• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.770-781
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• 2022

Meteorological disasters caused by climate change like heat, cold waves, and unusually long rainy seasons affect the milk productivity of cows. Studies have been conducted on how milk productivity and milk compositions change due to heat stress (HS). However, the estimation of losses in milk production due to HS and hereby environmental impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are yet to be evaluated in Korean dairy farms. Dairy milk production and milk compositions data from March to October 2018, provided by the Korea Dairy Committee (KDC), were used to compare regional milk production with the temperature-humidity index (THI). Raw data for the daily temperature and relative humidity in 2018 were obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). This data was used to calculate the THI and the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature changing rate, as the average daily temperature range, to show the extent to which the temperature gap can affect milk productivity. The amount of milk was calculated based on the price of 926 won/kg from KDC. The results showed that the average milk production rate was the highest within the THI range 60-73 in three regions in May: Chulwon (northern region), Hwasung (central region), and Gunwi (southern region). The average milk production decreased by 4.96 ± 1.48% in northern region, 7.12 ± 2.36% in central region, and 7.94 ± 2.57% in southern region from June to August, which had a THI range of 73 or more, when compared to May. Based on the results, the level of THI should be maintained like May. If so, the farmers can earn a profit of 9,128,730 won/farm in northern region, 9,967,880 won/farm in central region, and 12,245,300 won/farm in southern region. Additionally, the average number of cows raised can be reduced by 2.41 ± 0.35 heads/farm, thereby reducing GHG emissions by 29.61 ± 4.36 kg CO₂eq/day on average. Overall, the conclusion suggests that maintaining environmental conditions in the summer that are similar to those in May is necessary. This knowledge can be used for basic research to persuade farmers to change farm facilities to increase the economic benefits and improve animal welfare.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.41-59
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• 2007

This study was to establish the floristic composition of northern region in Gyeonggi-Province area($126^{\circ}45^{\prime}-127^{\circ}37^{\prime}E$, $37^{\circ}31^{\prime}-38^{\circ}17^{\prime}N$). This work was investigated from April, 1988 to October, 2004. The flora of vascular plants of northern region in Gyeonggi-Province were consisted of total 2,030 taxa; 145 families, 656 genera, 1,611 species, 7 subspecies, 320 varieties, 1 subvarieties and 91 formae. Among them, Korean endemic species were composed of 46 families, 85 genera, 84 species, 35 varieties, 1 subvarieties, and 18 formae, total 138 taxa. The rare and endangered plants based on floral region indicated by Ministry of Environment were 416 taxa; V rank species 18 taxa, IV rank species 79 taxa, III rank species 111 taxa, II rank species 80 taxa, I rank species 128 taxa. Also the naturalized plants were 114 species, correspond to 39.7% of among total 287 species appeared in South Korea. the result of PCA, Gwangju mountain chain at northern region of Gyeonggi-Province has rich and diverse vascular plants, and there are many Korean endemic, rare and endangered plants. therefore Gwangju mountain chain must be the core axis in for conserving the plant biodiversity and richness.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.138-150
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• 2003

In the mid-west coast of Korea where Mankyung and Dongjin rivers discharge fresh water, Saemangeum tidal dyke of 33 km long is under construction to reclaim the very shallow estuary region of 41,000ha. Main source of freshwater in this coastal area is Keum River locating closely north of the dyke. At present, the dyke connected with Gogunsan-Gundo separates this area into three regions; northwestern, southwestern and eastern (Saemangeum) region of the dyke, and the water in Saemangeum region is exchanged through one gap in the northern dyke and two gaps in the southern dyke. We have observed distributions and structures of temperature and salinity to examine the summer circulation related with low-salinity water in this coastal area in 1998 and 1999. In the surface layer off the northern dyke a tongue-like distribution of low-salinity extends 60 km long from Keum River estuary mouth to the northwest, forming plume front bounded by offshore water. In the inner region of Saemangeum dykes salinity distributions show that two river waters are merged together and the low salinity water is deflected toward northern gap of the dyke. In the surface layer off the southern dyke we observed small tongue-like distribution of another low-salinity water extending to the north from Gomso Bay. Based on the analysis of distributions of low-salinity water and frontal structures, we can suggest an anticlockwise circulation of coastal water around the dyke, composed by the estuarine water outgoing from the inner region of the dyke through the northern dyke's gap and the inflow through two gaps of southern dyke from offshore. After completing the dyke construction, this coastal circulation around the dyke will be, however, changed because fresh water discharge of Mankyung and Dongjin rivers will be routed artificially and directly into the area offshore of the southern dyke.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.311-316
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• 2016

Vietnam is one of Asia's fastest developing economies. A long coastline of nearly 3,500 km provides a comparative advantage for Vietnam in developing a seaport system. Despite accounting for only about 30% of Vietnam's traffic volume, the Northern seaports have rapidly developed over the years. However, the location of the container terminals close to the common hinterland are a cause of fierce competition among container terminals. To outperform rivals and improve competitiveness, it is essential to identify the competitive positions of container terminals. This study analyzes the competitive positioning of container terminals in the northern region of Vietnam between 2005 and 2014 by applying the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix in order to assist terminal operators and policy makers to generate strategic planning as well as to improve priorities for development. Otherwise, the period from 2005-2014 aims to clarify the static and dynamic positioning of container terminals. The results demonstrate that the Hai Phong terminal dominates the market, but the Nam Hai Dinh Vu and Dinh Vu terminals are considered as "star" performers. Quang Ninh, Doan Xa, and Transvina are losing their competitive positions in Northern Vietnam.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 2016

Vietnam's sea-port industry has experienced a significant development in recent years. Especially in Northern Vietnam, both the demand and supply of handling services for containerized cargoes have increased at a considerable rates. Accompany with such movement, the competition among container terminals in the area becomes fiercer. In this paper, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis is employed to classify all 11 container terminals in Northern Vietnam by collecting data concerning terminal competitiveness. After the classification, each group will be discussed in order to reveal more details about their competitive characteristics. The paper consists of five sections. Section 1 is the general introduction. Section 2 provides a general literature review about competitiveness and factors to evaluate competitiveness. Section 3 explains variables and methodology applied to do the analysis. Section 4 presents the results with linkage to the current condition. Section 5 summarizes the analysis results. It is shown that container terminals in Northern Vietnam should not only pay attention to their service qualities but also have to find out an appropriate mechanism to avoid unhealthy competition. The paper is expected to contribute a background for further researches in container terminals' competition in the region as well as hints for operators in planning and making decisions.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2006

Global warming brings about changes of diverse environmental, especially changes of plant distribution. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between temperature rise and changes of northern limit of vegetation growth in Korea. Bamboos (Phyllostachys) and boundary between the northern type and southern type of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were selected. The data of the distributions of bamboos and garlic are collected by field survey and interviews. Temperature is analyzed from 1904 to 2000. The northern limit of Phyllostachys moves 60-100 km northward, for about 100 years, the period of 1907-2003 and mean temperature of Korea increases about $2^{\circ}C$ during the same period. It means that the northern limit moves 30-50 km northward, for each $1^{\circ}C$ rising of January mean temperature. The boundary between the northern type and southern types of garlic moves northward 40-140 km from 1980s to 2000. The moving width is broad in the west coastal region while the width is narrow in the inland and mountain regions. The mean moving width is about 100 km.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.723-734
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• 2003

A three-dimensional numerical model (POM) is implemented to examine coastal upwelling in the northern Japanese coastal region with the passage of Typhoon Oliwa in September 1997. Observed sea surface temperature (SST) decreased suddenly ranging from $-6\;to\;-7^{\circ}C$ in the coastal regions, and such a SST decrease state lasted for more than ten days after the typhoon passed. The model successfully reproduces the observation and gives a clear explanation, the sudden decrease of SST occurred in the process of coastal upwelling with Ekman dynamics. The model also describes the sea surface cooling in the open ocean with vertical velocity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.424-439
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• 2017

This study was undertaken to examine the profit efficiency and its determining factors, the investment opportunity, and the challenges of shea butter producers in the northern region of Ghana. The methods employed in this research were the Stochastic Profit Frontier (SPF) model, gain-cost and investment return analyses, as well as Kendall's W statistic using primary data collected from 120 purposively-selected respondents. Results from the analysis indicated that profit efficiency was positively influenced by sex, household size, marital status, educational level, transportation cost, store rent, and price of shea nut with a gain in profit efficiency of 58.5%. The investment analysis demonstrated a net gain per person of $8,077 equivalent to GH₵ 28,270 Ghanaian cedi (GH₵) using 2016 exchange rate (GH₵ 3.5 = $1). Among the challenges identified, the poor quality of shea nuts was the most prioritised challenge with 72.8% agreement among the respondents. Based on these findings, it was recommended that proper training and education, as well as improvement in shea nut quality, should be promoted to improve the profit efficiency of shea butter producers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.155-169
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• 1994

The minimum temperatures are important element in the daily human life, the climatic classification, and so on. In this study, the authors aim to make an analysis the distribution characteristics of minimum temperatures of 95 weather stations in Korea by using the Climatological Standard Normals of Korea VolumeI, VolumeII, and the Climatological Standard Normals of North Korea. The important results are as follows 1) The daily, fifthly, and tenthly minimum temperatures show the highest rate of occurrance on 14th of January( Occurrance rate : 56.6% ), 16~20th of January( 37.6% ), and the middle ten days of January( 82.1% ) respectively. 2) In the regional distribution of minimum temperatures in winter, the values of northern part, inland area, and west coastal region are lower than those of southern, coastal, and east coastal regions respectively. And, bigger cities and industrial area( Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, etc. ) have larger values than the its vicinities. 3) When the daily minimum temperature is $0^{\circ}C$ and less, the days of northern part, inland area, and wests coastal region are higher than those of southern, coastal, and east coastal regions respectively.

• Transportation Technology and Policy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.22-29
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• 2014