• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.527-535
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• 2018

This study examines how the implementation of the Normalization policy of public institutions aimed at reducing debt affects accounting conservatism in public corporations. In particular, we analyze the general behavior of accounting conservatism based on debt ratio, and analyze whether the policy has changed this behavior of conservatism. Empirical findings are summarized as following. We show that debt ratios are positively associated with conservatism, consistent with the result for the private corporations. This result means that public corporations increase their conservatism as their debt ratios increase. However, no significant effect is found in this relationship after the implementation of the policy. This finding implies that the implementation of Normalization policy is not a factor that alters the conservative accounting practices of public corporations. This suggests that the recent debt reduction performance of public corporations is irrelevant to conservatism and is the result of the actual process of normalization of management. The results documented in this paper provide an important empirical evidence for evaluating the performance of the government policy at the present time when the debt reduction policy of public institutions is viewed more important than ever.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 2019

This study examines the normalization of Korean GM management between the Korean government and GM in terms of external negotiation game and internal negotiation game using Putnam's Two-Level Games. In addition, GM's Win-set change and negotiation strategy were analyzed. This analysis suggested implications for the optimal negotiation strategy for mutual cooperation between multinational corporations and local governments in the global business environment. First, the negotiation strategy for Korea's normalization of GM management in Korea can be shifted to both the concession theory and the opposition theory depending on the situation change and the government policy centered on the cautious theory. Second, GM will maximize its bargaining power through 'brink-end tactics' by utilizing the fact that the labor market is stabilized, which is the biggest weakness of the Korean government, while maintaining a typical Win-set reduction strategy. GM will be able to restructure at any time in terms of global management strategy, and if the financial support of the Korean government is provided, it will maintain the local factory but withdraw the local plant at the moment of stopping the support. In negotiations on the normalization of GM management in Korea, it is necessary to prepare a problem and countermeasures for various scenarios and to maintain a balance so that the policy does not deviate to any one side.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to verify the two problems(normalization for the different inputs and outputs data, translation invariant for the negative data) which will be occurred in measuring the seaport DEA(data envelopment analysis) efficiency. The main result is as follow: Normalization and translation invariant in the BCC model for measuring the seaport efficiency by using 26 Korean seaport data in 1995 with two inputs(berthing capacity, cargo handling capacity) and three outputs(import cargo throughput, export cargo throughput, number of ship calls) was verified. The main policy implication of this paper is that the port management authority should collect the more specific data and publish these data on the inputs and outputs in the seaports with consideration of negative(ex. accident numbers in each seaport) and positive value for analyzing the efficiency by the scholars, because normalization and translation invariant in the data was verified.

• Economic Analysis
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.132-176
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• 2019

We use a time-varying parameter vector auto regression (TVP-VAR) model to understand the impact of U.S. monetary policy normalization on Korean financial markets and capital accounts. The U.S. monetary policy is represented by the federal funds rate, term premium and credit spread. During the U.S. monetary contraction period of 2004 to 2006, changes in the federal funds rate presented negative pressure on Korean financial markets. The changes in federal funds rate also led to a simultaneous contraction in inward and outward capital flows. However, the effects of a federal funds rate shock has been reduced since 2015. On the other hand, the effects of U.S. term premiums is getting stronger after the period of quantitative easing (QE). The influence of the U.S. credit spread also significantly increased after the global financial crisis. Simulation results show that a rise in the U.S. credit spread, which can be triggered by a contractionary monetary policy, can pose a larger adverse impact on the Korean economy than a rise in the federal funds rate itself. As for capital flows, a U.S. monetary policy contraction causes an outflow of foreign investment, but the repatriation of overseas investment by Korean residents can offset this outflow.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 2014

In this paper, we develop an efficient approach to solve a multiple-item budget-constraint newsboy problem with a reservation policy. A conventional approach for solving such problem utilizes an approximation for the evaluation of an inverse of a Gaussian cumulative density function when the argument of the function is small, and a heuristic method for finding an optimal Lagrangian multiplier. In contrast to the conventional approach, this paper proposes more accurate method of evaluating the function by using the normalization and an effective numerical integration method. We also propose an efficient way to find an optimal Lagrangian multiplier by proving that the equation for the budget-constraint is in fact a monotonically increasing function in the Lagrangian multiplier. Numerical examples are tested to show the performance of the proposed approach with emphases on the behaviors of the inverse of a Gaussian cumulative density function and the Lagrangian multiplier. By using sensitivity analysis of different budget constraints, we show that the reservation policy indeed provides greater expected profit than the classical model of not having the reservation policy.

• Proceedings of the Korea Port Economic Association Conference
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• 2007.07a
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• pp.391-405
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to verify the two problems(normalization for the different inputs and outputs data, and translation invariant for the negative data) which will be occurred in measuring the seaport DEA(data envelopment analysis) efficiency. The main result is as follow: Normalization and translation invariant in the BCC model for measuring the seaport efficiency by using 26 Korean seaport data in 1995 with two inputs(berthing capacity, cargo handling capacity) and three outputs(import cargo throughput, export cargo throughput, number of ship calls) was verified. The main policy implication of this paper is that the port management authority should collect the more specific data and publish these data on the inputs and outputs in the seaports with consideration of negative(ex. accident numbers in each seaport) and positive value for analyzing the efficiency by the scholars, because normalization and translation invariant in the data was verified.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.169-174
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• 2013

Speech recognition, the problem of performance degradation is the difference between the model training and recognition environments. Silence features normalized using the method as a way to reduce the inconsistency of such an environment. Silence features normalized way of existing in the low signal-to-noise ratio. Increase the energy level of the silence interval for voice and non-voice classification accuracy due to the falling. There is a problem in the recognition performance is degraded. This paper proposed a robust speech detection method in noisy environments using a silence feature normalization and voice energy maximize. In the high signal-to-noise ratio for the proposed method was used to maximize the characteristics receive less characterized the effects of noise by the voice energy. Cepstral feature distribution of voice / non-voice characteristics in the low signal-to-noise ratio and improves the recognition performance. Result of the recognition experiment, recognition performance improved compared to the conventional method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.168-176
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• 2014

The enterprise life cycle derived from the product life cycle consists of introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The enterprise tries to reach the growth stage early and stay at the maturity stage stably through expanding its businesses and investing for the new technology. The public enterprise is not different but its life cycle is more prone to be affected by the national development and policy. A typical example can be found in the case of the quasi market SOC public enterprise which spends massive amount of fund to provide social infrastructure. After the fulfillment of its mandated mission it is exposed to the pressure of a merger or a closure usually because large portion of the debt is directly linked to the national financial stability and credit ratings. This research is focused on the variables that influence the life cycle of the quasi market SOC public Enterprise for its future competitiveness is in connection with its normalization, advancement and rationalization. In this respect, categorical variables system centering on public characteristics and profitability drew eight categorical variables such as policy outcomes, public benefit, finance and business values etc.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

Given the difference in research performance in various scientific fields, this study aims to weight and valuate current indicators used for evaluation of scientific productions (publications), in order to adjust these indicators in comparison to each other and make possible a more precise evaluation of scientific productions. This is a scientometrics study using documentary, evaluative, and survey techniques. The statistical population consisted of 106 top Iranian researchers, scientists, and scientific and research managers. Then their research résumé information was gathered and analyzed based on research questions. In order to compare values, the data gathered from research production performance of the population was weighted using Shannon entropy method. Also, the weights of each scientific production importance according to expert opinions (extracted from other works) was analyzed and after adjustment the final weight of each scientific production was determined. A pairwise matrix was used in order to determine the ratios. According to the results, in the area of engineering sciences, patents (0.142) in the area of science, international articles (0.074) in the area of humanities and social sciences, books (0.174), and in the area of medical sciences, international articles (0.111) had the highest weight compared to other information formats. By dividing the weights for each type of publication, the value of each scientific production compared to other scientific productions in the same field and productions of other fields was calculated. Validation of the results in the studied population resulted in very high credibility for all investigated indicators in all four fields. By using these values and normalized ratios of publication indicators it is possible to achieve precise and adjusted results, making it possible to feasibly use these results in realistic policy making.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.44
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• pp.393-410
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• 2016

This paper examines why Japan's nation branding strategy is not working in South Korea in spite of expanding relations between Korea and Japan. Japan has successfully managed its national reputation, which altered its image around the world. However, Japan's nation-image in South Korea has not kept up with its efforts internationally. Political and economic interactions between Korea and Japan have increased throughout the past decades since the normalization of diplomatic relations in 1965. Also, the normalization of cultural-social relations emerged after the Korean government policy restricting Japanese popular culture was removed in the 1990s and overseas travel was liberalized in 1989. In spite of the improvement in politico-cultural-social relations, trust-building efforts still stagnate between the two countries. This paper discusses the reasons behind this phenomenon and provides some suggestions to solve this issue.