess chemical composition in dry materials (Norris et al., 1976, Flinn et al., 1992; Murray, 1993, De Boever et al., 1996, De la Roza et al., 1998). The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the potential of NIRS to assess the chemical composition of dried maize samples and (2) to attempt calibrations on undried samples either for farm advisory systems or for animal nutrition research purposes in Uruguay. NIRS were used to assess the chemical composition of whole - plant maize silage samples (Zea mays, L). A representative population of samples (n = 350) covering a wide distribution in chemical characteristics were used. Samples were scanned at 2 nm intervals over the wavelength range 400-2500 nm in a NIRS 6500 (NIRSystems, Silver Spring, MD, USA) in reflectance mode. Cross validation was used to avoid overfitting of the equations. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation (SECV). The calibration statistics were R$^2$ 0. 86 (SECV: 11.4), 0.90 (SECV: 5.7), 0.90 (SECV: 16.9) for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) in g kg$\^$-1/ on dry matter, respectively for maize silage samples. This work demonstrates the potential of NIRS to analyse whole - maize silage in a wide range of chemical characteristics for both advisory farm and nutritive evaluation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1676-1685
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• 2009

This trial was conducted to determine the effects of various feed additives on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing wheat distiller' grains with solubles (WDGS). Seventy-two, individually fed pigs (19.7${\pm}$2.6 kg), were assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a 6${\times}$2 (treatment${\times}$sex) factorial design (N = 12). The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal while the five experimental diets contained 20% WDGS during the growing period and 12% WDGS during the finishing period. One 20% WDGS diet was unsupplemented while the remaining diets were supplemented with either 0.1% threonine, 5% canola oil, 0.2% enzyme (0.1% Endofeed W containing 1,250 units/g of xylanase and 385 units/g of $\beta$-glucanase and 0.1% Vegpro containing 7,700 HUT/g protease and 75 CMC/g cellulase), or a combination of the three additives at the same levels as those fed separately. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and energy were all significantly higher in the control diet than the unsupplemented diet containing 20% WDGS. None of the feed additives improved nutrient digestibility. In addition, none of the additives had any significant effect on gain or feed intake during the growing (19.7 to 43.6) or finishing (43.6 to 114.3 kg) periods or overall (19.7 to 114.3 kg). During the growing period, feed conversion was significantly improved for pigs fed the combination of additives compared with the unsupplemented WDGS diet. During the finishing period and overall, feed conversion was significantly improved for pigs fed 5% canola oil alone or in combination with the other additives. None of the supplements had any effect on carcass traits. These results indicate that WDGS can be successfully used as a partial replacement for soybean meal in diets fed to growingfinishing pigs. However, due to its low energy content, there may be some merit in including high energy ingredients such as canola oil when diets containing WDGS are fed.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.505-515
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of stream nutrient regime, N:P ratios and suspended solids on fish tolerance/trophic compositions and stream ecosystem health, based on multi-metric model, during 2008-2013. Also, stream ecosystem health was evaluated in relation to chlorophyll-a (CHL) as a measure of algal productivity or indicators of trophic state to water chemical parameters. Total number of sampled fish species were 50 and showed a decreasing trend from 2008 to 2013. The minnow of Zacco platypus, based on the catch per unit effort (CPUE), was the most dominant species (25.9%) among the all species. Spatial heterogeneity was evident in the fish tolerance guilds that showed the dominance of sensitive species (89%) in the headwaters (S1) and the dominance of tolerant species (57%) in the urban. These conditions were directly influenced by concentrations of nutrients and organic matter (COD). The N:P ratios, as a barometer of water pollution, had a negative linear function (R² = 0.40, P < 0.01) with CHL, and the ratios had an important role in changes of COD concentration (R² = 0.40, P < 0.01). Under the circumstances, the N:P ratio directly influenced the relative proportions of fish trophic/tolerance compositions. According to the regression analysis of omnivore (O_m) and insectivore sp. (I_n) on total nitrogen and total phosphorus, nitrogen had no significant influences (P > 0.05) to the two compositions, but phosphorus influenced directly the two guilds [slope (a) = -32.3, R² = 0.25, P < 0.01 in the I_n; a = 40.7, R² = 0.19, P < 0.01 in the O_m]. Such water chemistry and fish trophic guilds determined the stream ecosystem health, based on the multi-metric fish model.