• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.462-473
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 벨루가 렌틸 추출물(BLE)의 항염증 효능을 NO 생성 측면에서 검토하고 이와 관련된 분자 기전을 규명하고자 하였다. LPS, LTA 및 지방세포 공동배양에 의해 활성화된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 BLE는 독성이 없는 농도 범위에서 유의적인 NO 생성 저해 효과를 보였다. 이와 함께 BLE 처리에 따라 iNOS mRNA 및 단백질의 발현이 유의적으로 저해됨을 확인하였으며, 이는 BLE에 의한 NO 생성 억제 효과가 전사 수준에서의 iNOS 발현을 억제함으로부터 기인하는 것임을 시사한다. 추가적으로 BLE는 NO 외에도 활성화된 대식세포에서 증가하는 다양한 염증성 사이토카인 유전자(COX-2, IL-1β 및 IL-6)의 mRNA 발현 또한 유의적으로 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. BLE의 항염증 효과와 관련된 분자 기전에 관한 추가적인 연구를 수행한 결과, 항염증 관련 대표 기전인 NF-κB/MAP kinases 신호 경로와는 연관성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, BLE 처리에 따라 Nrf2 단백질 발현의 증가 및 활성화가 유도되고 HO-1의 발현이 유의적으로 증가하는 것을 확인함으로써 Nrf2가 HO-1의 발현을 증가시키기 위한 전사 인자로서 작용할 가능성이 높음을 확인하였다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통해 식용원료 유래의 잠재적인 항염증 소재로서 BLE의 활용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 향후 동물모델을 대상으로 항염증 효과를 입증하기 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.98-98
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• 2018

In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of extracts of leaves (ST-L) and branches (ST-B) from Sageretia theezans in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. ST-L and ST-B significantly inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, COX-2, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. ST-L and ST-B blocked LPS-induced degradation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ and nuclear accumulation of p65, which resulted to the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in RAW264.7 cells. ST-L and ST-B also attenuated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, ST-L and ST-B increased HO-1 expression in RAW264.7 cells, and the inhibition of HO-1 by ZnPP reduced the inhibitory effect of ST-L and ST-B against LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Inhibition of p38 activation and ROS elimination attenuated HO-1 expression by ST-L and ST-B, and ROS elimination inhibited p38 activation induced by ST-L and ST-B. ST-L and ST-B dramatically induced nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, but this was significantly reversed by the inhibition of p38 activation and ROS elimination. Collectively, our results suggest that ST-L and ST-B exerts potential anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MAPK signaling activation, and activating HO-1 expression through the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 via ROS-dependent p38 activation. These findings suggest that ST-L and ST-B may have great potential for the development of anti-inflammatory drug to treat acute and chronic inflammatory disorders.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.175-181
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• 2018

Carbon monoxide (CO) is well-known as toxic gas and intrinsic signaling molecule such as neurotransmitter and blood vessel relaxant. Recently, it has been reported that low concentration of CO exerts therapeutic actions under various pathological conditions including liver failure, heart failure, gastric cancer, and cardiac arrest. However, little has been known about the effect of CO in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD). To test whether CO could exert a beneficial action during oxidative cell death in PD, we examined the effects of CO on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell death in C6 glioma cells. Treatment of CO-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) significantly attenuated 6-OHDA-induced apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner. CORM-2 treatment decreased Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspase-3 activity, which had been increased by 6-OHDA. CORM-2 increased phosphorylation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which is a transcription factor regulating antioxidant proteins. Subsequently, CORM-2 also increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutases (CuZnSOD and MnSOD), which were antioxidant enzymes regulated by Nrf2. These results suggest that CO released by CORM-2 treatment may have protective effects against oxidative cell death in PD through the potentiation of cellular adaptive survival responses via activation of Nrf2 and upregulation of heme oxygenase-1, leading to increasing antioxidant defense capacity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.713-720
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 Ardisia arborescens 에탄올 추출물(AAEE)의 항산화능과 항염증 생리활성을 in vitro assay system 및 cell culture model system을 이용하여 분석하였다. 먼저 AAEE의 항산화능을 DPPH radical 소거능으로 분석한 결과 양성 대조군으로 사용한 ascorbic acid와 유사한 정도의 높은 활성을 보여 매우 강한 항산화능을 보유함을 확인하였다. 또한 RAW 264.7 세포주를 이용한 $H_2O_2$ 및 LPS의 유도에 의해 생성된 ROS에 대한 소거능을 분석한 결과에서도 농도의존적인 강한 소거능을 보였다. 뿐만 아니라 대표적인 항산화효소로 천연물에 의한 항산화능 활성에 의해 발현이 유도되는 HO-1, TrxR1 및 그 전사 인자인 Nrf2의 단백질 발현이 AAEE의 처리에 의해 농도의존적으로 증가됨을 보였으며 이러한 HO-1, TrxR1 및 Nrf2의 발현 변화는 상위신호전달계인 MAPKs에 의해 조절될 가능성을 보였다. 한편 AAEE가 LPS에 의해 유도된 NO 생성에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 세포독성 없이 농도의존적인 NO 생성 저해능을 보였으며 이는 NO 생성 단백질인 iNOS의 발현 저해에서 기인함을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 AAEE의 NO 생성 억제 효과는 염증 상위신호전달계인 NF-${\kappa}B$ 및 AP-1의 조절을 통해 일어날 가능성을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 AAEE의 높은 항산화능과 항염증 활성을 처음으로 확인하였으며 향후 기능성 소재로서 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.973-980
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 식물에 존재하는 신규 기능성 소재 개발의 일환으로 Decaisnea insignis 에탄올 추출물(DIEE)의 항산화 및 항염증 생리활성을 분석하였다. 먼저 DIEE의 항산화능을 DPPH 라디칼 소거능을 통해 분석한 결과 양성 대조군으로 사용한 아스코르빈산과 유사한 정도의 높은 소거활성을 보여 DIEE가 매우 강한 항산화능을 보유함을 확인하였다. 또한 RAW 264.7 세포주에서 $H_2O_2$ 및 LPS에 의해 유도된 ROS에 대한 DIEE의 소거능을 분석한 결과, 농도의존적인 강한 ROS 소거능을 보였다. 뿐만 아니라 대표적인 항산화효소 중 하나로 항산화능 보유 천연물에 의해 발현이 유도되는 hemeoxygenase 1 (HO-1) 및 그 전사 인자인 nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)의 단백질 발현이 DIEE의 처리에 의해 유의적으로 증가됨을 보였으며 이러한 HO-1 및 Nrf2의 발현 유도는 상위신호전달계인 MAPKs에 의해 조절될 가능성을 보였다. 한편 DIEE가 LPS에 의해 유도된 NO 생성에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 농도의존적인 NO 생성 저해능을 보였으며 이는 NO 생성 단백질인 iNOS의 발현 저해에서 기인함을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 DIEE의 NO 생성 억제 효과는 염증 상위신호전달계인 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 및 AP-1의 조절을 통해 일어날 가능성을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 DIEE의 높은 항산화능과 항염증 활성을 처음으로 확인하였으며 향후 기능성 소재로서 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2024

Purpose : Skin is the primary barrier to protect the body from various exogenous factors. Among them, UVB exposure can cause the induction of not only excessive inflammatory responses but also the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagen and elastin. This study tried to investigate the ameliorative effect of Persicaria perfoliata ethanol extract (PPEE) on UVB-irradiated photodamage through the regulation of activator protein (AP)-1, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules in HaCaT cells. Methods : The cytotoxicity of PPEE on HaCaT cells was evaluated by the WST-1 assay. The 80 mJ/cm² of UVB (312 nm) was irradiated on HaCaT cells to induce the photodamage. Western blot analysis was conducted to investigate the protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 for ameliorative status by PPEE treatment in UVB-exposed HaCaT cells. In addition, the activated status of the inflammatory transcription factor, AP-1, as well as upstream signaling molecules, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK, were also evaluated by Western blot analysis. Results : Any cytotoxic effect was not induced at the concentration up to 200 ㎍/ml by PPEE treatment. Protein expression levels of COX-2 and MMP-9 were significantly down- and up-regulated by PPEE treatment. The inflammatory transcription factor AP-1, stimulated by UVB irradiation, was also significantly attenuated by PPEE treatment. The phosphorylated status of PI3K/Akt and MAPK were mitigated by PPEE treatment in UVB-exposed HaCaT cells. Moreover, PPEE treatment potently accelerated the expression of HO-1 and its transcription factor, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf)2, which is known for its anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion : Consequently, PPEE treatment significantly regulated COX-2 and MMP-9 expressions in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. The inflammatory transcription factor AP-1, along with upstream signaling molecules PI3K/Akt and MAPKs, were also attenuated by PPEE treatment in UVB-exposed HaCaT cells. Additionally, PPEE treatment exaggerated HO-1 expression and Nrf2 activation, which might have contributed to the anti-inflammatory activity of PPEE. These results indicate that PPEE could be a candidate for attenuating UVB-induced photodamage in human skin.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2023

Purpose : Cymbopogon citratus, also known as lemongrass, has widely spread around the world and its essential oil is usually applied in food, perfume, and other industrial purposes. In addition, C. citratus has also been used for the treatment of inflammation, digestive disorders, and diabetes in traditional medicine. In this study, the antioxidative activity of C. citratus ethanol extract (CCEE) was analyzed in RAW 264.7 cells through the induction of one of phase II enzymes, heme oxygenase (HO)-1 by nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor (Nrf)2, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. Methods : The antioxidative activity of CCEE against oxidative stress and its underlying molecular mechanisms were analyzed by the cell viability assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation assay, and Western blot analysis in RAW 264.7 cells. Results : The results exhibited that CCEE potently attenuated tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced intracellular ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner without any cytotoxicity. CCEE treatment significantly induced the expression of HO-1 which is known for its antioxidative capacity. In addition, CCEE treatment significantly upregulated the expression of Nrf2, a corresponding transcription factor for the regulation of antioxidative enzymes, which was in accordance with the HO-1 overexpression. MAPK and PI3K/Akt were also evaluated for their important roles in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis against oxidative damage. As a result, the potent HO-1 expression was mediated by not extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), p38, but phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation. To confirm the antioxidative activity of CCEE-induced HO-1 expression, oxidative damage was initiated by t-BHP and attenuated by CCEE treatment, which was identified by HO-1 selective inhibitor and inducer. Conclusion : Consequently, CCEE potently induced the HO-1-mediated antioxidative potential through the modulation of Nrf2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that CCEE could be a promising strategy for the mitigation against cellular oxidative damage.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2018

염증 반응과 산화적 스트레스는 다양한 질환의 발생과 진행에 중요한 역할을 담당한다. 따라서 염증과 산화적 스트레스를 동시에 억제할 수 있는 소재의 발굴은 인체 질환 제어에 매우 유용하게 적용될 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 검은콩 품종인 소청자와 소청2호 추출물이 염증성 및 산화적 스트레스에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위함이다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 소청자 및 소청2호 추출물은 LPS에 의한 iNOS와 COX-2의 발현을 억제하여 NO와 $PGE_2$의 생성을 억제하였으며, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$와 같은 염증성 cytokine의 분비와 발현을 감소시켰다. 또한 소청자 및 소청2호 추출물은 LPS로 자극된 세포 내 ROS 축적을 유의적으로 차단시켰고, Nrf2와 HO-1 발현을 증가시켰다. 또한 LPS에 의해 유도된 MAPKs의 활성화도 소청자 및 소청2호 추출물에 의하여 억제되었다. 결론적으로 소청자 및 소청2호 추출물은 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 MAPKs 경로를 차단시킴으로써 LPS-유도 염증 및 산화 반응에 대한 보호 역할을 할 수 있으며, 이러한 효과에는 최소한 Nrf2/HO-1 경로 활성화가 관련되어 있었다. 이러한 결과를 고려해 볼 때 소청자 및 소청2호 추출물은 대식세포의 과다 활성화로 인한 염증성 및 산화적 반응 차단에 잠재적인 효과가 있음을 일 수 있었다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.643-655
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• 2022

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of Haeganjeon on a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis mouse model and to determine the Haegan-jeon signaling pathway. Methods: Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: Normal group (Nor), TAA-induced liver fibrosis group (Con), TAA-induced liver fibrosis group administered 50 mg/kg silymarin (S50), TAA-induced liver fibrosis group administered 200 mg/kg Haegan-jeon (H200). The liver fibrosis mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection with TAA three times a week for 8 weeks. During the 8 weeks, mice were orally administered silymarin and Haegan-jeon every day. At the end of the study, serum was collected to measure the levels of AST, ALT, ammonia, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Liver tissue was harvested and analyzed by western blotting and Masson's trichrome staining. Results: Administration of Haegan-jeon suppressed the increase in serum levels of AST, ALT, ammonia, and MPO due to TAA-induced liver fibrosis. Compared to the Con group, the H200 group showed increases in antioxidant-related factors (Nrf2, HO-1, catalase, and GPx-1/2) and decreases in inflammatory-related factors (NF-κB p65, p-IκB-α, Cox-2, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in western blots. The H200 treatment inhibited the expression of α-SMA and Collagen I. Conclusions: Haegan-jeon showed a hepatoprotective effect induced by activation of antioxidant-related factors, such as Nrf2, and it regulated the inflammation response by suppression of NF-κB.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.97-112
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• 2006

Heme oxygenase(HO)-1 is an important antioxidant enzyme that plays a pivotal role in cellular adaptation and protection in response to a wide array of noxious stimuli. Thus, HO-1 induction has been associated with prevention or mitigation of pathogenesis of various diseases, including acute inflammation, atherosclerosis, degenerative diseases, and carcinogenesis. Recent progress in our understanding of the function of molecules in the cellular signaling network as key modulators of gene transcription sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlyuing HO-1 gene expression. A panel of redox-sensitive transcription factors such as activator protein-1, nuclear factor-kB, and nuclear factor E2-related factor-2, and some of the upstream kinases have been identified as prime regulators of HO-1 gene induction. This review summarizes molecular mechanisms underlying HO-1 expression and the significance of targeted induction of HO-1 as a potential chemopreventive or chemoprotective strategy.