• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2020

In this study, we analyzed space heating and domestic hot water(DHW) charges from 2017 to 2018 for 151,206 households in 202 apartment complexes built from 1997 to 2016, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of Korea's insulation standards reinforcement. The applied insulation standards were revised three times(in 1987, 2001 and 2010). We used the Anderson-Darling test to review the normality of the space heating and DHW charges. As a result, each p-value was greater than 0.05 and it followed the normal distribution. The annual average space heating charges per unit area of apartments with the 1987 insulation standards were 5,237￦/㎡a in 2017 and 5,328￦/㎡a in 2018. The heating charges with the 2001 standards were 4,827￦/㎡a in 2017 and 4,817￦/㎡a in 2018. Compared to previous standards(1987 standards), heating charges decreased by 7.8% and 9.6%. Also the heating charges with the 2010 standards were 3,683￦/㎡a in 2017 and 3,734￦/㎡a in 2018. Compared to previous standards(2001 standards), heating charges decreased by 24.3% and 21.5%. On the other hand, compared to each previous standards, DHW charges were decreased by 12.2%, 13.6% or increased by 4.6%, 6.9%, which means there's no correlation between insulation standards reinforcement and DHW charges.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2022

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Kaltenborn-Evjenth (KE) joint mobilization of the distal radioulnar joints (RUJ) and proximal RUJ in distal radius fractures (DRFs) on range of motion (ROM), grip strength (GS), and patient-written wrist evaluation (PRWE) in each group once, thrice, or fivefold. Methods : Forty-two subjects participated in this study. We divided the subjects with DRFs into groups applying KE concepts RUJ mobilization once, thrice, and fivefold. The patients' ROM and GS were measured using a joint goniometer and dynamometer, respectively. Pain and function were also assessed using a PRWE. In the statistical analysis, all data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and paired t-tests were performed for within-group before-and-after comparisons of each intervention. One-way analysis of variance was used for between-group comparisons of differences. All statistical significance levels were set at α=.05. Results : There were significant differences in the ROM in all three groups before and after the intervention (p<.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups. There were significant differences in the GS in the three groups before and after the intervention (p<.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups. In the pain part of the PRWE, all three groups had significant differences before and after intervention (p<.05), but there was no significant difference between the groups. In the functional part of the PRWE, there were significant differences in the three groups before and after intervention (p<.05), but no significant difference occurred between the groups. Conclusion : Based on the aforementioned results, there were no significant between-group differences in ROM, GS, and PRWE (pain and function) after the application of the K-E joint mobilization to DRFs once, thrice, and fivefold. Nevertheless, there were significant within-group differences in all the above.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.547-555
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• 2014

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the association between subjective distress symptoms and argon welding among workers in Gyeongnam Province shipyard. Method: 31 argon and 29 non-argon welding workers were selected as study subjects in order to measure concentrations of personal dust, welding fumes and other hazardous materials such as ZnO, Pb, Cr, FeO, MnO, Cu, Ni, $TiO_2$, MgO, NO, $NO_2$, $O_3$, $O_2$, $CO_2$, CO and Ar. An interviewer-administered questionnaire survey was also performed on the same subjects. The items queried were as follows: age, height, weight, working duration, welding time, welding rod amounts used, drinking, smoking, and rate of subjective distress symptoms including headache and other symptoms such as fever, vomiting and nausea, metal fume fever, dizziness, tingling sensations, difficulty in breathing, memory loss, sleep disorders, emotional disturbance, hearing loss, hand tremors, visual impairment, neural abnormality, allergic reaction, runny nose and stuffiness, rhinitis, and suffocation. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 18. Data are expressed as the mean ${\pm}SD$. An ${\chi}^2$-test and a normality test using a Shapiro wilk test were performed for the above variables. Logistic regression analysis was also conducted to identify the factors that affect the total score for subjective distress symptoms. Result: An association was shown between welding type (argon or non-argon welding) and the total score for subjective distress symptoms. Among the rate of complaining of subjective distress symptoms, vomiting and nausea, difficulty breathing, and allergic reactions were all significantly higher in the argon welding group. Only the concentration of dust and welding fumes was shown to be distributed normally after natural log transformation. According to logistic regression analysis, the correlations of working duration and welding type (argon or non-argon) between the total score of subjective distress symptoms were found to be statistically significant (p=0.041, p=0.049, respectively). Conclusion: Our results suggest that argon welding could cause subjective distress symptoms in shipyard workers.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2015

Purpose - This paper aims to provide a step-by-step approach to factor analytic procedures, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and to offer a guideline for factor analysis. Authors have argued that the results of PCA and EFA are substantially similar. Additionally, they assert that PCA is a more appropriate technique for factor analysis because PCA produces easily interpreted results that are likely to be the basis of better decisions. For these reasons, many researchers have used PCA as a technique instead of EFA. However, these techniques are clearly different. PCA should be used for data reduction. On the other hand, EFA has been tailored to identify any underlying factor structure, a set of measured variables that cause the manifest variables to covary. Thus, it is needed for a guideline and for procedures to use in factor analysis. To date, however, these two techniques have been indiscriminately misused. Research design, data, and methodology - This research conducted a literature review. For this, we summarized the meaningful and consistent arguments and drew up guidelines and suggested procedures for rigorous EFA. Results - PCA can be used instead of common factor analysis when all measured variables have high communality. However, common factor analysis is recommended for EFA. First, researchers should evaluate the sample size and check for sampling adequacy before conducting factor analysis. If these conditions are not satisfied, then the next steps cannot be followed. Sample size must be at least 100 with communality above 0.5 and a minimum subject to item ratio of at least 5:1, with a minimum of five items in EFA. Next, Bartlett's sphericity test and the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) measure should be assessed for sampling adequacy. The chi-square value for Bartlett's test should be significant. In addition, a KMO of more than 0.8 is recommended. The next step is to conduct a factor analysis. The analysis is composed of three stages. The first stage determines a rotation technique. Generally, ML or PAF will suggest to researchers the best results. Selection of one of the two techniques heavily hinges on data normality. ML requires normally distributed data; on the other hand, PAF does not. The second step is associated with determining the number of factors to retain in the EFA. The best way to determine the number of factors to retain is to apply three methods including eigenvalues greater than 1.0, the scree plot test, and the variance extracted. The last step is to select one of two rotation methods: orthogonal or oblique. If the research suggests some variables that are correlated to each other, then the oblique method should be selected for factor rotation because the method assumes all factors are correlated in the research. If not, the orthogonal method is possible for factor rotation. Conclusions - Recommendations are offered for the best factor analytic practice for empirical research.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2018

대학교부설 과학영재교육원은 전국에 27개가 과학기술정보통신부의 지원으로 운영되고 있으며 각 과학영재교육원에는 수학, 물리, 화학, 생물, 지구과학, 정보반이 개설되고 있다. 과학영재의 특징으로는 지적요인뿐만 아니라 정의 및 동기요인이 영재성을 규명하는데 중요한 준거가 된다. 정보영재 학생들을 위한 컴퓨팅 사고력의 구성요소를 가지는 교육과정을 개발하였다. 그 교육과정이 정보영재의 정의적 영역인 컴퓨터 과학적 태도에 효과가 있는지를 분석하기 위하여 TOSRA를 수정하여 검사지를 개발하였다. 개발된 교육과정을 K 대학교부설 과학영재교육원의 중학교 1-2 학년생으로 구성된 정보반 학생들을 대상으로 1년간 수업을 진행하면서 정보영재 학생들의 컴퓨터 과학적 태도검사를 실시하여 t-검정으로 비교 분석하였다. 검사결과에 의하면 과학영재교육원에서 진행한 교육과정의 컴퓨터 과학적 태도는 유의도 수준 0.05에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 컴퓨터과학의 사회적 시사영역, 컴퓨터과학 탐구에 대한 태도영역, 컴퓨터 기술자의 평범함영역은 유의도 수준 0.05에서 유의한 차이가 있었으나 컴퓨터 과학적 태도의 수용영역, 컴퓨터과학 수업의 즐거움영역, 컴퓨터과학 관련 취미에 대한 관심영역, 컴퓨터과학 관련 직업에 대한 관심영역은 유의도 수준 0.05에서 유의한 차이가 없었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.537-543
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• 2020

4차 산업혁명 시대에 필요한 인재를 양성하기 위해서는 정보영재를 선발하여 체계적으로 교육하는 것이 필요하다. 영재의 정의적 특성은 자아개념, 성격, 사회성, 성취동기, 도덕성, 태도나 흥미 등을 들 수 있으며 성취도에 영향을 끼치는 중요한 요소이며 특히 컴퓨터 과학적 태도는 컴퓨터과학 학습의 출발점 행동으로 컴퓨터과학 성취도에 영향을 미치는 중요 변인이다. 본 연구에서는 정보영재의 정의적 특성을 측정하기 위하여 Fraser가 개발한 TOSRA를 기반으로 컴퓨터 과학적 태도 검사 도구를 개발하였다. 컴퓨터 과학적 태도 검사 도구는 컴퓨터과학의 사회적 시사영역, 컴퓨터과학 탐구에 대한 태도영역, 컴퓨터 과학적 태도의 수용영역, 컴퓨터과학 수업의 즐거움영역, 컴퓨터과학 관련 취미에 대한 관심영역, 컴퓨터과학 관련 직업에 대한 관심영역, 컴퓨터과학자의 평범함 영역으로 7개의 영역으로 구성된다. 개발된 검사 도구를 사용하여 정보영재 학생들의 컴퓨터 과학적 태도와 학업성취도간의 관계를 분석하였다. 컴퓨터 과학적 태도가 학업성취도를 유의하게 예측하는지를 확인하기 위하여 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 t=2.543, p=0.025로 유의 수준 .05에서 컴퓨터 과학적 태도의 평균이 학업성취도를 유의하게 예측하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.620-635
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• 1992

This study identified correlations between perceived family support and hopelessness in patients admitted to Neuro - surgical Intensive Care Units. The purpose was to enhance theoretical understanding of the relationships of these two variables. The subjects of this study were 51 patients admitted to N-lCU, at three general hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected by researcher in structured interviews from Aug. 12 to Oct. 13, 1992. The research tools were parts of the Moos Family Environment Scale and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. The general characteristic data were analyzed for frequency and percentage ; the hypothesis was tested by the pearson product Moment Correlation Coefficient. After normality tests by using Kolmogorov - Sminorvtest, and T- test, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal -Wallis test were used on the Family Support and the Hopelessness about general charcteristics. The results of the above analysis were as follows 1) The average family support score for the group was 63.61 (tool average 51) and item average was 3.74 (tool item average 3) : the family support score of this sample was higher than average. The average family cohesion score of family support was 35.25 (tool average 27) and item average was 3.91 (tool item average 3). The average family expression score of family support was 28.35 (tool average 24) and item average was 3.57 (tool average 3). In this sample, perceived family expression was lower than family cohesion. 2) The average hopelessness score was 45.88 (tool average 60) and item average was 2.29 (tool item average 3) : the hopelessness score of this sample was low in comparison to the average. 3) The hypothesis in this study was supported. The main hypothesis that the higher the perceived family support level, the lower the level Of the hopelessness, was Supported (r＝-.3869 p＝.003). The sub-hypothesis that the higher the perceived family cohesion level, the lower the level of hopelessness, was supported(r＝-.3688 p＝.004). The sub-hypothesis that the higher the perceived family expression level, the lower the level of hopelessness, was supported (r＝-.3068 p＝.014). 4) General characteristics of the objects related to family support were ‘economic status’(p＝.025) and ‘helping person’(P＝.044) : the higher the economic status, the greater the family support. When the patient identified the helping person as a spouse, family support was rated more highly. The only general characteristic related to family cohesion was ‘helping person’(p＝.041). No general characteristics were related to family expression. 5) The one general characteristic related to hopelessness was ‘education’(p＝.002) : the higher their education, the lower their hopelessness. For these ICU patients, were related perceived family support and hopelessness, and family expression level was low in comparison to family cohesion level. The perceived family support of these seriously ill patients in situational crisis may have influenced the patient's emotional reaction of hopelessness. This study concluded that nurses in the ICU confirm the family support of the patient, and involve the family as the most intimate support systems in the care of the patient to help reduce the patient's hopelessness.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2009

압축지수를 구하기 위해 경험적으로 제안되고 있는 상관관계식은 압밀실험 횟수가 작거나 분산이 심한 경우에 간단한 시험으로 획득할 수 있는 토질정수를 이용하여 간편하게 구할 수 있도록 제안되었으나 대부분은 분석대상지역이 국외나 국내의 특정지역에 국한되거나 여러 자료를 통합하여 사용한 경우가 많아 적용하는데 무리가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 지반의 불확실성을 고려한 설계법의 새로운 정립을 목적으로 시험자료의 불확실성을 최대한 줄이기 위해 최근에 수집된 비교적 신뢰성이 큰 광양항 지역을 연구대상지로 선정하였다. 선정지역에서 획득된 압밀시험 자료에 대해 정규성 검증 및 변수 변환을 수행한 후 변수변환된 회귀모형을 통하여 예측식을 제안하였으며, 제안된 변수변환 회귀모형식을 기존의 경험식과 비교하여 제안모형식의 적합성을 검증하였다. 분석결과 Box-Cox 변수변환 후 결정계수가 증가하며 설명력이 향상되고 있음을 확인하였으며 평균제곱예측오차법을 통하여 제안된 모형식이 실험값과 가장 근접한 값을 나타내고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.87-101
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate characteristics of low back pain patients and trends of Korean medicine conservative treatment effects of low back pain patients by registry data. Methods A total of 78 patients were analyzed, statistical analysis was performed using a generalized linear model. The comparison between groups was performed using independent two samples t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test according to the distribution of normality. Before and after the treatment effects, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis method were used for the comparison, Sheffe method was used for the post test. Results The average age of hospitalized patients was 31.8 years old and out-patient department (OPD) patients was 44.9 years old. Lots of OPD patients and hospitalized patients were classified to 'Lumbago due to Coexist Qu Stagnation and Bloos Stasis'. Both OPD patients and hospitalized patients classified to 'Lumbago due to Coexist Qu Stagnation and Bloos Stasis' showed statistically significant decrease in RMDQ (Roland-Morris disability questionnaire) and NRS (numeric rating scale) on 1 month and 3 month after clinical research start date. Comparing the treatment effects of Chuna manual therapy, both Chuna group and non-Chuna group showed statistically significant decrease in RMDQ and NRS on discharge date, 1 month and 3 month after clinical research start date. Conclusions We expect that a larger scale registry study will be carried out to provide a higher level of basis for the Korean medical treatment of low back pain.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.157-175
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• 2021

본 연구는 기술보증기금이 2017년부터 2019년까지 기술평가를 통하여 보증 지원한 기술 중소기업 중 3,214개 기업을 대상으로 4차 산업혁명 기업과 일반 중소기업으로 구분한 후 경영 특성이 고성장 기업 결정에 미치는 영향을 실증 분석하였다. 고성장 기업 판단은 OECD(2007)의 정의를 적용하여 최근 2년간 매출액 증가율이 연간 평균 20% 이상인 기업이다. 표본 대상의 두집단이 비정규분포를 따르고 있어 Mann-Whitney U test 비모수 검증으로 평균치 차이 분석을 하였다. 또한 정규성 가정이 덜 엄격한 이변량 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 독립변수는 대표자 역량, 인적자본 역량, 기술혁신 역량, 기본 특성, 지역더미, 기술수준 더미이다. 이에 대응하는 하위변수는 대표자 학력, 대표자 동업종 경험 수준, 상시 종업원, 연구 인력, 지식 재산권 수, 연구개발 투자금액, 기업 업력, 총자산, 지역_수도권, 지역_중부권, 기술수준_첨단기술, 기술수준_중기술이다. 분석결과, 4차 산업혁명 기업은 대표자 동업종 경험수준, 상시종업원, 기업업력, 총자산, 기술수준_첨단기술의 연구가설이 지지되었다. 일반 중소기업은 대표자 동업종 경험수준, 연구인력, 총자산, 지역_수도권의 연구가설이 지지되었다.