• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2002

This study was performed to determine sequences of the mt DNA D-loop region, including $tRNA^{Pro}$ and $tRNA^{Pre}$ and to analysis sequence variation polymorphism in Korean cattle. The resulting sequencies were compared with previously published sequences for other cattle breeds(GenBank J01394). The PCR was used to amplify an 1142bp between nucleotides 15061 and 404 within the D-loop region of mt DNA using specific primers. Korean cattle showed 24 polymorphic sites by nucleotide substitutions and insertions of single base pairs. About 50% of polymorphic sites were found in positions 16042 to 16122 with the most variable region. Among these polymorphic sites, variations at 16055, 16230 and 16260 bp were detected as new sequence variants in Korean cattle. These specific polymorphic sites have not been reported in the Japanese black cattle and European cattle. Therefore, mt DNA variants in the D-loop region may be used as genetic markers for specifying Korean cattle. The frequencies of positions 169, 16302, 16093, 16042, 16119 with a high level of sequence polymorphism were 0.81, 0.56, 0.56, 0.50 and 0.43, respectively. In comparison of genetic distances, Korean cattle showed the more closely to European cattle as Bos taurus than Bos indicus such as African and India breeds. In conclusion, these mt DNA sequence polymorphisms in the D-loop region for Korean cattle may be useful for the analysis of cytoplasmic genetic variation and associations with economic important traits and genetic analysis of maternal lineage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.255-263
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• 1977

Fermented squid, Loligo kobiensis, is widely used and occupies an important position in foods of this country. But no study on its taste compounds has been reported. This study was attempted to establish the basic data for evaluating taste compounds of fermented squid. The changes of such compounds during fermentation as free amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds, TMAO, TMA and betaine were analysed. The sample was prepared with 20% salt content and fermented at a controlled temperature of $15{\pm}3^{\circ}C$. ADP, AMP and inosine tended to degrade rapidly while hypoxanthine increased more than four times as compared with raw sample at 91 day fermentation. In the free amino acid composition of fresh squid, abundant amino acids were proline, taurine, alanine, arginine, serine, glutamic acid, lysine, glycine, leucine and valine in order. Such amino acids like phenylalanine, methionine, tyrosine, isoleucine, and histidine were poor. In squid extract, proline and taurine were dominant holding 40.2% and 32.0% of total free amino acids respectively. The total free amino acid nitrogen in fresh squid was 33.6% of its extract nitrogen. The changes of free amino acid composition in the extract of squid during fermentation was not observed. In the extract of fermented product, abundant amino acids were proline, leucine, lysine, serine, arginine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine and glycine in order. Glutamic acid and histidine were poor and taurine and tyrosine were trace in content. The increase of total free amino acids during 63 day fermentation reached approximately wore than 1.8 times as compared with that of raw sample and than decreased slowly. The amount of betaine increased more than 1.2 times as compared with that of raw sample during 91 day fermentation. TMA increased while TMAO decreased during fermentation. The amount of TMAO nitrogen in 91 days fermented squid was 402.4mg% on moisture and salt free base. Betaine and TMAO known as sweet compounds were abundant in fermented squid. It is supposed that these compounds could also play a role as important taste compounds of fermented squid. It is concluded that the major taste compounds of fermented squid were amino acids like proline, leucine, serine, lysine, arginine, alanine and betaine. Other compounds such as valine, isoleucine and TMAO and hypoxanthine could also not be excluded as taste supporters in fermented squid.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 1986

For the purpose of obtaining basic data which can be applied to processing of retort pouched shellfishes, retort pouched seasoned ark shell, Anadara broughtonii, was prepared. The frozen ark shell was thawed and seasoned with a mixed seasoning powder prepared with $10.0\%$ of sorbitol, $2.0\%$ of table salt and $0.5\%$ of monosodium glutamate at $5^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours, and then dried at $45^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. The dried seasoned ark shell was coated with $1.0\%$ sodium alginate solution, dried with cola air blast for 2 hours and then vacuum-packed in the laminated plastic film bag (polyester/casted polypropylene= $12{\mu}m/70{\mu}m,\;15{\times}16cm$), and finally sterilized up to Fo=6.0 in hot water circulating retort at $121^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes. The major fatty acids of raw ark shell and retort pouched seasoned ark shell products were 16:0, 20:5, 22:6, 18:0 and 18:3, and predominant free amino acids of those were lysine, arginine, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid and leucine. In nucleotides and its related compounds of raw ark shell and retort pouched seasoned ark shell products, the most abundant one was AMP, and total extract-N of those was chiefly consisted of free amino acids, betaine and nucleotide and its related compounds. During the processing procedure such as drying and sterilization, unsaturated fatty acids slightly decreased while saturated fatty acids increased, and total extract-N content decreased about a half. From the results of chemical and microbial experiments during storage, it was concluded that the products could be preserved in a good condition for 100 days at room temperature, and their duality could be improved by the coating treatment of sodium alginate solution.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2009

Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency is a disease of purine metabolism which affects patients both biochemicall and behaviorally. An obstacle of this purine nucleotide cycle(PNC) can be caused brain functional disorder and growth disorder. So ADSL deficiency, which is associated with sever mental retardation, autistic features and energy metabolism. This study was performed to identify SNP on ADSL gene in chicken. The nucleotides were observed as T to C ($7724^{th}$ nucleotide), C to T ($7732^{nd}$ nucleotide), G to T ($10108^{th}$ nucleotide), A to T ($10356^{th}$ nucleotide), G to A($10375^{th}$ nucleotide), A to C ($10402^{nd}$ nucleotide), A to T ($12716^{th}$ nucleotide), T to A ($12717^{th}$ nucleotide), C to T ($15491^{st}$ nucleotide), C to T ($15542^{nd}$ nucleotide) and C to T ($15550^{th}$ nucleotide). The nucleotide substitutions at $15542^{nd}$ and $15550^{th}$ (GeneBank accession no. AY665559) were found as missense mutation (alanine$\rightarrow$valine, proline$\rightarrow$serine, respectively). This study will be useful for farther researches for identifying association between these SNPs and energy metabolism in chicken. The C15550T SNP showed three genotypes, CC, CT, TT by digestion with the genotype TT had significantly faster the first lay day (150.0) than CT (162.0, P<0.05) and genotype TT (150.0, P<0.05) had significantly higher the egg production rate than CT (172.4, P<0.05). According to result of this study, a C15550T was found to have a significantly effect first lay day and mean egg production. It will be possible to use SNP marker on selecting chicken to improve important economic traits, which is the first lay day and mean egg production.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2008

Proper development of fertilized oocyte to blastocyst is a key step in mammalian development to implantation. During development of preimplantation embryos, the mammalian embryo needs supply the energy substrate for keep viability. Usually mammalian oocyte get substrate especially energy substrate from oviduct and uterus, because it does not store much substrate into cytoplasm during oogenesis. Carbohydrates are known as a main energy substrate for preimplantation stage embryos. Glucose, lactate and pyruvate are essential component in preimplantation embryo culture media and there are stage specific preferences to them. Glucose transporter and $H^+$-monocarboxylate cotransporter are a main mediator for carbohydrate transport and those expression levels are primarily under the control of intrinsic or extrinsic factors like insulin and glucose. Other organic substances, amino acids, lipids and nucleotides are used as energy substance and cellular regulation factor. Though since 1960s, successful development of fertilized embryo to blastocyst has been accomplished with chemically defined medium for example BWW and give rise to normal offspring in mammals, the role of metabolites and the regulation of intermediary metabolism are still poorly understood. Glucose may permit expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters in compacting morula, capable of generating the energy required for blastocyst formation. In addition, it has been suggested that the cytokines can modulate the metabolic rate of carbohydrate in embryos and regulate the preimplantation embryonic development through control the metabolic rate. Recently we showed that lactate can be used as a mediator for preimplantation embryonic development. Those observations indicate that metabolites of carbohydrate are required by the early embryo, not only as an energy source, but also as a key substrate for other regulatory and biosynthetic pathways. In addition metabolites of carbohydrate may involve in cellular activity during development of preimplantation embryos. It is suggested that through these regulation and with other regulation mechanisms, embryo and uterus can prepare the embryo implantation and further development, properly.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.459-468
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• 1986

This study was attempted to process low-sodium salt fermented small shrimp as substitutes for traditional high-sodium salt fermented one which has widely been favored and consumed in Korea. Low-salt fermented small shrimp was prepared with $4\%$ sodium chloride and $4\%$ potassium chloride, and various additives such as $0.5\%$ lactic acid, $6\%$ sorbitol and $4\%$ ethylalcohol extract of red pepper as preservatives and flavor enhancers. And the changes of taste compounds, volatile compounds and fatty acid composition in low-salt fermented small shrimp were analyzed and compared with those of conventional $20\%$ sodium salt fermented one during the fermentation of 120 days at $25{\pm}3^{\circ}C$. The most favorable taste for fermented small shrimp were reached at 60 days of fermentation. Judging from sensory evaluation, little difference of taste was detected between the low-salt fermented small shrimp and high-sodium salt fermented one. The principal taste compounds in fermented small shrimp were free amino acids, and betaine and nucleotides and their related compounds played an assistant role. The major amino acids in fermented small shrimp were glutamic acid, leucine, proline, glycine, lysine and aspartic acid. The major fatty acids in fermented small shrimp samples were 16:0, 20:5, 22:6, 16:1 and 18:1, and unsaturated fatty acids decreased slightly while saturated fatty acids increased during fermentation. At 60 days of fermentation 8 kinds of volatile fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, isocarproic acid, carproic acid), 6 kinds of carbonyl compounds (ethanal, propanal, 2-methylpropanal, 3-methylbutanal, pentanal, 2-methylpentanal), and 3 kinds of volatile amines (methylamine, trimethylamine, isopropylamine) were identified.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-35
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• 1984

Since the first report of Drury and $Szent-Gy{\ddot{o}}rgyi$ in 1929, the inhibitory influences of adenosine on the heart have repeatedly been described by many investigators. These studies have shown that adenosine and adenine nucleotides have overall depressant effects, similar to those of acetylcholine. Heart beats become slow and weak. It is also well known that adenosine is a potent endogenous coronary vasodilator. Many investigations on the working mechanisms of adenosine have been focused mainly on the effects of the coronary blood flow. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory action of adenosine on sinus node are not well understood yet. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine the behavior of rabbit SA node under influence of adenosine. In these series of experiments three kinds of preparations were used: whole atrial pair, left atrial strip, and isolated SA node preparations. The electrical activity of SA node was recorded with conventional glass microelectrodes 30 to 50 $M{\Omega}$. The preparations were superfused with bicarbonate-buffered Tyrode solution of pH 7.35 and aerated with a gas mixture of $3%\;CO_2-97%\;O_2$ at $35^{\circ}C$. In whole atrial pair, adenosine suppressed sinoatrial rhythm in a dose-dependent manner. Effect of adenosine on atrial rate appeared at the concentration of $10^{-5}M$ and was enhanced in parallel with the increase in adenosine concentration. Inhibitory action of adenosine on pacemaker activity was more prominent in the preparation pretreated with norepinephrine, which can steepen the slope of pacemaker potential by increasing permeability of $Ca^{+2}$. Calcium ions in perfusate slowly produced a marked change in sinoatrial rhythm. Elevation of the calcium concentration from 0.3 to 8 mM increased the atrial rate from 132 to 174 beats/min, but over 10 mM $Ca^{+2}$ decreased. The inhibitory effect of adenosine on sinoatrial rhythm developed very rapidly. Atrial rate was recovered promptly from the adenosine-induced suppression by the addition of norepinephrine, but extra $Ca^{+2}$ was less suitable to restore the suppression of atrial rate. Adenosine suppressed also atrial contractility in the same dosage range that restricted pacemaker activity, even in the reserpinized preparation. In isolated SA node preparation, spontaneous firing rate of SA node at $35^{\circ}C$(mean{\pm}SEM, n=16) was $154{\pm}3.3\;beats/min. The parameters of action potentials were: maximum diastolic potential(MDP), $-73{\pm}1.7\;mV: overshoot(OS), $9{\pm}1.4\;mV: slope of pacemaker potential(SPP), $94{\pm}3.0\;mV/sec. Adenosine suppressed the firing rate of SA node in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect appeared at the concentration of $10^{-6}M$ and was in parallel with the increase in adenosine concentration. Changes in action potential by adenosine were dose-dependent increase of MDP and decrease of SPP until $10^{-4}M$. Above this concentration, however, the amplitude of action potential decreased markedly due to the simultaneous decrease of both MDP and OS. All these effects of adenosine were not affected by pretreatment of atropine and propranolol. Lowering extra $Ca^{2+}$ irom 2 mM to 0.3 mM resulted in a marked decrease of OS and SPP, but almost no change of MDP. However, increase of perfusate $Ca^{2+}$ from 2 mM to 6 or 8 mM produced a prominent decrease of MDP and a slight increase of OS and SPP. Dipyridamole(DPM), which is known to block the adenosine transport across the cell membrane, definately potentiated the action of adenosine. The results of this experiment suggest that adenosine suppressed pacemaker activity and atrial contractility simultaneously and directly, by decreasing $Ca^{2+}-permeability$ of nodal and atrial cell membranes.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1992

The muscle extracts of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi cultured for two and three years old on the southern coast near Chungmu and the eastern coast near Pohang of Korea, were analyzed for extractive nitrogen (EN), free amino acids (FAA), combined amino acids (CAA), nucleotides and related compounds (NRC), quaternary ammonium bases and guanidino compounds using specimens collected in February 1989 and in April 1989, and compared for those contents with each other. As for the amount of EN, no remarkable difference was found between two- and three-year-old samples collected at St. 1 in the spring and winter seasons, while at St. 2 in the spring season the two-year-old sample was distinctly lower than the three-year-old one. Taurine, proline, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine were the major FAA in every sample. The amount of taurine, the most prominent FAA, was higher in three-year-old sample than in two-year-old one regardless of sampling station and season. Most of the other major FAA showed a similar tendency to EN at both sampling stations in both seasons. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP), inosine (Ino) and hypoxanthine (Hyp) were detected in all the samples and ATP, ADP and AMP were the major ingredients. The amounts of total NRC were in parallel with those of EN and total FAA. As for the contents of betaines, two- and three-year-old samples collected in the winter season exhibited a great discrepancy each other, the former being clearly lower than the latter, but no remarkable difference was observed between two samples of two groups in the spring season. In proximate composition of the muscles, the two-year-old sample was considerably higher in moisture content and lower in protein and glycogen contents than the three-year-old one at St. 2 in the spring season. The large discrepancies observed between two- and three-year-old samples from St. 2 seems to be attributable to the difference in size of samples rather than to the difference in age.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

Differentially Expressed Gene (DEG) was obtained from Differential Display Reverse Transcription (DDRT)-PCR using Annealing Control Primer (ACP) to search and clone genes related to developmental stages of Sebastes inermis. By using 120 ACPs, the nucleotide sequences obtained from 16 DEGs showing higher expression in 6-month-old skeletal muscle than 18-month-old ones and from 22 DEGs displaying stronger expression in 18-month-old than 6-month-old were analyzed and BLAST was conducted. The results identified that DEGs shared 69~95% homology with genes of parvalbumin (PVALB), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) B, tropomyosin (TPM), troponin I (TnI), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), muscle-type creatine kinase (CKM2), small EDRK-rich factor 2 (SERF2), adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD), Trimeric intracellular cation channel type A (TRICA), Rho GTPase-activating protein 15 (ARHGAP15), S-formylglutathione hydrolase (Esterase D; ESD), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), type 1 collagen alpha 2 (COL1A2), glutathione S-transferase, Mid1-interacting protein 1 (Mid1lip1), myosin light chain 1 (MYL1), sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1B (SERCA1B), and ferritin heavy subunit (FTH1). Expression pattern by developmental stage of DEG14 and PVALB exhibiting strong expression in 6-month-old skeletal muscle was investigated using real time PCR. Expression was reduced as Sebastes inermis grew. Expression of PVALB gene was extremely low after 6 months of age. Expression of CKM2 showed higher expression in 18-month-old skeletal muscle than in 6-month-old muscles, and increased continuously until 4 years old, after which CKM2 expression became gradually reduced. By analysis of tissue-specific expression patterns of DEG, DEG14 was expressed mainly in skeletal muscle, liver, kidney and spleen tissues, whereas PVALB expression was expressed in skeletal muscle and kidney, but not in liver and spleen tissues. CKM2 was expressed in skeletal muscle, kidney, and spleen tissues, but not in liver tissues. PVALB gene was composed of 110 amino acids, which constituted 659 bp nucleotides. The results reported here demonstrate that the expression patterns of parvalbumin and CKM2 could be used as molecular markers for selecting fishes exhibiting fast growth.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1988

This study was carried out to develop the powdered Katsuobushi (a kind of boiled, smoked, and dried fish product which is used for seasoning soup as it is.) using skipjack as a natural flavoring substance. The processing conditions of the powdered Katsuobushi and the changes of taste compounds during processing of the products were examined. In preparation of the powdered Katsuobushl, frozen skipjack was thawed, beheaded, gutted, filleted and then sliced to 1cm of thickness. The silted meats were boiled in skipjack extract for 20 minutes, and then it was smoked for, 3 times to $10\~12\%$ moisture content at $80^{\circ}C$ for 8 hours. The smoked - dried meats were followed to be 50 mesh of particle size. The effect of slicing and boiling in skipjack meat extract on enhancing flavor and on preventing lipid oxidation of product during processing were observed. The moisture content and crude lipid content of the powdered Katsuobushi was in the range of 11 to $12\%$ and 4.3 to $4.8\%$, respectively. The taste compounds of the product were nucleotides and their related compounds, 1135.8mg/100g ; free amino acid and related compounds, 2210.2mg/100g ; non-volatile organic acids, 1148.0mg/100g ; and total creatinine. 592.1mg/100g on dry basis, and small amount of betaine and TMAO. The major elements of mineral in the product were found to be K, Mg, Na, and Ca. The content of IMP was 542.0mg/100g, and major free amino acids were found to be histidine, anserine, taurine, carnosine and alanine of which occupied to $83.6\%$ of total free amino acids. In non -volatile organic acids, major ones were lactic acid, succinic acid, pyroglutamic acid and $\alpha-ketoglutaric$ acid. From the results of the chemical experiments and sensory evaluation, we may conclude that the flavor of the product from present experiment is more desirable than that of conventional products although the processing time used were much shortened than that of conventional method, and it can be commercialized as a seasoning powder.