• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.142-151
• /
• 1993

In this study, the deformation characteristics of atrtificially fractured joints of granite under normal and shear loading were investigated. To obtain the characteristics of joint deformation, compression and shear tests were performed in the laboratory on three different sizes of rock specimens. The rock used in the experimens was Iksan granite. Joints were produced artificially by fracturing using the apparatus for generating extension-joint. Joint normal deformability was studied by conducting cyclic loading tests on the joints. Joint closure varied non-linearly with normal stress through cyclic loadings. As normal stress increased, the joints gradually reached a state of maximum joint closure. The relation between normal stress and joint closure for mated and unmated joints was well described by the hyperbolic and exponential function, respectively. Joint shear deformability was studied by performing direct shear tests under normal stresses on the joints. it was shown that the behaviour in the prepeak range was non-linear and joint shear stiffness depended on the size of specimen and the normal stress.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.57-62
• /
• 2014

The present study was performed to investigate and discuss the aerodynamic characteristics of whispered and normal speech during reading paragraph tasks. 39 normal females(18-23 yrs.) read 'Autumn' paragraph with whispered and normal phonation. Their readings were recorded and analyzed by 'Running Speech' in Phonatory Aerodynamic System(PAS) instrument. As results, during whispered speech, the total duration was longer and the numbers of inspiration were more frequently shown than normal speech. The Peak expiratory and inspiratory rate were higher in normal speech, but the expiratory and inspiratory volume were higher in whispered speech. By correlation analysis, both whispered and normal speech showed significantly high correlation between total duration and expiratory/inspiratory airflow duration; numbers of inspiration and inspiratory airflow duration; expiratory and inspiratory volume. These results show that whispered speech needs more respiratory effort but shows poorer aerodynamic efficacy during phonation than normal speech.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.184-192
• /
• 2001

In this paper we present a remeshing algorithm for irregular meshes with boundaries. The irregular meshes are approximated by regular meshes where the topological regularity is essential for the multiresolutional analysis of the given meshes. Normal meshes are utilized to reduce the necessary data size at each resolution level of the regularized meshes. The normal mesh uses one scalar value, i.e., normal offset value which is based on the regular rule of a uniform subdivision, while other remeshing schemes use one 3D vector at each vertex. Since the normal offset cannot be properly used for the boundaries of meshes, we use a combined subdivision scheme which resolves a problem of the proposed normal offset method at the boundaries. Finally, we show an example to see the effectiveness of the proposed scheme to reduce the data size of a mesh model.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.255-266
• /
• 2006

This paper proposes a class of distributions which is useful in making inferences about the sum of values from a normal and a doubly truncated normal distribution. It is seen that the class is associated with the conditional distributions of truncated bivariate normal. The salient features of the class are mathematical tractability and strict inclusion of the normal and the skew-normal laws. Further it includes a shape parameter, to some extent, controls the index of skewness so that the class of distributions will prove useful in other contexts. Necessary theories involved in deriving the class of distributions are provided and some properties of the class are also studied.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.82-88
• /
• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate a point of difference between normal and inferior Korean red ginseng (Naeback red ginseng = red ginseng with white part of clear boundary in phloem and/or xylem of ginseng body, saengnaeback red ginseng red ginseng with white part of indistinct boundary). White part with clear or indistinct boundary in center of ginseng body was observed in inferior red ginseng (naeback and saengnaeback red ginseng), and the differences in the internal color intensity was also found with naked eye. In hunter color values of normal and inferior parts of red ginseng in accordance with particle size, L value was increased with a diminishment in particle size, while a and b value were decreased. Absorbance at visible spectrum did not differ from water and 70% ethanol extract from normal and inferior parts of red ginseng, but absorbance in UV spectrum of extract from naeback part showed higher than those of normal and saengnaeback part. In comparison of intrastructure by electron microscope, the horizontal and vertical section of cortex and pith layer from normal part showed the very dense state, but small holes were found in naeback part of red ginseng by naked eye and electron microscope. The specific surface area of normal, naeback and saengnaeback part appeared 3.02, 3.33 and 6.55 ㎡/g, respectively. From above results, we consider saengnaeback red ginseng is red ginseng in the intermediate process which normal red ginseng changes to naeback red ginseng.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.447-452
• /
• 2014

To isolate novel and useful microbial enzymes from uncultured gastrointestinal microorganisms, a fecal microbial metagenomic library of the pygmy loris was constructed. The library was screened for amylolytic activity, and 8 of 50,000 recombinant clones showed amylolytic activity. Subcloning and sequence analysis of a positive clone led to the identification a novel gene (amyPL) coding for ${\alpha}$-amylase. AmyPL was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the purified AmyPL was enzymatically characterized. This study is the first to report the molecular and biochemical characterization of a novel ${\alpha}$-amylase from a gastrointestinal metagenomic library.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.513-525
• /
• 1999

Objectives : High-normal blood pressure' is a factor influencing decision to initiate targeted intensive intervention strategy in westernized populations. JNC-VI offered the vigorous lifestyle modification for persons with 'high-normal blood pressure', who could be early detected. As a hypertension seems to be the result of multiple genetic factors operating in concert with associated environmental factors, it will be necessary to identify the high-normal blood pressure as a risk factor of hypertension for applying primary prevention strategy in Korean people. Methods : Although cohort study design might be adequate to recruit incidence cases, to keep time sequence of events, and to prevent information bias, nested case-control study was chosen for avoiding measurement errors because hypertension is a benign disease. Source population was the 'Seoul Cohort' participants and follow-up was done by using Korea Medical Insurance Corporation's database on the utilization of health services from 1 Jan93 to 30Jun97. Incidence cases were ascertained through the chart review, telephone contacts, and direct blood pressure measurements. Controls included the pairing of 4 individuals to each case on the basis of age. Results : As 75% of 247 incident cases had high-normal blood pressure, the crude odds ratio for hypertension was 2.04 (95% CI 1.47-2.83). Another statistically significant risk factors of hypertension were body mass index, dietary fiber, alcohol consumption, weekly activity and history of quitting smoking. The multivariate odds ratio of high-normal blood pressure adjusted for all risk factors was 1.84 (95% CI 1.31-2.56). Among high-normal blood pressure group, body mass index, weekly ethanol amounts, weekly physical activity, and dietary fiber except history of quitting smoking were still risk factors of hypertension. Conclusion : 'High-normal blood pressure' is a risk factor for hypertension in Korean middle-aged men, which represents that the vigorous lifestyle modification for persons with 'high-normal blood pressure' is need.

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnestics Society Conference
• /
• 2007.05a
• /
• pp.315.1-315.1
• /
• 2007

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Potoscience Conference
• /
• spring
• /
• pp.34-35
• /
• 1999

• Research in Mathematical Education
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.137-154
• /
• 2012

Comparative studies on mathematical modeling cognition feature were carried out between 15 excellent high school third-grade science students (excellent students for short) and 15 normal ones (normal students for short) in China by utilizing protocol analysis and expert-novice comparison methods and our conclusions have been drawn as below. 1. In the style, span and method of mathematical modeling problem representation, both excellent and normal students adopted symbolic and methodological representation style. However, excellent students use mechanical representation style more often. Excellent students tend to utilize multiple-representation while normal students tend to utilize simplicity representation. Excellent students incline to make use of circular representation while normal students incline to make use of one-way representation. 2. In mathematical modeling strategy use, excellent students tend to tend to use equilibrium assumption strategy while normal students tend to use accurate assumption strategy. Excellent students tend to use sample analog construction strategy while normal students tend to use real-time generation construction strategy. Excellent students tend to use immediate self-monitoring strategy while normal students tend to use review-monitoring strategy. Excellent students tend to use theoretical deduction and intuitive judgment testing strategy while normal students tend to use data testing strategy. Excellent students tend to use assumption adjustment and modeling adjustment strategy while normal students tend to use model solving adjustment strategy. 3. In the thinking, result and efficiency of mathematical modeling, excellent students give brief oral presentations of mathematical modeling, express themselves more logically, analyze problems deeply and thoroughly, have multiple, quick and flexible thinking and the utilization of mathematical modeling method is shown by inspiring inquiry, more correct results and high thinking efficiency while normal students give complicated protocol material, express themselves illogically, analyze problems superficially and obscurely, have simple, slow and rigid thinking and the utilization of mathematical modeling method is shown by blind inquiry, more fixed and inaccurate thinking and low thinking efficiency.