• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.451-465
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• 2015

The free-air anomalies are computed using a data set from various types of gravity measurements in the Korean Peninsula area. The gravity values extracted from the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 are used in the surrounding region. The upward continuation technique suggested by Dragomir is used in the computation of the external free-air anomalies at various altitudes. The integration radius 10 times the altitude is used in order to keep the accuracy of results and computational resources. The direct geodesic formula developed by Bowring is employed in integration. At the 1-km altitude, the free-air anomalies vary from -41.315 to 189.327 mgal with the standard deviation of 22.612 mgal. At the 3-km altitude, they vary from -36.478 to 156.209 mgal with the standard deviation of 20.641 mgal. At the 1,000-km altitude, they vary from 3.170 to 5.864 mgal with the standard deviation of 0.670 mgal. The predicted free-air anomalies at 3-km altitude are compared to the published free-air anomalies reduced from the airborne gravity measurements at the same altitude. The rms difference is 3.88 mgal. Considering the reported 2.21-mgal airborne gravity cross-over accuracy, this rms difference is not serious. Possible causes in the difference appear to be external free-air anomaly simulation errors in this work and/or the gravity reduction errors of the other. The external gravity field is predicted by adding the external free-air anomaly to the normal gravity computed using the closed form formula for the gravity above and below the surface of the ellipsoid. The predicted external gravity field in this work is expected to reasonably present the real external gravity field. This work seems to be the first structured research on the external free-air anomaly in the Korean Peninsula area, and the external gravity field can be used to improve the accuracy of the inertial navigation system.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.233-239
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of intra-uterine infusion of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on uterine involution in dairy cows with retained placenta. The LPS isolated from Bacteroides helcogenes and Fusobaoterium varium was infused at the rate of 100 ug (n=11) and 200 ug (n=11) with 30 ml of phosphate buffer saline in each cow at 20 days post-partum. The cows in conrol group (n=11) with retained placenta were infused with 30 ml phosphate buffer saline in each cow at 20 days postpartum. Cross-sectional ultrasonography was performed at days 40 postpartum to examine uterine involution and exudate in the all dairy cows in study. The cows in control group have shown 45.5, 27.3 and 27.3% gravid horn with less than 30 mm (normal), $31{\sim}50mm$ (medium) and more than 51 mm (large) in diameter. Respective average values of gravid horn diameter in cows treated with LPS 200 ug were noticed 72.7, 18.2 and 9.1%. However, the gravid horn diameter in all the cows treated with 100 ug of LPS was less than 30 mm. The 18.2, 63.6 and 54.6% cows in the control, LPS 100 ug and LPS 200 ug, respectively, have shown no exudate in uterine cavity. However, the respective rates of small amount of exudate retention in uterine cavity were 45.5, 0.0, and 9.1%. Approximately 36.4% cows in all 3 treated groups have shown minute quantity of exudate. In conclusion, the LPS intra-uterine infusion promoted postpartum uterine involution in dairy cows with retained placenta.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.344-356
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• 2005

There are normal inhabitants doing medically useful functions in the body. There are many kinds of bacteria performing specific functions in the oral cavity. Two strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from inhabitants of caries-free children's oral cavity, which inhibited the formation of artificial plaque by Streptococcus mutans and the production of volatile sulfur compounds by anaerobic bacteria. The isolates were identified by the test using API 50 CHL medium kit and 16S rDNA partial sequencing. 1. Two isolates were Gram-positive bacilli and produced hydrogen peroxide. 2. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured in the media, the mean weight of formed artificial plaque on the orthodontic wires was $124.4{\pm}30.4\;mg$, whereas being reduced to $5.2{\pm}2.0mg$ and $10.6{\pm}6.6mg$ in the media cultured with Streptococcus mutans and each isolate, respectively (p<0.05) 3. The number of viable cells of Streptococcus mutans was $3.4{\times}10^9$ per ml in the cultured solution, whereas those of Streptococcus mutans in the combined culture with each of isolates were $4.6{\times}10^8\;and\;2.4{\times}10^8$ per ml. 4. The optical density was 1.286 in the supernatant of Fusobacterium nucleatum after vortexing for 30minutes, whereas in the supernatant of combined Fusobacterium nucleatum and each isolate, they were reduced to 0.628 and 0.497, which the percentages of coaggregation between them were 29.4% and 57.8%, respectively 5. The optical density of Fusobacterium nucleatum precipitate was 1.794 in the culture media containing cysteine and $FeSO_4$, being reduced to 1.144 and 0.915 in the coaggregated precipitates of Fusobacterium nucleatum and each isolate. The optical density of Porphyromonas gingivalis precipitate was 1.932 in the culture media, being reduced to 1.170 and 1.266 in the coaggregated precipitates of Porphyromonas gingivalis and each isolate. 6. When two isolates were tested with API 50 CHL medium kit, those were identified Lactobaciallius salivarius and Lactobaciallius delbrueckii subsp. lactis. 7. The similarity values of 16S rDNA sequence between each of isolates and Lactobaciallius salivarius subsp. salicinius were 99.60% and 99.73%, respectively, meaning that isolates were Lactobaciallius salivarius subsp. salicinius. These results indicated that two strains isolated from caries-free children's saliva, which inhibited the formation of artificial plaque and the production of volatile sulfur compounds, were identified as Lactobaciallius salivarius subsp. salicinius.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the difference of the depth of sedation using the Bispectral index assessment with and without the added submucosal Midazolam to oral Chloral hydrate and Hydroxyzine for pediatric patients. Twenty seven sedation cases were performed in this study Selection criteria included good health(ASA I), 2 to 6 years of age, the need for sedation to receive dental treatment including anesthesia, and restorative procedure over at least two teeth. Patients were randomly classified into one group taking oral Chloral hydrate(60 mg/kg) and Hydroxyzine(1 mg/kg) and the other group recieving Chloral hydrate(60 mg/kg), Hydroxyzine(1 mg/kg) and submucosal Midazolam(0.1 mg/kg). Nitrous Oxide(50%) was used for both group during sedation. Patients were monitored using a pulse oximeter and a Bispectral monitor. A behavior scale was rated as quiet(Q), crying(C), movement(M), or struggling(S) every 2 minutes watching a recorded videotape. Analysis showed a significant difference in mean Bispectral index and SD during sedation across two groups(P<0.001). The group of patients injected with submucosal Midazolam in addition to oral Chloral hydrate and Hydroxyzine showed a lower mean Bispectral index and a narrower SD. PR and SpO2 for both groups remained within the normal values. Submucosal Midazolam improved the sedation quality by deepening sedation depth without compromising safety and enabled the sedation pattern to be kept more stable.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2006

The precise estimation of total and organic carbon contents in sediments is fundamental to understand the benthic environment. To test the precision and accuracy of CHN analyzer and the procedure to quantify total and organic carbon contents(using in-situ acidification with sulfurous acid($H_2SO_3$)) in the sediment, the reference material s such as Acetanilide($C_8H_9NO$), Sulfanilammide($C_6H_8N_2O_2S$), and BCSS-1(standard estuary sediment) were used. The results indicate that CHN analyzer to quantify carbon and nitrogen content has high precision(percent error=3.29%) and accuracy(relative standard deviation=1.26%). Additionally, we conducted the instrumental comparison of carbon values analyzed using CHN analyzer and Coulometeric Carbon Analyzer. Total carbon contents measured from two different instruments were highly correlated($R^2=0.9993$, n=84, p<0.0001) with a linear relationship and show no significant differences(paired t-test, p=0.0003). The organic carbon contents from two instruments also showed the similar results with a significant linear relationship($R^2=0.8867$, n=84, p<0.0001) and no significant differences(paired t-test, p<0.0001). Although it is possible to overestimate organic carbon contents for some sediment types having high inorganic carbon contents(such as calcareous ooze) due to procedural and analytical errors, analysis of organic carbon contents in sediments using CHN Analyzer and current procedures seems to provide the best estimates. Therefore, we recommend that this method can be applied to measure the carbon content in normal any sediment samples and are considered to be one of the best procedure far routine analysis of total and organic carbon.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.269-278
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• 2002

Objective s: Chromosome aneuploidy is associated with recurrent abortion and congenital anomaly and genetic diseases occur repeatedly in the specific families. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can prevent aneuploidy or genetic disease by selecting normal embryos before implantation and is an alternative to prenatal diagnosis. The aim of this study is to assess the outcome of PGD cycles by using FISH or PCR, and to determine the clinical usefulness and values in patients with risk of chromosomal aneuploidy or genetic disease. Materials and Methods: From 1995 to Apr. 2001, a total of 108 PGD cycles in 65 patients with poor reproductive outcome were analyzed. The indications of PGD were translocation (n=49), inversion (n=2), aneuploidy screening (n=7), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (n=5) and spinal muscular atrophy (n=2). PGD was applied due to the history of recurrent abortion, previous birth of affected child or risk of aneuploidy related to sex chromosome aneuploidy or old age. Blastomere biopsy was performed in 6$\sim$10 cell stage embryo after IVF with ICSI. In the single blastomere, chromosome aneuploidy was diagnosed by using FISH and PCR was performed for the diagnosis of exon deletion in DMD or SMA. Results: The FISH or PCR amplification was successful in 94.3% of biopsied blastomeres. The rate of transferable balanced emb ryos was 24.0% in the chromosome translocation and inversion, 57.1% for the DMD and SMA, and 28.8% for the aneuploidy screening. Overall hCG positive rate per transfer was 17.8% (18/101) and clinical pregnancy rate was 13.9% (14/101) (11 term pregnancy, 3 abortion, and 4 biochemical pregnancy). The clinical pregnancy rate of translocation and inversion was 12.9% (11/85) and abortion rate was 27.3% (3/11). In the DMD and SMA, the clinical pregnancy rate was 33.3% (3/9) and all delivered at term. The PGD results were confirmed by amniocentesis and were correct. When the embryos developed to compaction or morula, the pregnancy rate was higher (32%) than that of the cases without compaction (7.2%, p<0.01). Conclusions: PGD by using FISH or PCR is useful to get n ormal pregnancy by reducing spontaneous abortion associated with chromosome aneuploidy in the patients with structural chromosome aberration or risk of aneuploidy and can prevent genetic disease prior to implantation.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.13-28
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• 2000

Chojeong area is mainly composed of the Ogcheon Group which consists of regionally metamorphosed, age-unknown sedimentary rocks. In the northwestern parts, the Group is intruded by the Jurassic Daebo granite and Cretaceous felsic and mafic dykes. The lowermost, Midongsan Formation which consists of milky white impure quartzite, crops out along the anticline axes with N40E trend. Ungyori quartzite Formation is intercalated with quartzite and slate. Miwon Formation is most widely exposed in the area and consists mainly of phyllitic sandy rocks with a thin crystalline limestone bed. Hwajeonri Formation is divided into two parts, pelitic lower and calcareous upper parts, composed with phyllite and slate. Changri and Hwanggangri Formations are typical members of Ogcheon Group, the former bearing coally graphite seams consists mainly of black slate and phyllite with intercalated greenish grey phyllite, the latter is pebble bearing phyllite formation of which matrix and pebbles are variable in compositions and size. Biotite granite, porphyritic granite and two mica granite belong to Jurassic so-called Dabo granite. They intruded the Ogcheon Group forming vast contact metarnophic zone. Quartz porphyry, mafic dyke and felsite intruded along the marginal zone of porphyritic granite batholith and fracture of NS trend. Main structural lineaments in Ogcheon Group shows N25-45E, NS and N30-45W trends. The N25-45E trends are mainly from general ductile deformation during regional metamorphism, showing isoclinal folding, Fl foliations and lithological erosional characters. Some of these trends are due to normal faults. The NS and N30-45W trends represent brittle deformation including faults and joints. In the area of granitic batholith, NS to N30- 45 trends are from the direction of dykes. In the soils of the area, average contents of heavy metal elements such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn are 0.2, 50.6, 35.5, 27.9, and 93.4 ppm respectively, which are not higher than the average values of natural soils, under the tolerable level. Enrichment Index does not show any heavy metal pollution in the area. Average depths of weathering(5m vs. 2m), porosities(43.94 vs. 51.80), densities(l.29 vs. 1.15), and permeabilities(2.52 vs. 8.07) are comparable in granite areas and in the phyllite areas of Ogcheon Group.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.754-761
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the effect of chitosan-ascorbate (CA) prepared with different molecular weight (223, 746, 1110 and 2025 kDa) on the fermentation and quality of mul-kimchi, and also, the effect of the mul-kimchi juice fermented with 0.1% chitosan-ascorbate prepared with 2025 kDa chitosan (CA2025) on the serum lipids of rae fed with high cholesterol diet (HC). The mul-kimchi fermented in 0.1% CA2025 has lower turbidity, longer shelf-life, higher glucosamine content and SOD activity than those of control and the other treatments. In the animal experiment the HC-CA2025 and HC-2CA2025 groups which were administered 0.5 mL per 100 g body weight of mul-kimchi juice fermented with 0.1% CA2025 and administered the same volume of the juice concentrated 112 per nay fed for 5 week, respectively. The average body weight of the HC-CA2025 and HC-2CA2025 group was lower 6.9% and 8.4% than that of HC control group respectively. Total serum cholesterol contents of these groups were 88.33 and 85.00 mg/uL, which were 17.45% and 20.56% lower than HC control group respectively. While, HDL-cholesterol content of these groups were 7% and 23%, higher the LDL-cholesterol content were 13% and 26% lower than those of HC control group respectively. And also, though the atherogenic index, AST and ALT activities were not reached to normal control group, the values were remarkably lower than those of HC control group. This study indicates the possibility of utility for kimchi industry by adding chitosan-ascorbate, especially CA2025 showing not only quality enhancing and shelf-life prolongation but also improving serum lipids and atherogenic index in rats fed with high cholesterol diet.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.144-155
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• 2011

The infraspecific taxa of Adonis amurensis Regel et Radde are currently known to include one subspecies (subsp. nanus Y. Lee), two varieties (var. ramosa Makino, and var. dissectipetalis Y. Lee) and two forms (for. argentatus Y. Lee, and for. viridescensicalyx Y. Lee). Among them, the remaining three taxa except for subsp. nanus and var. dissectipetalis are unified with A. amurensis. Therefore, we examined the morphological characteristics and geographical distribution of A. amurensis in effort to elucidate the taxonomic status of subsp. nanus and var. dissectipetalis. After the subsp. nanus samples had been transplanted from their type locality, i.e. highland at more than 1,000 m above sea level, to a lowland habitat, we measured the samples' morphological characteristics. The range of values we recorded of the plant height and floral diameter from the subsp. nanus samples were within the parameters used to characterize A. amurensis. Accordingly, subsp. nanus has been characterized as an ecophene of A. amurensis. It is considered as a synonym of A. amurensis. Among the populations of A. amurensis (sensu Y.Lee, author), those with highly dissected petals at their apices have previously been described as var. dissectipetalis. However, this characteristic has been observed together with obtuse or rounded petal apices not only in one population but also in a single individual. However, populations with these characteristics belong to A. pseudoamurensis due to the simultaneous development of leaves and flowers, branched stems, acute leaf apices, and petals that are shorter than sepals. Therefore, we suggest that A. amurensis var. dissectipetalis be unified with A. pseudoamurensis. Very useful characteristics for distinguishing A. amurensis from its relative species are anthesis, the presence or absence of branches, the development of scales into normal leaves, the relative length of the sepals and petals, and the position of the stipules. A. amurensis is geographically restricted to E. Asia, including E. Siberia, and especially on the Korean Peninsula, it is distributed throughout the northern provinces of Gyeonggi province and in Gangwon province, Gyeongbuk province (Mt. Bohyeon-san) and Jeonbuk province (Mt Jeoksang-san) along Baekdudaegan mountain.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.747-756
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of vitamin C on the formation of aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$)-DNA adduct and $AFB_1$-induing cellular oxidative damage in rat livers treated with radiation and $AFB_1$. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: the control group, the $AFB_1$-treated group, the group treated with $AFB_1$ and vitamin C, the group treated with X-ray and $AFB_1$, and the group treated with X-ray and $AFB_1$ with vitamin C. On the first day of the experiment, only one dose of X-rays was exposed to the entire liver at 1,500 cGy. Next, vitamin C was injected at 10 mg/kg body weight via intraperitoneal injection, followed an hour later by the administration of 0.4 mg/kg of $AFB_1$ via intraperitoneal injection. These treatments were administered every three days for 15 days. On the 16th day, the animals were sacrificed. The $AFB_1$ contents of the rat sera were determined via indirect competitive ELISA. In the quantitative analysis of $AFB_1$ in the rat sera via ELISA, $5.17{\pm}0.34ng/mL$ of $AFB_1$ was detected in the $AFB_1$-treated groups, but the amount decreased more significantly to $3.23{\pm}0.76ng/mL$ in the groups treated with $AFB_1$ and vitamin C (p<0.01) than in the $AFB_1$-treated groups. The effect of vitamin C on $AFB_1$-DNA adduct formation was determined via ELISA. The values of $AFB_1$-DNA adduct formation were $9.38{\pm}0.41ng/mL$ in the $AFB_1$-treated groups, but the amount decreased more significantly to $5.28{\pm}0.32ng/mL$ in the groups treated with $AFB_1$ and vitamin C (p<0.01) than in the $AFB_1$-treated groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the accumulation of the $AFB_1$ was not observed in the normal liver tissue (G1). The $AFB_1$-positive materials were observed in the central vein and the portal vein of the liver tissue from the $AFB_1$(G2) treatment or the X-ray and $AFB_1$(G4) co-treatment, but the $AFB_1$-positive materials were observed weakly in the group treated with vitamin C (G3 and G5). These results indicate that vitamin C had ameliorating effects on the $AFB_1$ accumulation of liver tissue.