• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.519-528
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• 2002

This study was to evaluate the impact of river runoff and salt intrusion by tide on nutrient balance of estuary during a complete tidal cycle. 24 hours time series survey was carried out during a spring tide July 2001 on a tidal estuary in the Keum river. Three stations(A,B,C) were set along a transect line of about 10km, which linked the lower part of estuary dyke to the subtidal zone. Surface water was sampled simultaneously at each station every hours f3r the determination of nutrients. Water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ. Riverine input of silicate and nitrate during ebb tide significantly increased the concentration of all stations. Conversely, during high tide, nutrient concentration were lowered by the mixing of fresh water with sea water Ammonium nitrogen concentration were higher at intertidal zone(Stn.B) due to sewage inflow to Kyeongpo stream and ammonium release under anaerobic conditions. Also, these results was discussed as a biological component that influences the processes of nutrient regeneration within the estuary. Best correlations were found at lower part of estuary dyke(Stn.A) for salinity against DIN(Y=0.121 Sal.+4.97, r2=0.956) and silicate(Y=0.040 Sal.+2.62, r2=0.785). But no significant correlation was found between salinity and ammonium. Unbalanced elemental ratio(N/P, Si/N and Si/P) depended significantly on the import of nutrients (silicate & nitrate nitrogen) from river and stream. The effect of the tidal cycle and river runoff is important that in determining the extend of the variations in nutrient concentrations at all station.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.310-317
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• 2016

This study aimed to evaluate the nutrient load balance from rice paddy fields with different topographies, alluvial plain and local valley. Continuous monitoring from May to September, 2013 was conducted for water quantification and qualification from alluvial plain in Yeoju region (32 ha) and local valley in Jincheon region (24 ha). The discharge rates of T-N from the alluvial plain were 57.2, 5.84, 22.7, and $5.20kg\;ha^{-1}$ for irrigation, precipitation, drainage, and percolation, respectively. In case of local valley, T-N loads were 34.6, 4.73, 21.1, and $4.15kg\;ha^{-1}$ for irrigation, precipitation, drainage, and percolation, respectively. In contrary, the T-P loads from the alluvial plain were 2.23, 2.22, 2.54, and $0.41kg\;ha^{-1}$ for irrigation, precipitation, drainage, and percolation, respectively. In case of local valley, T-P loads were 1.44, 1.57, 1.82, and $0.34kg\;ha^{-1}$ for irrigation, precipitation, drainage, and percolation, respectively. The nutrient contents in drainage water were influenced by the amount of waters, rainfall, and surface drainage water. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that rainfall was significantly correlated with nutrient loads from July to August due to the amount of runoff in local valley paddy field, and irrigation was related with nutrient loads of drainage from July to August. This study showed that paddy rice farming in alluvial plain and local valley might be beneficial to water quality protection.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the degree of different stresses in university students of outer region of Seoul and to search the influence of food habit and nutrient intakes in stress. The data was collected by questionnaire method for self-diagnosed different stresses, dietary habit, and physical status and 24 hours recall for nutrient intakes. The subjects were 282 students attended at the lecture Food and Health. Diet balance was no difference with gender but food intakes were more diverse in female. Nutrient intake of male students was lower in vitamin A and riboflavin, but that of female was low in vitamin A and iron. The university students outer region of Seoul had more stress situation in frustration, deprivation and self-efface than in the stress of the noise and Type-A behavioral stress. Total self-diagnosed dietary habit score was better in the group of no susceptive overload stress than that of the high susceptive group. Same trend of dietary behavior score was in the group of no noise and anxiety-response stress than that in the susceptive groups. The quantity of nutrient intakes was correlated with different kind of stress. Niacin intake was positively related with the stress from life-events, and food induced stress. Thiamin intake was positively related with food induced stress. But the intake of iron, calcium, niacin and riboflavin were negatively related with the stress of noise. Therefore, we could concluded that different kind of stresses were influenced in dietary behavior and vitamin-mineral nutrient intakes. More research would be needed at the aspects of health promotion in the stressful situation of modern society.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.399-411
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• 2007

Korean organic farming has been well developed over the last two decades. It demonstrates that the number of certificated farm for organic agriculture and products have been drastically increased in recent year. However, the organic farmers have thought that organic farming rely only on organic fertilizer and they don't keep organic farming principle in which organic farmer should enhance biological activity and crop rotation. This study was to compare nutrient input, recommendation, cropping system and organic product circulation between the early $20^{th}$ century and beginning of the $21^{st}$ century. The population of Korea has increased 7.3 times more than that of a century ago but cultivated land has been decreased during 100 years. The rice production in 2002 was 4.2 times higher than that of production in 1912. The input of N, P and K in 1907 on the basis of King's suggestion was 95.6kg/ha, 15.9kg/ha and 3.0kg/ha, respectively. Nitrogen came from excreta (40%), green manure (55%) and compost (5%) in the early 20th century. On the other hand, organic farmer input organic resources such as wood chip (30.1%), compost (27.8%), rice straw (14%) and others (25%) these days. In terms of nutrient balance calculated nutrient and absorption by plants, organic rice farmer apply excessive nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil. They was used to put $7{\sim}10$ times more nitrogen than that of a century ago. Nutrient recommendation was similar in N and P between early 20th century and early $21^{st}$ century. Farmers in both century did not rotate crops in the field. Today, organic farmers engaged in more continuous cultivation than in early 20th century. Farmers in the early $20^{th}$ century produced locally, consumed locally the agricultural products, but organic farmers in the $21^{st}$ century produce the organic product in the local farmland and consumed in the large city and also a lot of foreign organic products have been imported in recent year.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.52-68
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• 2009

This study compared activity factor. predicted resting metabolic rate (RMR), and nutrient intakes between athletic and non-athletic high school students in Gangwon-do. Fifty soccer players (30 males and 20 females; mean ages 16.7${\pm}$1.0 years and 16.4${\pm}$1.1 years. respectively) and 50 non-athletic (30 males and 20 females: mean ages 17.5${\pm}$0.4 years and 16.4${\pm}$1.1 years respectively) high school students were included. Anthropometric measurements included: weight and height. triceps skinfold, mid-ann circumference, and body fat. Prediction equations consisted of those from the Harris-Benedict. FAO/WHO/VNU, IMNA, Cunningham, Mifflin et al., and Owen et al. A one-day activity diary was collected by interview, and the 24-hour recall method was used to analyze nutrient intakes of subjects. The activity factors of the male and female athletic groups (2.23 and 2.16, respectively) were significantly higher than those (1.52 and 1.46, respectively) of the non-athletic group. There was only a significant difference in RMR by use of the Cunningham's equation between two groups. For the males. almost all nutrient intakes of the athletic group (except carbohydrate, iron, vitamin $B_1$, $B_6$, and niacin) of athletic group were significantly higher than those of the non-athletic group. The female athletic group showed significantly higher nutrient intakes with the exception of most vitamins. These results suggest that assessments of energy balance between energy intake and energy expenditure by employing RMR and activity factors would be useful to prevent and treat obesity in high school athletes. In addition, the Cunningham's equation would be appropriate for predicting their energy needs.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.509-518
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• 2011

This study was intended to investigate dietary behavior, health related behavior and the effects of nutrient intake of female college students. Dietary behavior, health related behavior and the perception of the body conditions were surveyed with anonymous questionnaires, and 24hrs recall method for nutrient intake was obtained from 161 female college students in Chungbuk area. The mean height and weight of the subjects were $161.4{\pm}5.0$cm and $53.8{\pm}7.4 $kg, respectively. The dietary behavior of female college students was generally inadequate. More specifically, irregularity of meals, indifference of dietary balance, and skipping breakfast, showing $4.77{\pm}2.20$for dietary behavior score, $11.76{\pm}3.89$ for DVS and $3.58{\pm}0.82$ for DDS, respectively. It was found that almost 63% of subjects did not anything for health care and the frequency of exercise of subjects was low. The perception of body conditions of the subjects seemed to be generally positive. However, satisfaction levels on body shape was very negative showing that only 12.4% of subjects answered as 'very satisfied' and 'satisfied'. When nutrient intake of the female college students was compared with Dietary Reference Intake for Korean, folate(45%), potassium(55%), vitamin C(59%), Ca(72%), fiber(72%), Fe(79%) and energy(80%) were found to be insufficient. But protein(138%), P(122%) and Na(179%) were found to be oversupplied. The nutrient intake of fiber, plant Ca, vitamin A, ${\beta}$-carotene, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folate and vitamin E were significantly higher, and those of Fe, Zn and protein were a little high in the high score group of dietary behavior. Also Food group intake, DDS and DVS were higher in the high score group of dietary behavior.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.431-437
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• 2015

자원순환 및 친환경 농업을 실천하는 농가가 증가함에 따라 유기물을 활용한 농경지 양분관리에 대한 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 질소 공급원으로 유기물을 시용했을 때 질소 공급효과에 대한 연구들을 정리한 결과는 다음과 같다. 농경지에 유기물을 시용했을 때 질소의 공급은 질소 순환에서 무기화 과정을 통해 이루어지기 때문에 작물의 단기적인 질소 이용률은 무기질 비료에 비해 낮다. 유기물의 질소 공급량은 유기물의 C/N율이 낮을수록 무기화율이 높아지므로 C/N율을 고려한 유기물 시용이 중요하다. 가축분 퇴비의 경우 축종별 분뇨 질소함량과 퇴비와 혼합된 부산물 종류에 따라 질소 무기화율이 달라질 수 있으며, 녹비는 작물 종류와 환원시기, 토양 양분조건 등에 따라 C/N율이 달라진다. 또한 적정량의 질소를 추천하기 위해서는 토양 중 유기태 질소로부터 가용화 될 수 있는 질소의 양을 측정하여야 한다. 지금까지 보고된 퇴비, 녹비에 대한 질소공급과 작물 생산성에 대한 연구결과는 재배 여건과 작물 종류 등에 따라 다르게 나타나 질소 공급을 위한 유기물 추천 모델을 구성하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하기에는 어려움이 있다. 유기물 추천 모델을 구성하기 위해서는 우선적으로 유기물질 종류별 질소 공급량에 대한 기초 데이터가 구축되어야 하며, 토양의 질소공급량을 평가할 수 있는 분석 방법의 구축이 필요하다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.445-454
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• 1997

Rice bran commonly available in Bangladesh is a mixture of rice hulls (60%), bran (35%) and polishing (5%), referred here as rice mill feed (RMF). Dose response effect of RMF supplementation to a straw diet including a zero level was measured on the intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial N yield and growth rate of growing native (Bos indicus) bulls. Twelve bulls of 33 months old and $272{\pm}31.5kg$ weight were randomly allocated to diets having 0 (T1), 1 (T2) and 2 (T3) kg RMF in addition to 200 g wheat bran, 200 g molasses, 60 g salt and 30 g oyestershe\l powder. Concentrate intake was 5.5, 19.2 and 29.5% of the dietary intake for the T1, T2 and T3 treatment respectively. RMF supplementation had no significant effect on the straw DM intake. However, with the increasing levels of RMF supplementation, total DM & digestible OM intake and the whole gut digestibilities of DM, OM, N & ADF increased but in deminishig return. Total microbial N yield estimated from the urinary purine excretion were 15.35, 26.56 and 38.44 g/d for the treatment T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Both the N intake and the N balance increased linearly in response to increasing level of RMF. Supplementation of RMF linearly increased the energy intake and dietary energy concentration. Growth rate in the T1, T2 and T3 treatments were 112, 125 and 250 g/d respctively. The basal N excretion and the maintenance energy requirement of the experimental animals were estimated to be 615 mg/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ and 447 kJ/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ respectively. The estimated efficiency on N utilization was 0.83 mg/mg of N intake ($r^2=0.997$) while the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for growth was 0.15. Since animal refused higher levels of RMF, inclusion up to 2 kg level (about 25% of the total DM intake) appears to have no depressing effect on the performances of animal. However, RMF itself fail to meet the critical nutrient need of the rumen microbes. Therefore response of supplementing RMF after correcting the critical nutrient deficiency need to be studied.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.580-596
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• 2001

This study was performed to assess diet qualities by sexes and ages of adults over thirty years old in Jeon-ju area. Diet survey with one day 24-recall method was used done for 382 subjects(129 males & 253 females). Survey sample was divided into six groups by sex and age groups: male 30-49, male 50-64, male 50-64, male 65-79, female 30-49, female 50-64 and female 65-79 years. Diet quality was assessed by NAR(Nutrient Adequacy Ratio), MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio), INQ(Index of nutrition quality), KDDS(Koreans Dietary Diversity Score), Meal Balance, DVS(Dietary Variety Score), DQI(Diet Quality Index). The 5-point DQI assessed the important dietary guidelines for Koreans. The averages of energy, protein, P, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin and vitamin C intakes were higher than 70% of RDA. The averages intakes of Ca and vitamin A were very lower than RDA all groups. The averages of MAR were 0.78, 0.81, 0.83 in male 30-49, 50-64, 64-79 years, 0.73, 0.77, 0.71 and in female 30-49, 50-64, 65-79 years, respectively. The averages of MAR in female 30-49 years and female 65-79 years were significantly lower than the averages MAR of male 65-79 years. The averages of Sugars and Beverages intakes were significantly higher in male 30-49 years than others. Animal food intake ratio(% total food intake) in the male 65-79 years(16%) was significantly higher than male 30-49 years(11%). The averages of Nutrition intakes were higher in male compared to female. The subjects who consumed all of the major five food groups were 5% in male 30-49, 17.8% in male 50-64, 25.0% in male 65-79 years, 18.9% in female 30-49, 23.7% in female 50-64, 11.5% in female 65-79 years. The averages of KDDS were 3.5, 3.9, 3.9, 3.8, 3.8, 3.5, respectively. The averages of Meal Balance were 8.6, 9.1, 9.1, 8.3, 8.4, 7.8, respectively. The averages of DVS 20.1, 19.9, 19.9, 20.5, 19.0, 17.2, respectively. The averages of DQI were 1.7, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 2.1, 1.7, respectively. 81.8% of the subjects had KDDS scores of 2 to 4 and 87.3% of the subjects has Meal Balance scores 4 to 10. In contrast, 89.8% of the subjects had DQI scores of 0 to 3. In view of these facts there are few who observed the five dietary guidelines for Koreans. There findings suggest that dietary qualities were associated with nutrient intake the relation factors may vary by sex and age of adults over thirty years old in Jeon-ju area. Common problems were lack of Ca, vitamin A and dairy products intakes. Therefore adults over thirty years old in Jeon-ju area need the important nutrient management such as Ca, vitamin A. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 580~596, 2001)

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 1999

상수원 보호지역내 하성충적토의 사력질 벼 재배 논에서 표준시비 농가관행시비, 우분, 우분퇴비, 볏짚퇴비+화학비료감비, 볏짚환원+표준시비 그리고 무비구의 7처리를 하여 벼 재배 과정동안 시비관리방법에 따른 수량과 양분수지 특성을 조사하여 환경친화적 영농방법 설정을 시도하였다. 시비방법에 따른 정조수량은 추천시비구(100)와 우분구(100)에서 가장 우수하였으며, 화학비료 감비구(98) 볏짚환원구(98), 우분퇴비(94), 농가관행구(94) 순으로 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 처리간 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 질소수지는 농가관행구에서 $+39kg\;ha^{-1}$였으며. 유기물 처리구는 $+44{\sim}76kg\;ha^{-1}$로서 동일 포장조건에서 유기물 처리량이 증가할수록 양분수지의 +값이 커, 질소의 지하용탈량이 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 무기태 질소의 지하용탈량은 화학비료만 시용한 추천시비구($58kg\;ha^{-1}$)와 농가관행구($63kg\;ha^{-1}$)에서 가장 높았으며, 퇴비+화학비료 감비처리나 우분이나 우분퇴비로서 화학비료를 대체한 처리는($23{\sim}27kg\;ha^{-1}$) 화학비료 전용구(R. CF)의 절반 이하 수준($25kg\;ha^{-1}$)까지 줄일 수 있었다. 벼 재배기간중 인산의 지하용탈은 거의 없었다. 우분퇴비구(CMC)의 인산의 수지는 $+30kg\;ha^{-1}$으로 장기 연용에 따라 토양내 인산 축적이 가능성이 있을것으로 예측되며, 다른 처리의 인산 수지는 거의 0에 가까워 벼농사에서의 인산의 시비균형은 비교적 잘 이루어졌다. 칼리의 양분수지는 모든 처리에서 음(-)의 값을 보여 토양내 칼리가 용출되어 작물에 의해 흡수, 이용되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 결과적으로 기존의 화학비료 위주의 추천시비 방식과 양평군 지역에서 주로 이용되고 있는 관행적 시비방법을 우분과 같은 유기질 비료로 적절히 대체 시용하거나, 볏짚퇴비의 환원 등을 통해 화학비료 사용량을 줄임으로써 벼의 수량을 높이면서 오염물질의 지하 유출을 크게 줄일 수 있었다.