• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.133-148
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• 2021

This study aims to estimate the amount of air pollutants emitted from heavy industry facilities in North Korea. To compare the emission in 2017 from the heavy industry sector in North Korea with South Korea, the heavy industry sector was classified with the South Korean classification (Matching Heavy Industry sector) and air pollutant emissions by Matching Heavy Industry sector in North Korea were estimated. The CO, NO_x and SO_x emissions of Matching Heavy Industry sector in North Korea are 22%, 73%, and 31% of the emission in South Korea, respectively. The air pollutant emissions in the Matching Heavy Industry sector in North Korea for CO, NO_x and SO_x were 0.6%, 124%, and 24% of the total air pollutant emission in North Korea estimated from EDGAR, respectively. As for the distribution of emissions by administrative district of the Matching Heavy Industry sector in North Korea, NO_x was concentrated in the western part of North Korea, and CO and SO_x emissions were concentrated in Hamgyong-bukto.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.77-91
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• 2022

North-South Korea economic integration is progressing slowly given the sensitive responses to changes in internal and external conditions. Nevertheless, advanced discussions focusing on North-South Korean economic cooperation should continue. Given this background, various studies of the economic effects of economic integration between North and South Korea have been conducted, but research on agricultural issues has been limited. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the economic integration of South and North Korea on the agricultural market. In this study, a simultaneous equation model was constructed using a growth model. Solow's growth accounting approach is used to construct a model for estimating the macroeconomic effect of North-South economic integration. Also, the construction of growth accounting formulas subdivided into South and North Korea as well as agriculture and non-agricultural fields during the construction of the growth model is a major research achievement and differentiates it from previous studies. It is expected that the results of this study will serve as basic information for preparing policy measures to promote integration. However, there are many limitations when estimating the economic effects of North-South agricultural integration and obtaining policy implications given the insufficient available statistical data on agriculture in North Korea and the lack of related studies in the agricultural field. Therefore, it should be noted that there is an inherent problem in that the analysis results vary greatly depending on the assumptions set, as there is inevitably no choice but to rely on many and strong assumptions.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.184-201
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• 2020

After the liberation of Korea from Japanese colonialism, archeology in South and North Korea took different paths. In particular, archeology in South and North Korea began to show great differences from the 1970s, when the former experienced rapid academic advancement following the evacuation of large-scale relics and the latter began to demonstrate a drastically political nature. North Korea declared 'Daedonggang Culture' in the 1990s, and South and North Korean archeology subsequently became so divorced that the two shared almost no common ideas. This kind of discrepancy is now particularly prominent with regard to the Bronze Age and Iron Age around "Gojoseon". Researchers of prehistoric archeology in South Korea have no choice but to keep referring to North Korean archeology. This is because North Korean resources are the main research subjects for identifying "the origin and descent of culture", which is still one of the most important research topics. However, people cast doubt on their reliability. Such a "two-fold viewpoint" demonstrates how those associated with South Korean archeology perceive their counterparts in North Korea. A large part of the visible "gap" between South and North Korea in terms of Bronze Age archeology comes from "political difference" that cannot be resolved by an increase in survey cases or academic debate. However, examining the trend in prehistoric archeology in North Korea is not aimed at criticizing the political nature of North Korean archeology. The goal is to investigate how the North Korean perspective on the Bronze Age differs from that in South Korea at present and to examine the potential problems in explaining "prehistoric culture in the Korean peninsula" and, furthermore, prehistoric culture in Northeast Asia, by including North Korean resources. This paper examines how Bronze Age-related research trends have evolved in North Korea to date and compares them with those seen in South Korean archeology during the same period.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.221-238
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• 1999

South and North Korean societies have been segregated during the past 50 years with different socioeconomic conditions and ideologies resulting in disparate living cultures even though sharing the same traditional culture. The purpose of this study was intended to examine the housing life situations of North Koreans their housing behaviors and their perceptions of differences between South and North Korean culture. The study was based on in-depth interviews and an tempirical survey with North Korean defectors. The interviews were conducted with ten defectors and the empirical survey was done with 158 North Koreans who escaped after 1990. This study revealed housing life situations such as housing type. length of residence housing layout finishing materials levels of housing facilities and the residential system. It also revealed housing dissatisfaction and housing behaviors while they were living in North Korea and attempted to discover the defectors' perceptions of the differ nces between their housing life in the South and North. The findings of this research will present a realistic and recent account of the housing situation in North Korea. We hope that the result of this study will serve to foster understanding between two Koreas.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2015

Objective : To translate Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) into North Korean language and to examine its reliability and validity Methods : North Korean defectors (n=207) recruited from the call center for North Korean defectors participated. Psychiatrists and psychiatric residents interviewed the participants and made the psychiatric diagnoses. Subsequently, the participants completed the CES-D, Impact of Event-Scale-Revised-North Korea (IES-R-NK), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-North Korea (AUDIT-NK), and Brief Psychological State Inventory for North Korean Refugees (BPSI-NKR) questionnaires. Of the original participants, 143 subjects participated in test-retest reliability study after one week. Results : Cronbach's alpha coefficient of CES-D-NK was superior in both males (0.91) and females (0.93). The test-retest correlation coefficient was high (males, 0.64 ; femals, 0.79). Good convergent validity was evident by significant correlations with IER-R-NK, BPSI-NKR-Depression and BPSI-NKR-PTSD, respectively. CES-D-NK had no or weak correlations with AUDIT-NK and BPSI-NKR-Alcohol, showing its discriminant validity. Conclusion : CES-D-NK could be a reliable and valid tool for screening and assessing depressive symptoms of North Korean defectors.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.22 no.1_2
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• pp.29-33
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• 1979

Following the first report on the Desmidiaceae in North Carolina, U.S.A., this paper adds newly 5 genera, 19 species, 16 varieties and 1 subspecies of Desmids to the North Carolina State list.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.95-106
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• 2003

This study attempts to identify the characteristics of the structure of mathematics textbooks of North Korean high schools. The previous researches on the mathematics textbooks of North Korea show that North Korean mathematics textbooks have a linear structure, which is different from a spiral structure of South Korean textbooks. However, this study found that the textbooks of North Korea published after 1994 indicate that some sections reveal a spiral structure. In addition, most sections of North Korean mathematics textbooks are collectively composed, particularly so in the section of algebra.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.19-28
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• 2020

Purpose - This study aims to lay the foundation for a desirable direction to solve future environmental problems through framework research on environmental cooperation according to distribution of urbanization between South and North Korea. The article also attempts to explore solution to two Koreas' environmental problems from the cooperative perspective between South and North Korea and draw future policy tasks. Research design, data, and methodology - For methodology, North Korea's legal system to cope with disasters is taken into consideration in terms of literature review. This study also analyzes a series of processes related to North Korea's disaster management through case study, and draws policy measures for North and South Korea's cooperation scope and methods. Result - The results support that North Korea is very vulnerable to environmental disasters due to food shortages, economic sanctions, and enormous natural disaster damages including flood damages occurring each year, because of the lack of disaster prevention infrastructure such as river maintenance. Conclusion - At the current time when North and South Koran exchange and cooperation increase, a disaster management cooperative system is needed for the areas where South and North Korea manage through division. It also suggests that there is a need to establish regulations and procedures for support items in advance for a quick response to disasters in North Korean region.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.495-502
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore North Korean immigrant elementary students' cognitive and affective characteristics related to science education. A total of 68 North Korean immigrant students enrolled in 3 to 6 grades and 133 South Korean students in 4 and 6 grades in 3 South Korean elementary schools participated in the study. A short version of Group Assessment of Logical Thinking(GALT) was used to investigate the students' levels of logical thinking, and the Enjoyment of Science Lessons Scale(ESLS) of the Test of Science Related Attitudes(TOSRA) was administrated to examine their attitudes towards science lessons. The statistical analysis of data revealed that the level of logical thinking of the North Korean immigrant elementary students was very low and that this was also the case for the South Korean students. Especially, the mean score of logical thinking of the North Korean immigrant 6 graders was much lower when compared with that of the South Korean counterparts. For both the North Korean immigrant students and South Korean students, the enjoyment of science lessons decreased as they progressed through higher grades. This decreasing trend, however, turned out to be more serious in the South Korean elementary students. Based on these results, suggestions were presented to help successful science learning of North Korean immigrant elementary students.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.133-146
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• 2003

This study examined the songs and play-games of youngsters who escaped from the North and came to South Korea. The 5 female and 1 male participant mostly entered South Korea through Chinese, Viet Nam and Cambodia after escaped from the North. Through individual interviews, the researcher collected 31 North Korean songs and 21 play-games. Themes of songs were devotion their's country and/or their's national leader, a television serial drama and such traditional play-songs as komojul-nomki(jumping the rubber rope). Data from the collected songs and play-games indicated similarity between South and North Korea; both North and South Korean children liked a television serial drama songs and both sides played similar games, through sometimes the name was different.