• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.107-113
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• 1990

압축성(壓縮性) 모래를 사용하여 주응력(主應力)을 각기 독립적으로 조절할 수 있는 입방체삼축시험(立方體三軸試驗)을 하였다. 그 결과 초기(初期) 변형계수(變形係數)는 b값의 증가와 더불어 증가하고 중간주응력(中間主應力)이 b값이 적을 때는 주변형율간(主變形率間)의 거동(擧動)에 영향을 미치지 못하고 배수(排水) 경우는 b=0.3, 비배수(非排水)경우는 b=0.6 값에서부터 b값이 커질수록 최대주변형율(最大主變形率)(${\varepsilon}_1$) 값이 더 적은 값에서 파괴(破壞)된다. 파괴시(破壞時) 소성변율(塑性變形率) 중분벡터의 방향은 배수조건(排水條件)에 무관하고 직교조건은 3축면(三軸面)에서는 만족되지 않으나 팔면체면(八面體面)에서는 만족되는 재료(材料)임을 알았다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.153-164
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• 2020

Objectives This study is designed to evaluate the safety of Soshihotang soft extract in healthy male volunteers. Methods 12 healthy male volunteers were recruited and this study was carried out by a single center. Laboratory test results, vital signs of the volunteers were collected to evaluate safety. According to registration order, the 12 subjects were allocated by serial number. To evaluate safety, blood samples were taken and vital signs were checked 4 times-screening, pre administration, post administration and follow up-during the whole trial. The incidence of all adverse effects are shown in percentage. The mean and standard deviation were used to to describe and summarize continuous data. To evalate the effectiveness of the intervention, data of blood tests was analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank test or paired T-test (p<0.05). Results In the case of red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophils, protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase values, the normality test result of the variable for the difference value before and after the dosing has a significance level <0.05. But most of values did not deviate from the normal range, and the deviation from the normal range could not be regarded as the significance associated with this clinical trial. And adverse event wasn't observed associated with the clinical trial drug. Conclusions Soshihotang soft extract were considered to be safe for healthy male volunteers.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2022

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Kaltenborn-Evjenth (KE) joint mobilization of the distal radioulnar joints (RUJ) and proximal RUJ in distal radius fractures (DRFs) on range of motion (ROM), grip strength (GS), and patient-written wrist evaluation (PRWE) in each group once, thrice, or fivefold. Methods : Forty-two subjects participated in this study. We divided the subjects with DRFs into groups applying KE concepts RUJ mobilization once, thrice, and fivefold. The patients' ROM and GS were measured using a joint goniometer and dynamometer, respectively. Pain and function were also assessed using a PRWE. In the statistical analysis, all data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and paired t-tests were performed for within-group before-and-after comparisons of each intervention. One-way analysis of variance was used for between-group comparisons of differences. All statistical significance levels were set at α=.05. Results : There were significant differences in the ROM in all three groups before and after the intervention (p<.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups. There were significant differences in the GS in the three groups before and after the intervention (p<.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups. In the pain part of the PRWE, all three groups had significant differences before and after intervention (p<.05), but there was no significant difference between the groups. In the functional part of the PRWE, there were significant differences in the three groups before and after intervention (p<.05), but no significant difference occurred between the groups. Conclusion : Based on the aforementioned results, there were no significant between-group differences in ROM, GS, and PRWE (pain and function) after the application of the K-E joint mobilization to DRFs once, thrice, and fivefold. Nevertheless, there were significant within-group differences in all the above.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.59.1-59.14
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• 2021

Objectives: This study compared the Biodentine, MTA Repair HP, and Bio-C Repair bioceramics in terms of bond strength to dentin, failure mode, and compression. Materials and Methods: Fifty-four slices obtained from the cervical third of 18 single-rooted human mandibular premolars were randomly distributed (n = 18). After insertion of the bioceramic materials, the push-out test was performed. The failure mode was analyzed using stereomicroscopy. Another set of cylindrically-shaped bioceramic samples (n = 10) was prepared for compressive strength testing. The normality of data distribution was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests were used for the push-out test data, while compressive strength was analyzed with analysis of variance and the Tukey test, considering a significance level of 0.05. Results: Biodentine presented a higher median bond strength value (14.79 MPa) than MTA Repair HP (8.84 MPa) and Bio-C Repair (3.48 MPa), with a significant difference only between Biodentine and Bio-C Repair. In the Biodentine group, the most frequent failure mode was mixed (61%), while in the MTA Repair HP and Bio-C Repair groups, it was adhesive (94% and 72%, respectively). Biodentine showed greater resistance to compression (29.59 ± 8.47 MPa) than MTA Repair HP (18.68 ± 7.40 MPa) and Bio-C Repair (19.96 ± 3.96 MPa) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Biodentine showed greater compressive strength than MTA Repair HP and Bio-C Repair, and greater bond strength than Bio-C Repair. The most frequent failure mode of Biodentine was mixed, while that of MTA Repair HP and Bio-C Repair was adhesive.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.659-668
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• 2006

실험계획법을 이용하여 nitromethane을 초임계수산화(SCWO)로 분해시키는 공정의 최적화 연구를 진행하였다. Lab scale 반응설비를 이용하여 처리수의 COD와 T-N을 최소화하는 SCWO 공정의 최적 운전조건을 도출하였으며, scale-up 문제점을 파악하기 위해 SCWO pilot plant 실험 결과와 lab scale 최적화 실험 결과를 비교하였다. 처리수의 COD와 T-N을 최적화 목적 변수(KPOV)로 설정하였으며, 예비실험을 통해 반응 온도(temp)와 nitromethane과 암모니아수의 몰 비(NAR)를 주요 운전 변수(KPIV)로 설정하였다. 최적화 실험은 통계적 실험계획법인 중심합성설계법을 사용하였으며, 실험결과의 해석은 반응표면법을 활용하였다. 주 효과 분석결과 처리수의 COD는 Temp 증가에 따라 급격하게 감소하며, NAR 증가에 따라 약간 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, T-N은 Temp 와 NAR 증가에 따라 감소하였다. Temp가 $420{\sim}430^{\circ}C$로 낮을 때에는 NAR 증가에 따라 T-N이 급격히 감소하였으나, $450^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 높을 때에는 큰 변화가 없었다. 최적화 실험 결과를 회귀분석 하여 처리수의 COD와 T-N 을 예측할 수 있도록 Temp와 NAR이 변수인 2차식으로 회귀식을 도출하였으며, 결정계수($r^2$)와 표준화잔차의 정규성을 분석하여 회귀식이 실험결과를 잘 모사하는 것을 확인하였다. 회귀식을 이용하여 COD < 2 mg/L, T-N<40 mg/L를 동시에 만족시키며 부식 위험이 적은 nitromethane 분해 최적 운전 조건은 Temp $450-460^{\circ}C$, NAR 1.03-1.08로 설정하였다. SCWO pilot plant를 이용하여 nitromethane 분해 최적 조건을 검증하고, SCWO 공정의 scale-up 문제점을 파악하는 연구를 실시하였다. SCWO pilot plant 실험 결과를 lab scale 반응설비에서 도출한 COD와 T-N의 회귀식과 비교한 결과 오차가 증가하지만 회귀식이 pilot plant 실험결과도 잘 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Pilot plant 실험결과에 대한 회귀식의 적합성은 실험값과 예측값의 비교도와 표준화잔차의 정규성으로 검증하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.620-635
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• 1992

This study identified correlations between perceived family support and hopelessness in patients admitted to Neuro - surgical Intensive Care Units. The purpose was to enhance theoretical understanding of the relationships of these two variables. The subjects of this study were 51 patients admitted to N-lCU, at three general hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected by researcher in structured interviews from Aug. 12 to Oct. 13, 1992. The research tools were parts of the Moos Family Environment Scale and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. The general characteristic data were analyzed for frequency and percentage ; the hypothesis was tested by the pearson product Moment Correlation Coefficient. After normality tests by using Kolmogorov - Sminorvtest, and T- test, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal -Wallis test were used on the Family Support and the Hopelessness about general charcteristics. The results of the above analysis were as follows 1) The average family support score for the group was 63.61 (tool average 51) and item average was 3.74 (tool item average 3) : the family support score of this sample was higher than average. The average family cohesion score of family support was 35.25 (tool average 27) and item average was 3.91 (tool item average 3). The average family expression score of family support was 28.35 (tool average 24) and item average was 3.57 (tool average 3). In this sample, perceived family expression was lower than family cohesion. 2) The average hopelessness score was 45.88 (tool average 60) and item average was 2.29 (tool item average 3) : the hopelessness score of this sample was low in comparison to the average. 3) The hypothesis in this study was supported. The main hypothesis that the higher the perceived family support level, the lower the level Of the hopelessness, was Supported (r＝-.3869 p＝.003). The sub-hypothesis that the higher the perceived family cohesion level, the lower the level of hopelessness, was supported(r＝-.3688 p＝.004). The sub-hypothesis that the higher the perceived family expression level, the lower the level of hopelessness, was supported (r＝-.3068 p＝.014). 4) General characteristics of the objects related to family support were ‘economic status’(p＝.025) and ‘helping person’(P＝.044) : the higher the economic status, the greater the family support. When the patient identified the helping person as a spouse, family support was rated more highly. The only general characteristic related to family cohesion was ‘helping person’(p＝.041). No general characteristics were related to family expression. 5) The one general characteristic related to hopelessness was ‘education’(p＝.002) : the higher their education, the lower their hopelessness. For these ICU patients, were related perceived family support and hopelessness, and family expression level was low in comparison to family cohesion level. The perceived family support of these seriously ill patients in situational crisis may have influenced the patient's emotional reaction of hopelessness. This study concluded that nurses in the ICU confirm the family support of the patient, and involve the family as the most intimate support systems in the care of the patient to help reduce the patient's hopelessness.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.209-233
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• 2018

본 연구는 정치 경제 요인이 재생에너지 기술의 수출에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 실증분석은 1992년부터 2012년까지의 OECD 19개 회원국의 패널 자료를 이용하였다. 실증모델을 설정하기 전 데이터의 특성 파악을 위한 다양한 패널 프레임워크 분석(정규성, 구조변화, 1차 자기상관, 패널 이분산성, 패널 개체 간 상호의존성, 패널 단위근 검정)을 수행하였다. 패널 프레임워크 분석결과를 고려하여 데이터 특성에 부합하는 실증모형을 설정하고, 동태 패널 모델의 편의를 최소화하기 위해 Bias-corrected Least Square Dummy Variable Estimator(LSDVC)를 추정하였다. 분석결과, 공식적인 강제압력으로 표출되는 정부의 수요견인정책과 경쟁압력을 표출되는 시장매력도는 재생에너지 기술의 수출신장에 통계적으로 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 그렇지만, 정치요인 중 규범적 압력으로 표출되는 전통에너지산업의 주도와 비공식적인 강제압력으로 표출되는 공공압력은 재생에너지 기술의 수출에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과에 기초하여 재생에너지 산업의 성장과 수출 촉진과 관련된 시사점을 제공하였다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2009

압축지수를 구하기 위해 경험적으로 제안되고 있는 상관관계식은 압밀실험 횟수가 작거나 분산이 심한 경우에 간단한 시험으로 획득할 수 있는 토질정수를 이용하여 간편하게 구할 수 있도록 제안되었으나 대부분은 분석대상지역이 국외나 국내의 특정지역에 국한되거나 여러 자료를 통합하여 사용한 경우가 많아 적용하는데 무리가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 지반의 불확실성을 고려한 설계법의 새로운 정립을 목적으로 시험자료의 불확실성을 최대한 줄이기 위해 최근에 수집된 비교적 신뢰성이 큰 광양항 지역을 연구대상지로 선정하였다. 선정지역에서 획득된 압밀시험 자료에 대해 정규성 검증 및 변수 변환을 수행한 후 변수변환된 회귀모형을 통하여 예측식을 제안하였으며, 제안된 변수변환 회귀모형식을 기존의 경험식과 비교하여 제안모형식의 적합성을 검증하였다. 분석결과 Box-Cox 변수변환 후 결정계수가 증가하며 설명력이 향상되고 있음을 확인하였으며 평균제곱예측오차법을 통하여 제안된 모형식이 실험값과 가장 근접한 값을 나타내고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2012

Objective : This study was done to investigate the correlation between general quality of life(QOL) and disease specific QOL of tinnitus patients. Methods : 2009 National health and nutrition survey(NHNS) data were employed for analyzing the mean estimates of total population and tinnitus sub-group patients, and predicting the regression equation of mapping between EQ-5D and disease severity. Baseline statistical analyses and normality tests were done by using Student t-test, Chi-square test, Shapiro-Wilk test and ladder test. Hierarchial regression analyses were performed using related variables and predicted the optimal regression equations. Statistical significance was achieved if the probability was less than 5%. Results : Firstly, the standardized prevalence of tinnitus patient in South Korea was 18.69% and over 90th age-group was relatively higher than other groups. Mean value of domestic QOL measured by EQ-5D was estimated as 0.9486 and QOL of tinnitus subgroup(0.9169) was lower than the non-tinnitus subgroup(0.9559), significantly. Stratified by age and sex, QOLs of all sub-groups with tinnitus were lower than without tinnitus sub-groups significantly. Regression equations from 2009 NHNS data were developed using hierarchial regression analysis which is as follows. $$Y_{EQ-5D}=0.9224-0.0079{\times}T1-0.0261{\times}T2-0.0951{\times}T3+\sum_{i=1}^{n}{\beta}_i{\times}X_i\\{\hspace{95}}(0.0106){\hspace{3}}(0.0037){\hspace{30}}(0.0072){\hspace{30}}(0.0038)$$ ($X_i$=Other explanatory variables except Tinnitus QOL1, 2, 3, ${\beta}$= Regression Coefficient of Model 4) Conclusion : We confirmed the correlation among THI and EQ-5D and HUI-III, and developed the inference for regression equation of EQ-5D.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2019

해안지역은 강의 지형과 지질, 해류 및 강하구 등 환경조건에 따라 다양한 퇴적층을 구성하므로 해안지역에 충적된 해성점토 특성을 파악하는 것이 연약지반의 형성을 규명하는데 중요한 역할을 수행하게 된다. 일반적으로 충적지반은 지형과 자연환경변화와 같은 다양한 구성요소로 형성되므로 퇴적된 지역이나 퇴적상황에 따라 매우 다른 성질을 가지게 된다. 더구나 해안지역을 따라 다양한 대형사업이 강하구에 집중됨으로써 해류의 흐름이나 퇴적특성이 바뀌어 퇴적상태가 변하여 불확실성이 더욱 심해지고 있는 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 지반의 불확실성을 고려한 설계 상수를 제시할 목적으로 서해안과 남해안을 5개 영역으로 구분하고 대상연안에 해당되는 상대적으로 높은 신뢰성을 가진 실내 및 현장조사 자료를 수집하여 통계적인 분석을 수행하였으며, 선형 및 비선형 회귀 분석을 사용하여 설계 매개 변수 간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 또한 정상 검증, 이상치제거와 같은 통계 분석을 통해 각 지역의 불확실성을 고려한 설계 매개 변수의 분포 특성을 제안했다.