• 한국철학논집
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• 제42호
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• pp.197-232
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• 2014

도교는 처음부터 매우 정치적인 성향을 가지고 있었다. 내단 도교는 여러파가 있었지만 남종과 북종이 대표적이다. 남종은 북송 때에 장백단으로부터 시작되었다. 북종은 금나라의 지배 아래서 왕중양에 의해 창립되었다. 남종은 교단을 만들지 않았으나 북종은 처음부터 교단을 중심으로 발전하였다. 도교는 근본적으로 장생불사를 추구한다. 내단 도교는 내단으로만 그러한 경지에 도달하고자 독특한 수련법을 만들었다. 남종의 수련법은 치밀한 논리적 구조를 가지고 있는데 반하여 북종의 수련법은 그 논리가 다소 부족하다. 남종은 육체적 수련으로부터 정신적 수련을 거쳐 궁극적 목적을 이루는 방법을 취했다. 반면에 북종은 정신적 수련으로부터 육체적 수련을 거쳐 목적을 이루는 방법을 주장하였다. 그러나 북종의 수련법은 순수한 내단법이라고 보기 어려운 내용도 포함하고 있다. 또한 그 수련에서 고행의 과정을 강요하고 있는 것도 남종과는 다른 방법이다. 이러한 차이점들은 그들이 유교와 불교를 이해하는 관점과도 밀접하게 연관된다. 남종은 유교와 선불교를 수련의 첫 단계와 두 번째 단계로 포섭하는 이론을 만들어, 삼교가 마침내 하나의 목적을 달성하는 과정에서 필요하다고 보았다. 이에 반해서 북종은 세 종교가 처음부터 하나의 같은 목적을 가지고 있다고 보았다. 남종은 개인적 수련이 일차적인 목적이고, 북종은 민중의 구제에 근본 목적을 두었다. 이것은 남종과 북종의 주요 인물들의 수명으로 알 수 있다. 남종의 인물들이 대단한 장수를 누렸으나 북종 인물들은 장수를 누렸다고 볼 수 없기 때문이다. 결과적으로, 엄밀하고 장기간의 수련이 필요한 남종은 그맥이 단절되었고, 북종은 거대한 조직을 형성하여 이후 중국 도교의 중심이 되었다. 남종이 북종으로 흡수되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권18호
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• pp.7753-7756
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• 2014

Incidence trends of head and neck cancer (HNC) have implications for screening strategies, disease management, guiding health policy making, and are needed to further oral cancer research. This paper aims to describe trends in age-adjusted HNC incidence rates focusing on changes across calendar period between 2007 and 2010 in Australian Northern Territory. Age-adjusted incidence rates of HNC were calculated for 2007-2010 using Northern Territory population based data assembled by Department of Health, Northern Territory Government of Australia. Changes in the HNC rate ratio (RR) and Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) between 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were calculated. A total of 171 HNC patients were recorded by the Northern Territory Department of Health during the time period between 2007 and 2010, out of which, 135 were males (78.9% of male HNC patients) and 36 were females (21.1% of female HNC patients). In conclusion, HNC incidence rate has decreased in the Northern Territory Australian males but remains unchanged in Australian females. High incidences of HNC may be associated with the high smoking rate and high alcohol consumption in the Northern Territory. Continued monitoring of trends in HNC incidence rates is crucial to inform Northern Territory based cancer prevention strategies.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2016

Vietnam is one of Asia's fastest developing economies. A long coastline of nearly 3,500 km provides a comparative advantage for Vietnam in developing a seaport system. Despite accounting for only about 30% of Vietnam's traffic volume, the Northern seaports have rapidly developed over the years. However, the location of the container terminals close to the common hinterland are a cause of fierce competition among container terminals. To outperform rivals and improve competitiveness, it is essential to identify the competitive positions of container terminals. This study analyzes the competitive positioning of container terminals in the northern region of Vietnam between 2005 and 2014 by applying the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix in order to assist terminal operators and policy makers to generate strategic planning as well as to improve priorities for development. Otherwise, the period from 2005-2014 aims to clarify the static and dynamic positioning of container terminals. The results demonstrate that the Hai Phong terminal dominates the market, but the Nam Hai Dinh Vu and Dinh Vu terminals are considered as "star" performers. Quang Ninh, Doan Xa, and Transvina are losing their competitive positions in Northern Vietnam.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2007

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to compare stress level and stress coping behavior of elementary students in southern and northern area of Han river. Methods: This was a descriptive comparative survey using a convenience sample of 403 5^th-and 6^th-grade students. The data were analyzed by X²-test, t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression using SPSS 11.5 statistical program. Results: The level of stress and stress coping behavior according to northern and southern elementary students of seoul, Stress levels tended to increase more significantly with less satisfied life, more study time, in female students than male students. in northern students, and with more individual factors. With regard to stress coping behaviors. students with higher life-satisfaction tended to use active coping, and female students used more positive and mystic coping than negative coping. Conclusion: Students living in northern area, and more female students than male students showed a high level of stress, and students with a higher stress level were better able to cope with stress. Thus, it could be concluded that programs to lower stress levels are needed more than stress intervention programs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.5621-5624
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• 2013

Mucosal head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas that develop in the upper-aero digestive epithelium. Together they constitute the sixth most common cancer with an estimated 900,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths each year reported worldwide. The risk factors are tobacco, alcohol and human papillomavirus (HPV). Our research team initially reported a high incidence rate of HNC in the indigenous population of the Northern Territory. Mortality rates also vary in the Australian States and Territories, with particularly high mortality observed in the Northern Territory. There is a paucity of incidence studies of HNC for the Australian States and Territories. Therefore this review primarily focuses on variation in incidence and mortality iacross the country and highlights specifically the high incidence and mortality in the Northern Territory. Attention is also given to sex-specific incidence and mortality rates.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.417-422
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• 2015

Sea-ports in Northern Vietnam have experienced a rapid growth of container throughput in recent years. To accompany with such development, huge investment also has been performed to enhance not only local port capacity but also the regional logistics system. Container terminals in Northern Vietnam locate centrally along Cam river of Haiphong city, leaving 2 others in Quang Ninh province. Five out of totally 11 container terminals in the area are under the control of Vinalines - a national corporation in field of maritime industry. In this paper, those terminals are classified in terms of location and ownership. The volume of container throughput and facilities of all container terminals in Northern Vietnam from 2005 to 2014 are recorded in order to compare the performance of groups. A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is then applied to evaluate the relative efficiency of such terminals. Before conclusion, number of suggestions will be contributed to related parties.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.499-502
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• 2000

의성 지역에서 재배하기 적합한 국내 한지형 마늘을 선발하고자 '의성', '예천', '단양', '정선' 및 '용인' 등 한지형 마늘 5종을 공시하여 생육특성과 수량성을 조사하였고, 난지형 마늘의 재배 적합성을 검증하기 위해 '남도' 마늘을 동시에 공시하였다. 국내 지방 재배종 마늘의 생장특성은 생태형에 따라 차이를 보여 난지형인 '남도'가 초기생장과 숙기가 빨랐던 반면, 한지형 지방종간에는 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 추대 현상에 있어서는 '정선'과 '용인'이 추대율이 낮았고 불완전 추대가 많았던 반면, '예천'과 '의성'은 추대율이 높고 '의성'은 2차생장률이 낮았다. 의성지방에서 재배된 한지형 마늘 중에 '예천'의 수량이 높았으며 생장 최성기에 타 품종에 비하여 작물생장률도 높았다. 의성 지역에서 재배된 '정선', '용인' 및 '단양'은 '의성'에 비하여 생산성이 낮은 것으로 평가되었다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2017

The Northern States of Malaysia comprises of four states (Penang, Kedah, Perlis and Perak) still record high poverty incidence eventhough Malaysia has experienced a remarkable reduction of poverty over the past century. Economic activities in Perlis and Kedah that are predominantly agriculture in the rural area contribute to this disparity. To add, rural households are also subject to risks and uncertainties that make them more vulnerable to poverty. This study examines the impact of risks and assets on households' vulnerability to poverty. A survey of 400 respondents was conducted in December 2015 in the northern region of Malaysia. From these 400 questionnaires, only 298 were considered valid and used in the analysis. Using a logistic probability function, the results indicated that risks are not a significant threat to households. Gender and strata are crucial elements that significantly determine households' vulnerability. While human capital and financial capital significantly reduce households' vulnerability to poverty, physical and natural capitals were not statistically significant. The study suggests that the government and practitioners design strategies and policies with an assets-based approach. The asset-based approach is more appropriate for linking the causes of poverty to vulnerability.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.3653-3661
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• 2013

Along with rapid economic growth and enhanced agricultural productivity, particulate matter emissions in the northern cities of Thailand have been increasing for the past two decades. This trend is expected to continue in the coming decade. Emissions of particulate matter have brought about a series of public health concerns, particularly chronic respiratory diseases. It is well known that lung cancer incidence among northern Thai women is one of the highest in Asia (an annual age-adjusted incidence rate of 37.4 per 100,000). This fact has aroused serious concern among the public and the government and has drawn much attention and interest from the scientific community. To investigate the potential causes of this relatively high lung cancer incidence, this study employed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) transmission spectroscopy to identify the chemical composition of the $PM_{2.5}$ collected using Quartz Fibre Filters (QFFs) coupled with MiniVol$^{TM}$ portable air samplers (Airmetrics). $PM_{2.5}$ samples collected in nine administrative provinces in northern Thailand before and after the "Haze Episode" in 2013 were categorised based on three-dimensional plots of a principal component analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation. In addition, the incremental lifetime exposure to $PM_{2.5}$ of both genders was calculated, and the first derivative of the FTIR spectrum of individual samples is here discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10981-10984
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• 2015

Background: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is the standard technique for diagnosis of patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Some reports have shown high prevalence of esophageal cancer in the northern part of Afghanistan. The aim of this study was to investigate epidemiological profile of esophageal cancer among patients in this region. Materials and Methods: We identified 364 consecutive patients that received EGD examinations to examine upper gastrointestinal tract at the endoscopy unit of Balkh regional Hospital from March 2012 to March 2013. The case subjects included both in-patients and out-patients aged 16 years or more. We evaluated the results retrospectively. Results: The cases consisted of 184 (51%) males and 180 (49%) females. The mean age was $47.3{\pm}17.8$ and the age range 17-88 years. Ninety two cases had esophageal cancer, out of which 58 (63.0%) were male. The mean age at time of diagnosis was $57.8{\pm}13.2years$. Uzbek-Turkmen peoples were more common among patients with esophageal cancer (52.2%). Dysphagia was the most frequent symptom among patients with esophageal cancer at the time of presentation, seen in 77 (84.8%) of cases. Conclusions: Our results showed high incidence of esophageal cancer in the northern part of Afghanistan, especially in the Uzbek-Turkmen ethnic group.