• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.380-420
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• 2014

We increasingly see the importance of employees acquiring enough expert capability or innovation capability to prepare for ever growing uncertainties in their operation domains. However, despite the above circumstances, there have not been an enough number of researches on how operational input components for employees' innovation outcome, innovation activities such as acquisition, exercise and promotion effort of employee's innovation capability, and their resulting innovation outcome interact with each other. This trend is believed to have been resulted because most of the current researches on innovation focus on the units of country, industry and corporate entity levels but not on an individual corporation's innovation input components, innovation outcome and innovation activities themselves. Therefore, this study intends to avoid the currently prevalent study frames and views on innovation and focus more on the strategic policies required for the enhancement of an organization's innovation capabilities by quantitatively analyzing employees' innovation outcomes and their most suggested relevant innovation activities. The research model that this study deploys offers both linear and structural model on the trio of learning, innovation capability and innovation outcome, and then suggests the 4 relevant hypotheses which are quantitatively tested and analyzed as follows: Hypothesis 1] The different levels of innovation capability produce different innovation outcomes (accepted, p-value = 0.000<0.05). Hypothesis 2] The different amounts of learning time produce different innovation capabilities (rejected, p-value = 0.199, 0.220>0.05). Hypothesis 3] The different amounts of learning time produce different innovation outcomes. (accepted, p-value = 0.000<0.05). Hypothesis 4] the innovation capability acts as a significant parameter in the relationship of the amount of learning time and innovation outcome (structural modeling test). This structural model after the t-tests on Hypotheses 1 through 4 proves that irregular on-the-job training and e-learning directly affects the learning time factor while job experience level, employment period and capability level measurement also directly impacts on the innovation capability factor. Also this hypothesis gets further supported by the fact that the patent time absolutely and directly affects the innovation capability factor rather than the learning time factor. Through the 4 hypotheses, this study proposes as measures to maximize an organization's innovation outcome. firstly, frequent irregular on-the-job training that is based on an e-learning system, secondly, efficient innovation management of employment period, job skill levels, etc through active sponsorship and energization community of practice (CoP) as a form of irregular learning, and thirdly a model of Yί=f(e, i, s, t, w)+${\varepsilon}$ as an innovation outcome function that is soundly based on a smart system of capability level measurement. The innovation outcome function is what this study considers the most appropriate and important reference model.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.25-34
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• 2015

TThis study explored the requirement of fabric sensor that can measure the motion of the joint effectively by measuring and analyzing the variation in electric resistance of a sensor in accordance with bending and stretching motion of the arm by the implementation of a motion sensor utilizing conductive fabric. For this purpose, on both sides of two kinds of knitted fabric, namely 'L' fabric and 'W' fabric Single Wall Carbon Nano-Tube(SWCNT) was coated, fabric sensor was developed by finishing them in a variety of ways, and the sensor was attached to the arm band. The fabric sensor consisted of total 48 cases, namely background fabric for coating, the method of sensor attachment, the number of layer of sensors, the length of sensor, and the width of sensor. The performance of fabric motion sensors in terms of a dummy arm, that is, a Con-Trex MJ with 48 arm bands around it was evaluated. For each arm band, a total of 48, fastened around the dummy arm, it was adjusted to repeat the bending and stretching at the frequency : 0.5Hz, ROM : $20^{\circ}{\sim}120^{\circ}$, the voltage was recorded for each case after conducting three sets of repeat measurement for a total of 48 cases. As a result of the experiment, and as a consequences of the evaluation and analysis of the voltage based on the uniformity of the base line of the peak-to-peak voltage(Vp-p), the uniformity of Vp-p within the same set, and the uniformity of the Vp-p among three sets, the fabric sensors that have been configured in SWCNT coated 'L' fabric / welding / two layers / $50{\times}5mm$, $50{\times}10mm$, $100{\times}10mm$, and SWCNT coated 'W' fabric / welding / two layers / $50{\times}10mm$ exhibited the most uniform and stable signal value within 5% of the total variation rate. Through all these results of the experiment, it was confirmed that SWCNT coated fabric was suitable for a sensor that can measure the human limb operation when it was implemented as a fabric sensor in a variety of forms, and the optimal sensor types were identified.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of age and gender, types of intraocular lens (IOL), and refractive errors in subjects who had cataract surgery. Methods: 2,217 subjects who had cataract surgery were surveyed at an optometry clinic in Chungbuk from 2010 to 2012. Information about IOL was obtained from case history, reflective and retroillumination images IOL by auto refracto-keratometer. Refractive errors were determined by objective and subjective refraction. Results: The mean age of the subjects was $71.74{\pm}10.62$ years. The number of cataract surgeries increased from 524 persons in 2010 to 888 persons in 2012. Of the subjects surveyed, 52 persons (2.3%) were under the 40 years of age, 144 persons (6.5%) were in 50s, 404 persons (18.2%) were in 60s, 1,132 persons (51.1%) were in 70s, 485 persons (21.9%) were in above 80s. Cataract surgery was significantly prevalent in more female (1,338 persons, 60.4%) than in male (879 persons, 39.6%). Types of IOL were 2,141 persons (96.6%) for monofocal lens, special IOLs such as multifocal, accommodative and toric lens were 76 persons (3.4%). The distribution of refractive errors after cataract operation were 1,588 eyes (38.5%) for simple myopic astigmatism, 327 eyes (7.9%) for simple hyperopic astigmatism, 601 eyes (14.6%) for mixed astigmatism, 1,240 eyes (30.0%) for myopia, 136 eyes (3.3%) for hyperopia, and 234 eyes (5.7%) for emmetropia. The uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity of the subjects were $0.55{\pm}0.25$ and $0.80{\pm}0.23$, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of cataract surgery increased with age until 70s years of age, it was more prevalent in men than women over 60s, and frequency of special types of IOL were low. Most cataract surgeries left residual refractive errors. Therefore even after cataract surgery it may need spectacles for better vision at either distance or near.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.467-474
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• 2014

Objective: To observe the effects of allogeneic and autologous transfusion on cellular immunity, humoral immunity and secretion of serum inflammatory factors and perforin during the perioperative period in patients with malignant tumors. Methods: A total of 80 patients (age: 38-69 years; body weight: 40-78 kg; ASA I - II) receiving radical operation for gastro-intestinal cancer under general anesthesia were selected. All the patients were divided into four groups based on the methods of infusion and blood transfusion: blank control group (Group C), allogeneic transfusion group (group A), hemodiluted autotransfusion Group (Group H) and hemodiluted autotransfusion + allogenic transfusion Group (A+H group). Venous blood was collected when entering into the surgery room ($T_0$), immediately after surgery ($T_1$) and 24h ($T_2$), 3d ($T_3$) and 7d ($T_4$) after surgery, respectively. Moreover, flow cytometry was applied to assess changes of peripheral blood T cell subpopulations and NK cells. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were performed to determine levels of IL-2, IL-10, TNF-${\alpha}$ and perforin. Immune turbidimetry was employed to determine the changes in serum immunoglobulin. Results: Both CD3+ and NK cells showed a decrease at $T_1$ and $T_2$ in each group, among which, in group A, CD3+ decreased significantly at $T_2$ (P<0.05) compared with other groups, and CD3+ and NK cell reduced obviously only in group A at $T_3$ and $T_4$ (P<0.05). CD4+ cells and the ratio of D4+/CD8+ were decreased in groups A, C and A+H at $T_1$ and $T_2$ (P<0.05). No significant intra- and inter-group differences were observed in CD8+ of the four groups (P<0.05). IL-2 declined in group C at $T_1$ and $T_2$ (P<0.05) and showed a decrease in group A at each time point (P<0.05). Moreover, IL-2 decreased in group A + H only at $T_1$. No significant difference was found in each group at $T_1$ (P<0.05). More significant decrease in group ?? at $T_2$, $T_3$ and $T_4$ compared with group A (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences among other groups (P>0.05). IL-10 increased at $T_1$ and $T_2$ in each group (P<0.05), in which it had an obvious increase in group A, and increase of IL-10 occurred only in group A at $T_3$ and $T_4$ (P<0.05). TNF-${\alpha}$ level rose at $T_1$ (P<0.05), no inter- and intra-group difference was found in perforin in all groups (P<0.05). Compared with the preoperation, both IgG and IgA level decreased at $T_1$ in each group (P<0.05), and they declined only in Group A at $T_2$ and $T_3$ (P<0.05), and these parameters were back to the preoperative levels in other groups. No significant differences were observed between preoperative and postoperative IgG and IgA levels in each group at $T_4$ (P>0.05). No obvious inter- and intra-group changes were found in IgM in the four groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: Allogeneic transfusion during the perioperative period could obviously decrease the number of T cell subpopulations and NK cells and the secretion of stimulating cytokines and increase the secretion of inhibiting cytokines in patients with malignant tumors, thus causing a Th1/Th2 imbalance and transient decreasing in the content of plasma immune globulin. Autologous transfusion has little impact and may even bring about some improvement oo postoperative immune function in patients with tumors. Therefore, cancer patients should receive active autologous transfusion during the perioperative period in place of allogeneic transfusion.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.3860-3871
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• 1975

This experiment was carried out to establish the mechanized methods in stumping and root-clearing, which were the most important works in the reclamation of sloping uplands. The determination of optimum teeth interval of rake blades and its operation methods to reduce the quantity of transported topsoil during the works, are the aims of this investigation. A newly designed rake blade, whose net teeth intervals could be regulated by three stages as 15cm, 25cm, and 35cm, was manufactured to attach to the bulldozer of 13ton. The experiments were carried out at Kilsang-Myon, Kwangwha-Gun, from Aug. 9 to Aug. 23, 1975. For each interval, 36 test plots of 50${\times}$10mn in size, which were regulated under three levels of land slopes of 10, 20, and 30% and two different tree stand density of high or medium values, were randomly chosen and arranged by two-replicated split-split plot design. Each stump classified by its diameter was stumped and cleared by the rake dozer to be related between diameter and stumping time. The results obtained in this experiment can be summarized as follows: 1. Stumping times for the diameters ranging from 6 to 18cm of stumps are almost the same and they are not varied by the difference of teeth intervals of rake dozer. 2. By back-ward stumping method, the number of stumps which can be stumped per hour ranges almost from 100 to 170, showing significant difference with respect to the teeth intervals. The working area is sharply varied with not only the stand density of stumps but the teeth intervals. 3. Optimum stumping distance for each teeth interval of rake dozer to minimize the quantity of transported topsoil are varied with such the rates as it is 15m or 20m for 15cm of teeth interval, but 25m for 25cm or 35cm, respectively. The clearing distance could be chosen almost double as long as the operating distance. 4. The working areas per hour of the simultaneous stumping and clearing methods are no significant difference among the various treatments of working conditions, but they are affected by the operating techniques. However, the influencing factors of the working conditions as classified before and the working directions are ranged from 10 to 15 per cent of total working area, respectively. 5. The residual rates of stumps which are not stumped by the rake dozer in each test plot are generally reduced as the teeth interval gets narrower, but there are no significant difference among them. The mean residual rates average to be about 4% for the simultaneous stumping and clearing method. The back-ward stumping method are recommended to be supervised and directed by more than one man, to show the operator where the stumps are located. 6. The results according to the stumping and clearing methods are summarized as Table IV-2. And the selection of working methods is recommended to follow as shown in Fig. IV-9 with respect to the stand density of the field. 7. Generally speaking, the narrower the teeth interval, the better become the working results, but the more the quantity of transported topsoil is increased. Therefore, it is recommended that the teeth interval should be reduced from the present distance of more than 30cm to 25cm or 15cm, by developing suitable working methods through more field works and experiments.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2011

Purpose: As the number of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has increased, the incidence of revision of ACL reconstruction due to reconstruction failure has been also increased. Therefore, authors analyzed the reason of the failure of ACL reconstruction and the clinical result of the ACL revision. Materials and methods: From February 1998 to July 2010, we selected 36 cases which was followed at least 12months after the ACL reconstruction failure. Duration from reconstruction to revision, the average duration was 60 months (5~334) and on first reconstruction, we used allograft on 23 cases (63.9%) and autograft on 13 cases (36.1%). For the main symptom of ACL reconstruction failure, instability was the most common symptom, and 35 cases (97.5%) were undergone only one reconstruction and 1case (2.5%) was undergone two reconstruction. Clinical results were evaluated by Lysholm knee joint score, pivot shift test, and Telos device. Results: Average follow-up duration of the patients was 21 months (12~40), and the reason for the ACL reconstruction failure, trauma was most common by 19 cases (52.8%), malposition of the femoral tunnel was 13 cases (36.1%), malposition of the tibia tunnel was 1case (2.8%), and failure of osteointegration was 3 cases (8.4%). On performing the ACL revision, we used allograft on 34 cases (94%) and autograft on 2 cases (6%), and 21 cases accompanied injury of the meniscus (medial meniscus 14 cases, lateral meniscus 7 cases). Lysholm knee joint score was improved from 66.5 points, preoperatively to 92 points on last follow-up (p<0.01). In most cases, patients were satisfied (92%) with the operation results. Tegner activity score was also improved from 2.0 points preoperatively to 6.2 points on the last follow-up. On Lachman and pivot sift test, 33 cases and 30 cases were improved to grade I respectively, and on stability test using Telos device, the bilateral difference was improved from mean 15.5 mm preoperatively to 4.5 mm on the last follow-up. Conclusion: After 1 year follow-up, Revision of ACL had a little anterior instability but it showed satisfactory result on clinical result and patient's subjective satisfaction.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.11B
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• pp.980-990
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• 2004

In this paper, we propose the dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for the IEEE802.3ah Ethernet Passive Optical Network(EPON) system to provide the fairness among terminals, and evaluate the delay-throughput performance by simulation. For the conventional EPON systems, an Optical Line Termination (OLT) schedules the upstream bandwidth for each Optical Network Unit (ONU), based on its buffer state. This scheme can provide a fair bandwidth allocation for each ONU. However, it has a critical problem that it does not guarantee the fair bandwidth among terminals which are connected to ONUs. For an example, we assume that the traffic from a greedy terminal increases at a time. Then, the buffer state of its ONU is instantly reported to the OLT, and finally the OW can get more bandwidth. As a result, the less bandwidth is allocated to the other ONUs, and thus the transfer delay of terminals connected to the ONUs gets inevitably increased. Noting that this unfairness problem exists in the conventional EPON systems, we propose a fair bandwidth allocation scheme by OLT with considering the buffer state of ONU as welt as the number of terminals connected it. For the performance evaluation, we develop the EPON simulation model with SIMULA simulation language. From the result of the throughput-delay performance and the dynamics of buffer state along time for each terminal and ONU, respectively, one can see that the proposed scheme can provide the fairness among not ONUs but terminals. Finally, it is worthwhile to note that the proposed scheme for the public EPON systems might be an attractive solution for providing the fairness among subscriber terminals.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.154-166
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• 2009

Database query and reporting tools, OLAP tools and data mining tools are typical front-end tools in Business Intelligence environment which is able to support gathering, consolidating and analyzing data produced from business operation activities and provide access to the result to enterprise's users. Traditional reporting tools have an advantage of creating sophisticated dynamic reports including SQL query result sets, which look like documents produced by word processors, and publishing the reports to the Web environment, but data source for the tools is limited to RDBMS. On the other hand, OLAP tools and data mining tools have an advantage of providing powerful information analysis functions on each own way, but built-in visualization components for analysis results are limited to tables or some charts. Thus, this paper presents a system that integrates three typical front-end tools to complement one another for BI environment. Traditional reporting tools only have a query editor for generating SQL statements to bring data from RDBMS. However, the reporting tool presented by this paper can extract data also from OLAP and data mining servers, because editors for OLAP and data mining query requests are added into this tool. Traditional systems produce all documents in the server side. This structure enables reporting tools to avoid repetitive process to generate documents, when many clients intend to access the same dynamic document. But, because this system targets that a few users generate documents for data analysis, this tool generates documents at the client side. Therefore, the tool has a processing mechanism to deal with a number of data despite the limited memory capacity of the report viewer in the client side. Also, this reporting tool has data structure for integrating data from three kinds of data sources into one document. Finally, most of traditional front-end tools for BI are dependent on data source architecture from specific vendor. To overcome the problem, this system uses XMLA that is a protocol based on web service to access to data sources for OLAP and data mining services from various vendors.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 2005

The study was intended to investigate elementary schoolers' oral health status according to whether the school have and manage an school oral health clinic or not in order to provide useful information for continuously developing the school oral health clinic 1,163 children in Hwasan elementary school in Hwasung city and 485 children in S elementary school in the same locality were selected as the experimental group and the control group, respectively, and orally examined from May 1st to 30th, 2004. The findings from the oral examination were as follows. 1. DMF rate was higher in the higher grades in both the groups. The rate was lower in the experimental group with 45.1% of the children than in the control group with 65.3% of the children. 2. DMFT rate also were higher as the grades were higher in both the groups. The ratio was lower in the experimental group with 30.4% of the children than in the control group with 44.6% of the children. 3. DMFT index was 1.0 in number in the experimental group and 1.6 in the control group. Index increase from the 1st grade to the sixth grade was also more positive in the experimental group. 4. DT rate was a little higher in the experimental group in the first graders, but comparatively decreased to the grades while increased in the control group. In the sixth graders, the rate was 42.4% in the experimental group and 87.7% in the control group, the former was less than the latter by about 50% point. 5. FT rate was a little higher in the control group for the first graders but increased in the experimental group to the grades. The rate in the sixth graders was higher by more than double in the experimental group. Based on the above findings, the region of the study had better oral health statistics than in other regions. The operation of school oral health clinics that provide dental health care to children at the right time seems to contribute to enhancing their dental health status by preventing against dental diseases and changing their relevant knowledge, attitude and behaviors. In the future, more school oral health clinics should gradually be prepared to push ahead with a sustained, extensive dental health project geared toward school-aged children. To make it happen, dental hygienists who are professional medical personnels should be taken advantage of, and in order to beef up the efficiency of preventive measures and oral health education, the best dental health care services should be offered by harnessing dental hygienists and dentists who work at public dental clinics run by local governments.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.5-21
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• 2015

An energy pile is a novel type of ground heat exchangers (GHEX's) which sets up heat exchange pipes inside a pile foundation, and allows to circulate a working fluid through the pipe for exchanging thermal energy with the surrounding ground stratum. Using existing foundation structure, the energy pile can function not only as a structural foundation but also as a GHEX. In this paper, six full-scale energy piles were constructed in a test bed with various configurations of the heat exchange pipe inside large-diameter cast-in-place piles, that is, three parallel U-type heat exchangers (5, 8 and 10 pairs), two coil type heat exchangers (with a 500 mm and 200 mm pitch), and one S-type heat exchanger. During constructing the energy piles, the constructability of each energy pile was evaluated with consideration of the installation time, the number of workers and any difficulty for installing. In order to evaluate the thermal performance of energy piles, the thermal performance tests were carried out by applying intermittent (8 hours operating-16 hours pause) artificial cooling operation to simulate a cooling load for commercial buildings. Through the thermal performance tests, the heat exchange rates of the six energy piles were evaluated in terms of the heat exchange amount normalized with the length of energy pile and/or the length of heat exchange pipe. Finally, the economic feasibility of energy pile was evaluated according to the various types of heat exchange pipe by calculating demanded expenses per 1 W/m based on the thermal performance test results along with the market value of heat exchange pipes and labor cost.